: : ( ه / )
(Moringa oleifera) (Moringa peregrina)
. -. +"'(),*% & $ $ ! "# 78/ ,5'' 3,34 2 0 1 0 / > ? @ $ <= .: %.9 0 1 0 " $ "'43 % & A " .: %.9 78/ ,*5 *, ' 2 C ,53 % & .$ <= A= B " % & B " :.7 8 2 D 1" .$ B " := .: %.9 C ',4 ),* )),( C ,5 3,3' (,() *,5 1" 7 <= A= B D 7 .: %.9 E & 7 . ',(( (,3( '*, 7 <= E & 7 C ,() *, 4,)5 '),' C ,('
١٣٧ ١٣٨
%.9 . : %.9 7? 7 . := .G = E 9 := A ?F $ 0 7 H D 0 7 %.9 .B D ! 0 " . . " <= 9 := B " B D B " A D .> "I . " " D
M. ) ( ) ! " #$ ! % & ' * " (oleifera ! + ,$ -., / 0 - . 78 , 4 5 6 & ' + 1 '2 + 32, # + ; <1 , 3 , = < , .9, , 4 $ + . + $; ! > ? @ 6 = #
% (M. oleifera) + 1 '2 + + + A + . 7 . !% > & > " .+ '2 B = B ! 0 - . + , ! . .
* , ! %; 3 , . (M. peregrina) , D'% + > + $ C + $ ! + , +$ . , + . B ; 3 , > $ E,$ ! C 8 F ? 8 % = $ > >, .J . + " H $ , I FG
K ; K! ! K ) D 6 ! + '2 B , ! H N ! M 1 M, , ($ , L B ., 3 # "! ... ١٣٩
+ 6 4 > + 8 . ', " .+ #$ + 9 !1 '2 / = O , ! = + D'> < . 9P '?A . >, + 2 + '5; H ,. 9 + , P? B ,? < . % % 8 . D'% +$ ; & /" @ > " %' Q A + 6 , >$ , ! 8 . & % IP P . ! 9P B , .+ L . H 5 ! .+ '2 B $ ? < < + 6 ! <2 + . # ; ! N , ( ) # ; 9 < R / P B . @ . SG= < 2 ! .B .
Saint Sauveur, ) 6 N , # ; / ! ? > 8 8 +, # $ .(1997 C (Booth and Wickens, 1988) % 1 C (Le Poole, 1996) , + . $ + 6 + + " > ; 9 ! , ;
+ > C, ! .(Anon,1904) ! .+ ; $"; , ; +, + $ 6 = 6 + $ > + . + $; + 6 ! # ; H 5 , % >$ B + ! ,$ =? ', # .
/ 8 < D'% D ' .(Folkard and Sutherland, 1996a) % ; / 8 + 1 '2 6 , + 5 # B % / ? ! % > +P2 N ; =
* .@ " & ' B , .(Scrimshaw and Morgan,1983) + '2 < 2 , + =., A . 9 , (CWS) + . ١٤٠
+ , + 6, + P@ # . '% @ /P .+ '2 B 3 O 9 ; ; + , ;
8 @ (Booth and Wickens,1988) - . + ? + , 8 ! > 8 :< > < . > + " % ' # + # ; < . / * ? < 6 . 9 > ? < H ? U ,6; 3 , F ? + ! ; ! + F ? < ,. + 6 ! B . < # + 6 ! H + ! Q P C ', # . .V 6 F @ +2, # . , / ; ! + " > D + ! ', # . < .< > D # + ', 8 8 6 ! F ? < , 6 + 6 ! B W 6 @ @ ! !>$ + 6? < <2 + R <. + , I 6 ; . " < ! .+ 1 6 H !, H$ < ! > B B = , + " > <," Q 9 # ; # . $ ? ! 8 3 , ! . $ 3 , , L + . :+ '2 < !
