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New West Indian Guide 94 (2020) 39–74 nwig brill.com/nwig A Disagreeable Text The Uncovered First Draft of Bryan Edwards’s Preface to The History of the British West Indies, c. 1792 Devin Leigh Department of History, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA [email protected] Abstract Bryan Edwards’s The History of the British West Indies is a text well known to histori- ans of the Caribbean and the early modern Atlantic World. First published in 1793, the work is widely considered to be a classic of British Caribbean literature. This article introduces an unpublished first draft of Edwards’s preface to that work. Housed in the archives of the West India Committee in Westminster, England, this preface has never been published or fully analyzed by scholars in print. It offers valuable insight into the production of West Indian history at the end of the eighteenth century. In particular, it shows how colonial planters confronted the challenges of their day by attempting to wrest the practice of writing West Indian history from their critics in Great Britain. Unlike these metropolitan writers, Edwards had lived in the West Indian colonies for many years. He positioned his personal experience as being a primary source of his historical legitimacy. Keywords Bryan Edwards – West Indian history – eighteenth century – slavery – abolition Bryan Edwards’s The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies is a text well known to scholars of the Caribbean (Edwards 1793). First published in June of 1793, the text was “among the most widely read and influential accounts of the British Caribbean for generations” (V. -
Historical Origins of the One-Drop Racial Rule in the United States
Historical Origins of the One-Drop Racial Rule in the United States Winthrop D. Jordan1 Edited by Paul Spickard2 Editor’s Note Winthrop Jordan was one of the most honored US historians of the second half of the twentieth century. His subjects were race, gender, sex, slavery, and religion, and he wrote almost exclusively about the early centuries of American history. One of his first published articles, “American Chiaroscuro: The Status and Definition of Mulattoes in the British Colonies” (1962), may be considered an intellectual forerunner of multiracial studies, as it described the high degree of social and sexual mixing that occurred in the early centuries between Africans and Europeans in what later became the United States, and hinted at the subtle racial positionings of mixed people in those years.3 Jordan’s first book, White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812, was published in 1968 at the height of the Civil Rights Movement era. The product of years of painstaking archival research, attentive to the nuances of the thousands of documents that are its sources, and written in sparkling prose, White over Black showed as no previous book had done the subtle psycho-social origins of the American racial caste system.4 It won the National Book Award, the Ralph Waldo Emerson Prize, the Bancroft Prize, the Parkman Prize, and other honors. It has never been out of print since, and it remains a staple of the graduate school curriculum for American historians and scholars of ethnic studies. In 2005, the eminent public intellectual Gerald Early, at the request of the African American magazine American Legacy, listed what he believed to be the ten most influential books on African American history. -
"Free Negroes" - the Development of Early English Jamaica and the Birth of Jamaican Maroon Consciousness, 1655-1670
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History 12-16-2015 "Free Negroes" - The Development of Early English Jamaica and the Birth of Jamaican Maroon Consciousness, 1655-1670 Patrick John Nichols Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Nichols, Patrick John, ""Free Negroes" - The Development of Early English Jamaica and the Birth of Jamaican Maroon Consciousness, 1655-1670." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2015. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/100 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “FREE NEGROES” – THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY ENGLISH JAMAICA AND THE BIRTH OF JAMAICAN MAROON CONSCIOUSNESS, 1655-1670 by PATRICK JOHN NICHOLS Under the Direction of Harcourt Fuller, PhD ABSTRACT The English conquest of Jamaica in 1655 was a turning point in the history of Atlantic World colonialism. Conquest displaced the Spanish colony and its subjects, some of who fled into the mountainous interior of Jamaica and assumed lives in isolation. This project reconstructs the historical experiences of the “negro” populations of Spanish and English Jamaica, which included its “free black”, “mulattoes”, indigenous peoples, and others, and examines how English cosmopolitanism and distinct interactions laid the groundwork for and informed the syncretic identities and communities that emerged decades later. Upon the framework of English conquest within the West Indies, I explore the experiences of one such settlement alongside the early English colony of Jamaica to understand how a formal relationship materialized between the entities and how its course inflected the distinct socio-political identity and emergent political agency embodied by the Jamaican Maroons. -
