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Murray Cod Aquaculture in Australia

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Murray Cod Aquaculture in Australia A Review of Research and Development Needs for Murray Cod Aquaculture in Australia Report to the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC) Prepared by: Dr Michael A. Rimmer March 2016 Summary Murray Cod ( Maccullochella peelii) aquaculture is undertaken in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland and is expanding rapidly in New South Wales with several new entrant farmers. Production increases are primarily due to agricultural diversification on irrigated cropping farms. In the last five years (2010–11 to 2014–15) Murray Cod farm gate production value increased on average 29% per annum. Farm gate production value in 2014–15 was over $3.6 million (an underestimate due to the non-availability of Queensland production data). Total capital investment value of the sector to date is roughly estimated at $20 million. To assess the research and development (R&D) needs of the Murray Cod aquaculture sector, farmers were identified by the respective state fisheries agencies, and contacted to nominate their priorities for research and development to improve industry performance and overcome production and marketing constraints. A literature review was conducted to identify existing R&D information to better understand how new R&D could address identified production and marketing constraints without repetition or excessive overlap with previous R&D. Based on farmer input, the following table lists researchable issues with an assigned priority. Issue Production Priority system (H/M/L) Optimising cage production systems Pond H Chronic ulcerative dermatopathy (CUD) /‘ratty tail’ RAS H Parasite infections ( Lernaea, Chilodonella, etc.) Pond H Bacterial infections RAS, pond H Nutrition and feeds RAS, pond H Growth variability RAS M Fish colour RAS M Off flavour RAS M Slaughter (Aqui-S taste) RAS L Product taste (from pellets) RAS L Environmental aspects (effluent, etc.) RAS, pond L Market RAS, pond L Recommendations Research priorities The following topics, based on the high priorities nominated by farmers, are recommended for future R&D: Management and treatment of parasitic infections, focussing on the parasitic copepod Lernaea and the ciliated protozoan Chilodonella : • Integrated fish health management focussing on the role of water quality in controlling or reducing the impact of parasite outbreaks. • Developing cost-effective and acceptable treatments to avoid the current reliance on Minor Use Permit chemicals. Control of chronic ulcerative dermatopathy (CUD) or ‘ratty tail’: A Review of R&D Needs for Murray Cod Aquaculture 2 • Identification of the physico-chemical factor(s) causing CUD. • Development of cost-effective water treatment technology. Reduction in off-flavours caused by geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol: • Development of specialised compounded feeds to reduce off-flavours and improve product quality / taste. • Development of more efficient post-harvest purging methodologies. Nutrition and feeds • Development of feeds that reduce off-flavours in Murray Cod in RAS systems. • Development of functional feeds that improve fish flavour. Industry development issues The following recommendations are not strictly speaking researchable issues. However, these points were identified by the review as important to support continued development of Murray Cod aquaculture: Document and extend ‘lessons learned’ by the Murray Cod aquaculture sector • Document and extend ‘lessons learned’ by the Murray Cod aquaculture sector to reduce the failure rate of new entrant farmers. For example, culturing Murray Cod in large water storages has been shown to be unviable due to inability to control parasite outbreaks. Capture ‘lessons learned’ by other aquaculture sectors • Other Australian aquaculture production sectors have experience with production expansion that effectively saturates the domestic market, stimulating interest in export markets. Capturing these lessons would help Murray Cod farmers develop approaches to export market development. Develop improved integrated management approached to Murray Cod aquaculture • It is evident that there are strong interactions between Murray Cod growth and survival and environmental factors such as water quality, particularly temperature and dissolved oxygen levels, as well as fish nutrition, genetics, etc. • Undertake a review of Murray Cod aquaculture management practices with a view to identifying or developing Better Management Practices. A Review of R&D Needs for Murray Cod Aquaculture 3 Introduction Production technologies for Murray Cod (Maccullochella peelii ) were originally developed in the 1970s and 1980s to provide fingerlings for stocking in farm dams and for restocking Murray-Darling river systems which