W W> ; . > ( ) # ; C . & ' B =@ < B , +" $ ,
Mervyn, 1989; McDonald ) * , B , + P , = # "! ... ١٤١
W> ; CW . > (and Sapone, 1993; Barker, 1996 W W W , ! 9P < $; P < . : + + 7 + 6 + ; 3 .; W W / WP + , Q + # ; # . , 9$" Y ! , +> 9$" X ! H . ,
Subadra, et al., ) W , + H * . > +W +W,$ # ; +1 !1 < . IP .(1997 W % , % , Q . = W + PL , . / ; W W W W, . + P 5 + P + ; 3 .; W = # 0, + ; 3 .; 3 W ; W @ Q A > Z Q - . !.6 B '2 + ; ! 4 < . '% MB , . + '2 B 9 + G
+W ? W6 (RDA) + .G + +.6 Mervyn, 1989; McDonald and Sapone, ) W ! Q'W # ; W % H H , J . , . W = W, . F C . < , 4 + $ # ; M < F . J . , / R M % M 6 # + WP@ W W C < + P + ; 3 .; . < W $; W +W '2 B = / ? + , # . W W WM + ? M ? (^) < IP H , 9 P < $ + P ; M # .+ > + 1 '2 6 + > . " # ! .( ) . # $% & ' *+, " - (+ /+ * ) +D (+ /+ '*) 3' ' '* 3 + " 7 4 *3 + " L 3 '' + " ( 53 (' 3) A = '' 5 B = CW 8@ , >" . # < H 6 W4 +W1 % ! # ; ! , * . /6 ZG? # ; $ ? H '% < 6. . B '2 C P@ = + Z ? ? = + " $ + .$ +W . N ! H , 9 #1 " ^a b Xa W W @ + P@ # $ F +, , # ; + 1 '2 W @ Q A # ; ! (phytates) (phytase) ; $ ? # ! Z 6 W . W . 9 '% < 8 ? # ; 9 YYYY + # ; @ C @ ; . + P@ .3 , F B '5 ____ .G F B '5 ! " # W ` _a – ca +, ,) ,R B '2 # < * W `Ya +, W , ,; H . F @ @ (B '2 + '2 < . _ – Y < , ! , ! W H6" J8 9 ,R / + # $ ? H 9W WM . ] W / Q . + ' , < C . W. W B 'W2 ! / ; , . + .G :! (C) 2 D (C) ) – '4 D < )4 3 – ' + . < . W . W$ W, + H +$ . '? H ^X – ^_ ! ., , *'2 <= ; < < 6. VW , " . + '2 Y , H . H . H M W W W , ,; + '2 ! d ^a H . F @ ١٤٤ W W W, + '2 9 ! X F L > W +W '2 D'% M > ! M ^eaa H , !W ,; +, . ! faa ! ea + WP@ (Sanchez, et al., 2006) +W= . .P " W * " /G ; ! ! , # W P> < . > ! + 8 (Aregheore,2002) W .C =A H . F @ @ * W # 0W, +W ! @ `_a ea < , IP P% 8 !. 8 * " , 6 W . W 5; !W +. +" $ @ / ; , + < W < , # < ? @ .P (Soliva, et al., 2005) W . !W W, < = 8 * " < ? 6 P> , ] , 8 ! % & ' Makkar and ) W . +W" $ W W % . N 8 +, + 8 Q . # .P (Becker, 1996 Yeting, et ) W + P 5 + P + ; 3 .; > (luetin) + 8 >1 . @ (al., 2006 & ; + '2 < ! . . L + '2 4 % 4 6 W `^a < , W +W @ @ (Richter, et al., 2003) ? # "! ... ١٤٥ !, = Q # 0, + , !$ , #1G .& ; < , * % + $ , + + , + . +, ' +, . + , ; ' + + 1 9$ 6 . Moringa oleifera Moringa peregrina ; ! ', . , ', # $ eaaX/e/e^ ! +, P , , $ $? (P2O5) 6 / P . 3 , >P , $ $? ! 6 %/ X_ ^aa < , (K2O) , + , / P0 ( ) + 3 ; P. < %/ _a < , , L , , -G= , < ! 9, % + . 7 M M , . .< 6. >, * ! B + 6 + + < . B = 3 . Q > M h1 . ! 9, ; + ? ; , . , + + , . , . ^i < , Q ( e× e× c) + , . < + , . h. 9$ , + ,$ 6, + , h. < ," . eaaX/c/_ ! M . < 6. J 0 M fa , , h. , 9, < H$ < k , < $ j , + 1 + Xa , 6. , P = * . + , + $ ! / . * ? ١٤٦ . < # # ; 6 & ' , .+, $ # # ; < , + ? + 1 '2 6 + ; . ( ? % ? / ; ? , * . ) , 6 # # ; . & . J . 