Early History of the Avocado During the Time of the Conquistadores
South African Avocado Growers’ Association Yearbook 1987. 10:11-12 Proceedings of the First World Avocado Congress Early history of the avocado during the time of the Conquistadores GA ZENTMYER, E SCHIEBER and W POPENOE† Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA, and Antigua, Guatemala. †ln Life: Director Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. SYNOPSIS Soon after the discovery of the Americas, the Spanish Conquistadores discovered the avocado as an unusual, savoury fruit in northern South America, Central America and Mexico in the early 1500s. From Fernandez de Enciso's first report of this new fruit in Colombia in 1519, many Spanish publications and later, in the 17th century, English ones described and lauded the avocado. From these beginnings over 400 years ago, the avocado, an-indigenous fruit to the Americas, has been introduced into many countries with suitable climates around the world and a sizeable avocado industry has developed. Before the Spanish conquest of the Americas in the 16th century, the avocado was known only to the native inhabitants of Latin America - the indigenous peoples of Mexico, Central America and northern South America. The Spanish Conquistadores discovered numerous different and unusual fruits and vegetables indigenous to the Americas, among which the avocado. They soon published their findings and transported fruit and seeds back to the Old World (primarily to Spain). The first published record of what is now known as the avodado, is in the report of Spanish Conquistador Martin Fernandez de Enciso, who observed this fruit in 1519 as commonly grown near Santa Marta, Colombia. -
Health, Race, and the Environment in the British Greater Caribbean
Atlantic Bodies: Health, Race, and the Environment in the British Greater Caribbean Katherine Johnston Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Katherine Johnston All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Atlantic Bodies: Health, Race, and the Environment in the British Greater Caribbean Katherine Johnston This dissertation examines the relationship between race and bodily health in the British West Indies and the Carolina/Georgia Lowcountry from the late seventeenth through the early nineteenth century. In the eighteenth century, planters often justified African slavery by claiming that Africans, unlike Europeans, had bodies particularly suited to labor in warm climates. Historians have tended to take these claims as evidence of a growing sense of biological race in plantation societies. Much of this work, though, relies on published sources. This dissertation examines these public sources, including medical manuals, natural histories, and political pamphlets, alongside private sources, particularly the personal correspondence of planters and slaveholders to uncover a different story of race and slavery. These two source types reveal significant discrepancies between planters’ public rhetoric and private beliefs about health, race, and the environment in plantation societies. First, correspondence between the Greater Caribbean and Britain demonstrates that health and disease did not contribute to the development of racial slavery in the Atlantic. Second, these sources show how and why planters manipulated public conceptions of climate and health to justify and maintain a system of racial slavery. Planters insisted on climate-based arguments for slavery in spite of their experiences in the Americas, rather than because of them. -
Redalyc.Jamaica: Forty Years of Independence
Revista Mexicana del Caribe ISSN: 1405-2962 [email protected] Universidad de Quintana Roo México Mcnish, Vilma Jamaica: Forty years of independence Revista Mexicana del Caribe, vol. VII, núm. 13, 2002, pp. 181-210 Universidad de Quintana Roo Chetumal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12801307 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative 190/VILMAMCNISH INTRODUCTION ortyyearsagoonAugust6,1962Jamaicabecamean F independentandsovereignnationaftermorethan300 hundredyearsofcolonialismundertheBritishEmpire.Inthein- ternationalcontext,Jamaicaisarelativelyyoungcountry.Indeed, incontrasttothecountriesinLatinAmerica,Jamaicaandthe othercountriesoftheEnglish-speakingCaribbean,allformercolo- niesofGreatBritain,onlybecameindependentinthesecondhalf ofthe20thcentury.UnliketheirSpanish-speakingneighboursthere- fore,noneoftheseterritorieshadthedistinctionofbeingfound- ingmembersofeithertheUnitedNationsorthehemispheric bodytheOrganisationofAmericanStates. Thepurposeofmypresentationistopresentanoverview,a perspectiveofthepolitical,economicandculturaldevelopment ofJamaicaoverthesefortyyears.Butbeforedoingso,Ithinkit isimportanttoprovideahistoricalcontexttomodernJamaica. SoIwillstartwithabriefhistoryofJamaica,tracingthetrajec- toryofconquest,settlementandcolonisationtoemancipation, independenceandnationhood. -