had seen an historical decline in Murray Cod numbers (Ingram et al., 2005; Rowland, 2004). By the late 1980’s production of Murray Cod fingerlings was well established and there was increasing interest in farming this species (Ingram et al., 2005; Rowland, 2004). Aquacultured Murray Cod first entered the market in the early 1990s (Rowland, 2004). Today, there are effectively two main production systems in use for Murray Cod farming: cages in freshwater ponds (hereafter shortened to ‘pond farming’) (Fig. 1) and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) (Fig. 2). Some farms use RAS for early-stage grow-out or to increase growth rates during winter (Ingram et al., 2005), then continue grow-out of fingerlings in cages in ponds. For simplicity, these combined systems are included in ‘pond farming’. This report does not review production technologies for Murray Cod; there are several excellent published reviews on this topic, including those by Rowland (2004), Ingram et al. (2005) and Ingram (2009). Figure 1 Pond production system - cages with bird exclusion netting in a freshwater pond. A Review of R&D Needs for Murray Cod Aquaculture 4 Figure 2 RAS system for Murray Cod production. Murray Cod aquaculture production and value Murray Cod are produced in New South Wales, Victori Victorian production data are shown in Figure 3. I Murray Cod and detailed production data are not ava There are some production data for South Australia quantities produced were small (<8 tonne p.a.) (B.A Victoria, from 2002 to 2013 production was relative annum (Fig. 3). In 2013 production increased drama 2013-14 and 230 tonnes in 2014-15 with the increase NSW (Fig. 3). This increase reflects a substantial Murray Cod aquaculture facilities, both RAS and pon the capital investment in Murray Cod aquaculture at representatives, is of the order of $20 million. n Queensland,a and Queensland. only a few growers NSW and produce 300 ilable due to client confidentiality. for the period 1998-99 to 2002-03 but 250 . Ingram, pers. comm.). For NSW and 200 ly stable at around 50–100 tonnes per 150 tically, reaching about 150 tonnes in 100 NSW investment attributable by new to entrant increased farmers production in in Victoria Production (tonnes) 50 d-based, in NSW. A rough estimate of present, from discussions with industry 0 Figure 3 Annual aquaculture1999-2 0production00 of consumpt NSW Department of Primary Industries2000-01 Aquaculture Pr from B.A. Ingram (Victoria DPI). Queensland2001-02 data n issues. 2002-03 2003-04 A Review of R&D Needs for Murray Cod Aquaculture 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Year 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 ion-sized Murray Cod. 2NSW012 -data13 from 2013-14 oduction Reports. Victorian data ot included because of confidentiality2 014-15 5 Since Murray Cod breeding and larval rearing method private hatcheries have produced large numbers of f and private impoundments (Ingram et al., 2005; Rowl of Murray Cod fingerlings by private sector hatcher fingerlings, valued at over $1 million, per annum. the value of fingerling production has been roughly fish (Fig. 4). However, with the recent expansion consumption-sized fish now surpasses the value of f substantial, and reportedly expanding, market for M p.13). 5 ingerlingss were for developed, stocking publicgovernment waterways and 4 and, 2004). Since 2010 the production 3 ies in NSW has been around 2 million In some years (e.g. 2010-11 and 2011-12) 2 Consumption size equivalent to that of consumption-sized Fingerlings of production in NSW the value of Value1 ($ million) ingerling production (Fig. 4). There is a 0 urray Cod fingerlings in China (Table 2, 1999-2000 Figure 4 Value of production200 0of- 0consumption-sized1 from NSW Department of Primary20 0Industries1-02 Aquacultu data from B.A. Ingram (Victoria DPI). Queensland00 - 3 d confidentiality issues. 2 2 0 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Previous Fisheries Research and Development Corpora 2006-07 research 2007-08 FRDC has previously funded two research projects sp 2008-09 Year 2009-10 1999/328: 2010-11 Murray Cod. The project undertook a range of resea industry status; fingerling production and grow-out 2011-12 markets and marketing, Development and economic of intensive analyses. commercial aquaculture pr and fingerling Murray Cod.20 1NSW2-1 3data 2013-14 2010/036: ata notre includedProduction because Reports. of Victorian Management Practices (BMPs). This study evaluated 2014-15 Improved fish health management for integrated inl A Review of R&D Needs for Murray Cod Aquaculture ecifically on Murray Cod aquaculture: tion (FRDC) -funded rch activities under these headings: , nutrition, water quality, fish health, oduction technology for the major causes of production losses and aquaculture through Better 6 in integrated Murray Cod aquaculture and
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