5 6 # . . . < '% ! + , + # $ # + , # $ 7 + ; 3 .; 3 , (# + # )! Q eaaX/f/_ M . / 6 <6 + > ! .< '% ! M < $ " < 6. J 0 M ^ma ! . , + PL , ! 6 h. 7 . $ $? $" = ; ! N < < ( ) (+ , + $ ) $? < H$ . , .+ , + $" < / . > = ; 1 % / + ! % ()* %&' !$ ( ) (Moringa W W W < $ @ e < , O1 <6 , J 0 M fa , M ^am,Y @ <6 " oleifera) _f,cY YXe W @ & 'W / W ! H$ ! 8 .! ( %/ $ a,^Ym a,fY< Q ) , / # "! ... ١٤٧ (Moringa peregrina) , + $ < W W Q ) W, / e_,_e ^^m,Y < $ M __,m W / W W HW$ W ( W %/ $ a,ae^ a,efi W W" W" O1 D'% .(c < )! 'W +=G= 6 `fa,a im,e fc,a< , , " +, $ +, @ (e) < , O1 & ' .(^ < ) ! `ma,X W @ W P?; / , `mc,^ @ 6 . , P?; / , .( ) .! * & ' % ! ##$ ! " ( ) ( ) *( / ) ( / ) ( ) !',%' #&,"' ",!$# ",%$ !"#,$ !%,$$ #",-# ","!& ",+%- '',# !-,-& #+,$ "," - ",-!$ #+," . +,$% +,$% ","$+ ",&&% +%, . %"," -#,+ %&," . * (# ) ! " Moringa ) < $ @ (Y) < , O1 J 0 M ^ma , M eXY,_ @ <6 " (^ < ) (oleifera c,ci^ @ & ' / ! H$ 8 <6 , , + $ .! %/ 7 $ a,fee ١٤٨ ^,Y_f _,mea M eic (e< ) (Moringa peregrina) .! / H$ < $ %/ 7 $ , , " " @ O1 D'% , (e< ) J 0 M ^ma , < $ ! `Y,cX< `cX,_i `Ya,cX < , , " ! - ( ,% ! ) * - .( ) . - $% ( ) ! # "! ... ١٤٩ ( ) ( ,% ! ) * - .( ) . * # ! - + + + ! + .( ) . + $% ( ) ( ) * / * / * ( ) +",- %,$$ ",%++ &,&-! + $,' +$,$' -,-' !,$'% ',#+ +-& ++,"' ,%- !,!&! ',!& +-#,# . +$,'' +$,'' ", +- $,!!$% +!,## . & ,'- $",& $,& ( ) * ١٥٠ (Ratoon) ( .&) ) ," + = > . ! + , 9$ 6 ! O1 (/ ? ) < $ 8 @ ( ; + . fa ,) " (Moringa oleifera) / H$ M fa , %/ 7 $ a,fc_ c,a^i M _,e^i @ 6 .(c < ) ! ' 6 ; , h. & ' (Moringa peregrina) , + $ H$ %/ 7 $ a,Xii Y,aXa < $ M ^ca @ O1 D'% .(Y < ) ! / < $ ! `Y_,YY< , , " " 8 6 , (c < ) ; , h. M fa , / / + @ @ @ (Sanchez, 2006) + , < ; ! > $ ec X @ 6 " ! > $ ^m,f @ > / X_ < , ; # "! ... ١٥١ + . < , . > / _a < , ! = + + + @ D'% , < ! M X_ < . .+ . + L , + + ! + .( ) .(! ) + $% ( ) ( ) * / / *( ) !+,&" "-,## +,-!! %,%&' !"#,$ !#,#$ "&,&$ ',#$- $,.! !&%,+ !!,+$ "",-& ','%' $,'% !&.,. !#,$$ !#,$$ +,"!& #,''#- !',.. %",$& #+,%" #,%" ( ) . * / + @ \ Sanchez (2006) W 7 3 ; I$ 9$ N , < .+ .G < + , + = h. h. + @ . Foid, et al., (2001) C @ , / __ + ./ %/ $ ^f,i , P?; / + , + = 6 + ./ %/ $ Xm (+ , + = ) > ^Y,ei Y,YY + + @ 2 , , > , @ & 7 .! > @ = + ./ > $ \ ! . f < , 9, ! + ١٥٢ " ( %/ , ) + + = 8 . P?; / + @ / %/ $^^_ @ + ! + ./ %/ $ c_ , . " M Q , M $ ! + . `e . h. + , ! " +, 2 , + @ 6 (Foid, et al., 2001) * ? +, ! . Foid, et al., 1999, ) * ?; ! ca @ YY W, + + F ? ', < 6. +, 6 (2001 = < 6. < + 1 '2 + + . + + 7G , + 1 '2 > " + .+P ? + , + = + . ! * ' ! ! + # , , +, @ (_) < ! O1 % / ; 8 6 , `m,fc @ <6 " # "! ... ١٥٣ $ ! `^e,i^ Y,_^ YY,^X @ ! `^^,f c,ce ^X,XY ^_,f^ , # , + , + # ; .! > @ , / ; , `^^,Xe ^e,XX X,cX e_,^ > @ _,m^ i,Yf eY,e^ , ! % .