From Freedom to Bondage: the Jamaican Maroons, 1655-1770
From Freedom to Bondage: The Jamaican Maroons, 1655-1770 Jonathan Brooks, University of North Carolina Wilmington Andrew Clark, Faculty Mentor, UNCW Abstract: The Jamaican Maroons were not a small rebel community, instead they were a complex polity that operated as such from 1655-1770. They created a favorable trade balance with Jamaica and the British. They created a network of villages that supported the growth of their collective identity through borrowed culture from Africa and Europe and through created culture unique to Maroons. They were self-sufficient and practiced sustainable agricultural practices. The British recognized the Maroons as a threat to their possession of Jamaica and embarked on multiple campaigns against the Maroons, utilizing both external military force, in the form of Jamaican mercenaries, and internal force in the form of British and Jamaican military regiments. Through a systematic breakdown of the power structure of the Maroons, the British were able to subject them through treaty. By addressing the nature of Maroon society and growth of the Maroon state, their agency can be recognized as a dominating factor in Jamaican politics and development of the country. In 1509 the Spanish settled Jamaica and brought with them the institution of slavery. By 1655, when the British invaded the island, there were 558 slaves.1 During the battle most slaves were separated from their masters and fled to the mountains. Two major factions of Maroons established themselves on opposite ends of the island, the Windward and Leeward Maroons. These two groups formed the first independent polities from European colonial rule. The two groups formed independent from each other and with very different political structures but similar economic and social structures. -
Flavours of Jamaica.Pdf
table of contents 05 Culinary Capital 08 The Land 14 Jamaican Jerk 18 World’s Famous...Blue Mountain 22 Authentic Jamaican Rum 26 Rum & Beverages 28 Fresh Produce 32 Scotch Bonnet 34 Tropical Fruits 44 Herbs & Spices 48 Cocoa 50 Sweets & Baked Goods 52 Jams & Jellies 54 Island Honey 56 Fresh Vegetables 58 Organic Agriculture 60 Quality Management 62 Profiles Enjoy... flavours of Jamaica Jamaica Promotions Corporation (JAMPRO) ©2012 Publication JamaicanThe Story of Food flavours of Jamaica 4 The Culinary Capital of the Caribbean ur cuisine is unique and diverse - a When the island was captured by the British in melting pot of the many cultures that 1655, the Spanish fled and their African slaves have shaped Jamaica over the last escaped into the mountainous Cockpit Country. 500 years – A fusion of Taino, African, They became known as ‘Maroons’ and continued OSpanish, English, Indian, Chinese, and Middle Eastern the cooking methods of the Taino and Spanish - it cooking traditions have been creolized, creating an is said that this is where the tradition of ‘jerking’ authentic, distinctly Jamaican cuisine. originated. Jamaica became a British colony, and the colonists Our food defines us…just like our colourful island brought with them a wide variety of plants and dialect - patois and our original music - reggae… fruits which flourished in the fertile soil. Among the fruits were the breadfruit and otaheite apple The history of Jamaica can be traced through its introduced by Captain Bligh. food and cooking traditions. In search of fancy spices and the East Indies, European sailors and When African slaves were brought to the island to merchants crossed the unknown seas. -
Redalyc.Diaspora Sounds from Caribbean Central America
Caribbean Studies ISSN: 0008-6533 [email protected] Instituto de Estudios del Caribe Puerto Rico Stone, Michael Diaspora Sounds from Caribbean Central America Caribbean Studies, vol. 36, núm. 2, julio-diciembre, 2008, pp. 221-235 Instituto de Estudios del Caribe San Juan, Puerto Rico Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=39215107020 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative WATCHING THE CARIBBEAN...PART II 221 Diaspora Sounds from Caribbean Central America Michael Stone Program in Latin American Studies Princeton University [email protected] Garifuna Drum Method. Produced by Emery Joe Yost and Matthew Dougherty. English and Garifuna with subtitles. Distributed by End of the Line Productions/ Lubaantune Records, 2008. DVD. Approximately 100 minutes, color. The Garifuna: An Enduring Spirit. Produced by Robert Flanagan and Suzan Al-Doghachi. English and Garifuna with subtitles. Lasso Pro- ductions, 2003. Distributed by Lasso Productions. DVD. 35 minutes, color. The Garifuna Journey. Produced by Andrea Leland and Kathy Berger. English and Garifuna with subtitles. New Day Films, 1998. Distributed by New Day Films. DVD and study guide. 47 minutes, color. Play, Jankunú, Play: The Garifuna Wanáragua Ritual of Belize. Produced by Oliver Greene. English and Garifuna with subtitles. Distributed by Documentary Educational Resources, 2007. DVD. 45 minutes, color. Trois Rois/ Three Kings of Belize. Produced by Katia Paradis. English, Spanish, Garifuna, and K’ekchi Maya with subtitles (French-language version also available). -