(c < ) , , ! ' , `^^,XY , " " @ O1 D'% ?; " , `mX,^ < , ? / ; # * . ! & ' .`Xm < , , # * . ! ; , " # ! % * . (c) < , O1 # D'% * " a , # 0, C `^ea < /G ?8 @ # , , / ; ! ! +6 ? +.P .(e ^ G ) ! Q > # < $ N > + # . . (/ ; + +, ) + " # @ F . !> ! , < P < . # +,G6 + > ,$ .B , 8 > 1 ! + . ! +6 ? ! + # > - . , +> , , , ! 8 > /6 $ ? 3 , >P , .# , / ; + 8 @ F . 8 !> ! , 1 ! . " , , ? # & ' 3 +, 6 # ' , + , < " > . 0 ! + + ,$ D ' . M , ١٥٤ < ; B ! 8@) + 6; # ; Z ? > , 26 , > +P 8 ( ; $; ! 8@ , (/ ) ! 78 MB 8 (scale leaves) < 8 + > < , ! % . # ? , , , + 2 # ; ' * ?; + N ; + % .* ? $" + + , + , " - " , .( ) . + $% ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) '!,&' #,$' ##,'" .,-% '',-+ %,%! '","# '$,'- '!,!& #,-" !$,%$ '!,+" +,$+ +,&% '+,-! %,%! '',"# '!,"" .,%" !$,$& '',"! $,.' &,#- !#,#' '',"!$ -,!- ",%# !%,%% ",+" %,-! ',%" ',$- ! ' ' ! ! . " , (i) < , O1 / ^XX,mf) ( / mcc,_m) . + 8 m,ea) J . 8 ( / X,mi) J . ( # "! ... ١٥٥ # C . , + # , ( / iX,aY) ( / / c,_f ^^a,YX i^f,Xi @ 6 ! # Yi,e^ _,Yi @ # ; , ! J . . .(i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١٥٦ + 1 '2 + + ! - .,; 3 , O1 B , ! O1 IP ! o &G> G + -., Barker :+ 9 ! =. , % ! + , O1 3 , (1996), McDonald and Sapone (1993), Mervyn (1989) and Foid, et al., (+ , ) , < < 9 .(2001) * ?; . #1G + 6 ! (+ ) C @ 9 + O1 # . < $ P? / Barminas, et al. (1988), Makkar and Becker (1996, 1997), Foid, :9 et al. (1999, 2001), Aregheore (2002) and Sanchez (2006) . /G ; , > + 1 '2 6 , + 5 .+ ! * "* ! " " " # # # . @ (X) < , O1 G 3 . (+ ^aa / ) + 8 * . isoleucine ; (^,Y_) leucine (a,Xi) lysine (^,YX) glutamine (a,m^) valine (^,ei) + (a,f^) proline , (^,ai) aspartic acid & , ; a,Xc ^,^X ^,^f a,XY @ 6 ! , , .! ' 3 .R ( ^aa/ ) a,Xi ^,ai ^,ae # "! ... ١٥٧ ! * - " - " " # # .( ) . + # / / / / / / +,"& ",& #,+# +,"# ",# !,-' ',#$ '#,$ $,#. ','- '',- %,"% ',!& '!,& $,+! ','" ''," %,&& +,'' ',' +,%% +,+- +,- +,#& +,$! $,! !,+" +,%" %," ',." +,"& ",& #,+# +,&- &,- !,"$ +,%% %,% ',"$ +,%' %,' ',&# +,.' .,' #,!# +,"% ",% !,-$ +,#+ #,+ ',!+ +,#- ",- ',$$ +,%% %,% ',"$ +,%' %,' ',&# +,%" %," ',." +,#. #,. ',$' ',#" '#," $,%& ',+! '+,! %,+& ',++ '+,+ #,-. ',+& '+,& %,!+ +,-' -,' #,&# +,"& ",& #,+! +,$! $,! !,+" +,%" %," ',." +,"- ",- #,'$ +,&& &,& !,&! +,"' ",' !,.# +,&" &," !,&" ١٥٨ # * . + ! - .,; 3 , O1 B , IP + ; 3 .; ! o &G> G + ! + # # ; # . ! O1 5 + P + ; 3 .; < * . " + > Bau, et al., ) * ? O1 ! ! & 9 <= > + P Foid, et al., 2001; Zarkadas, et ) ! & 9 6 < (1994 O1 , + . O1 + . # ; (al., 1995 ! & < -., !6 ! , > (Zarkadas, et al., 1995) + '5; + (WHO) + +.6 (UNOs) . ; + , < $R + , + '5; ! K . – % , (FAO) . + ? + = # "! ... ١٥٩ Anon, A. (1904) The nature and commercial uses of Ben oil, Trade Journal, Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, pp: 117-120. Aregheore, E.M. (2002) Intake and digestibility of Moringa oleifera–batiki grass mixtures by growing goats, Small Ruminant Research, 46: 23-28. Barminas, J.T., Charles M. and Emmanuel, D. (1998) Mineral composition of non- conventional leafy vegetables, Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 53: 129-36. Barker, H.M. (1996) Nutrition and Dietetics for Health Care, Ninth Edition. Churchill Livingstone, New York, N.Y. p. 150. Bau, H.M., Villaume, C., Lin, C.F., Evrard, J., Quemener, B., Nicolas, J.P. and Méjean, L. (1994) Effect of a solid-state fermentation using Rhizopus oligosporus sp. T-3 on elimination of antinutritional substances and modification of biochemical constituents of defatted rapeseed meal, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 65: 315-322. Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E. (1988) Non-timber uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa, FAO Conservation Guide, Rome, pp: 92-101. Foid, N., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. (2001) The Potential of M. Oleifera for Agricultural and Industrial uses. What Development Potential for Moringa Products? Seminar, Dar Es Salam, Tanzania. October 20th- November 2nd, pp: 1- 19. Foid, N., Mayorga, I. and Vasquez, W. (1999) Utilization of M. oleifera in forage production. FAO conference for Agroforest Production in Latin America. www.fao.org/livestock/agap/frg/agrofor 1/foidl/16.htm. Folkard, G.K. and Sutherland, J.P. (1996) Moringa oleifera: A multipurpose tree, Food Chain No. 18, July 1996, Intermediate Technology, Myson House, Railway Terrace, Rugby, CV21 3HT, UK. Le Poole, H.A.C. (1996) Behen oil: Classic oil for modern cosmetics. In: Cosmetics & Toiletries magazine, p.77. Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. (1996) Nutritional value and antinutritional components of whole and ethanol extracted, Moringa oleifera leaves, Anim. Feed Sci. Techn., 63: 211-228. McDonald, H.J. and Sapone, F.M. (1993) Nutrition for the Prime of Life: The Adult's Guide to Healthier Living, Insight Books, Plenem Press, New York. Mervyn, L. (1989) Thorson's Complete Guide to Vitamins & Minerals, Thorsons Publishing Limited, Great Britain. Richter, N., Siddhuraju, P. and Becker, K. (2003) Evaluation of nutritional quality of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.), Aquaculture, 217(1-4): 599-611. Saint Sauveur, A. (1997) Le Moringa oleifera au Niger et en Inde, où et quand les agriculteurs préfèrent planter les arbres, Le Flamboyant, Silva, 43: 16-23. Sánchez, N.R. (2006) Moringa oleifera and Cratylia argentea: Potential fodder species for ruminants in Nicaragua, Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. p. 51. Sánchez, N.R., Spindly, E. and Ledinb, I. (2006) Effect of feeding different levels of foliage of Moringa oleifera to Creole dairy cows on intake, digestibility, milk production and composition, Livestock Science, 101: 24-31. Scrimshaw, N. and Morgan, R. (1983) Improving the nutritional status of children during the weaning period, FAO/WHO/UNO, p. 15. Soliva, C.R., Kreuzer, M., Foid, N., Foidl, G., Machmüller, A. and Hess, H.D. (2005) Feeding value of whole and extracted Moringa oleifera leaves for ruminants and their effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 118: 47-62. ١٦٠ Subadra, S., Monica, J. and Dhabhai, D. (1997) Retention and storage stability of beta- carotene in dehydrated drumstick leaves (Moringa oleifera), International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 48: 110-120. Yeting, L., Conrad, O., Perera, L. and Valiyaveettil, S. (2006) Comparison of three chosen vegetables with others from South East Asia for their lutein and zeaxanthin content, Food Chemistry, 4: 1533-1539. Zarkadas, C.G., Yu, Z. and Burrows, V.D. (1995) Protein quality of three new Canadian- developed naked oat cultivars using amino acid compositional data, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43: 415-421. # "! ... ١٦١ Fodder Production, Vegetative Growth and Nutritive Value of Alyassur Tree (Moringa peregrina and Moringa oleifera) Hussein E. Osman, Atalla A. Abohassan and Sameer A. Tofeek Faculty of Meteorology, Environmental and Arid land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Abstract. The results of the study revealed that estimates of 273.5cm 4.461 t/ha and 0.922 t/ha for plant height, fresh and dry weight, respectively, were recorded for M. oleifera, 180 days after crop establishment. Estimates of 264cm, 5.82 t/ha and 1.359 t/ha for the respective traits were observed for M. peregrina at the specified date. Estimates of 8.94%, 33.17%, 3.51% and 12.61% were respectively recorded for protein content, crude fiber, oil content and total ash in the culms, and 25.1%, 7.47%, 12.77% and 11.72 % for the respective traits in the leaves of M. oleifera. In M. pregrina, estimates of 15.91%, 17.73%, 4.42% and 11.91% in the culms and 23.21%, 6.39%, 5.81% and 11.73% in the leaves were recorded for the respective components. Highest estimates in the nutritional elements were recorded for iron, manganese and copper in the leaves and culms of M. peregrina and M. oleifera. Amino acid contents were highest, in both species, for leucine, isoleucine, glutamine and aspartic acid.