Schedule C, Classification of Country and Territory Designations for U.S
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2011) (Rev. 1) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes STATISTICAL ANNEXES Annex A -- Schedule C, Classification of Country and Territory Designations for U.S. Import Statistics Annex B -- International Standard Country Codes Annex C -- Schedule D, Customs District and Port Codes Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2011) (Rev. 1) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2011) (Rev. 1) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes ANNEX A Schedule C - Classification of Country and Territory Designations for U.S. Foreign Trade Statistics Schedule C contains the country and territory designations for use in compiling the U.S. export and import statistics. These designations should be shown in all cases where statistical information is required. The first part of this schedule contains the country designations arranged in numeric order by continent and listed in sequence within each continent generally from north to south and west to east. Abbreviated country designations, which are used in lieu of complete country names in some foreign trade reports, are also shown. The second part contains a listing in alphabetical arrangement of the countries, territories, etc., with their numeric codes. The names of the entities listed are generally the conventional spellings as approved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. Revisions to Schedule C will be announced in the form of "special notices" to data users, as Public Bulletins to Schedule B, Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States, and as supplements to the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated for statistical purposes (HTS). -
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Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 18th Century Transformations of the Jamaican Plantocracy: Edward Long and Bryan Edwards Robert Braxton Bird Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 18TH CENTURY TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE JAMAICAN PLANTOCRACY: EDWARD LONG AND BRYAN EDWARDS By ROBERT BRAXTON BIRD A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2007 The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Robert B. Bird defended on July 31, 2007. Matt Childs Professor Directing Thesis Rodney Anderson Committee Member Maxine D. Jones Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii For my friend, my hero, and my father, Ralph B. Bird, Jr.. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first thank Dr. Matt Childs. Without his advice and direction, a Masters Degree would not have been possible. Thank you for opening up a world of possibilities. I would also like to thank my committee, Dr. Maxine Jones and Dr. Rodney Anderson, your flexibility and input has been both indispensable and much appreciated. Also deserving much thanks are: Dr. Gordon Harvey, from whom I learned an appreciation of History and whose encouragement and belief in me will never be forgotten; Dr. Sean Chenoweth, a friend and confidant who is responsible for turning me onto the study of Jamaica; Dr. -
SEP 09 2'8 I ARCHIVES
Planting Improvement: The Rhetoric and Practice of Scientific Agriculture in Northern British America, 1670-1820 By Anya Zilberstein B.A., History University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2001 Submitted to the Program in Science, Technology, and Society in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, History, Anthropology, Science, Technology, and Society at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2008 ©2008 Anya Zilberstein. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signaturec of author: AnyýiaZilbersteii HiSfo ,Anthropology, and Science, Technology, and Society / -August 15, 2008 Certified by: Certified a-Ir•et Rtvo, hi. Conne'r PAo'fessor of History Theyis Supervisor / Certified by: Deborah K. Fitzgerald, Pr sor of History of Technology, Dean SHASS Committee member MASSACHUSETTS INSTTUTE Certified by: OF TECHNOLOGY Christol•] evap zo'a, Wssoc 66Professor, History Committee Mem er SEP 09 2'8 i Accepted by. / */StefanHelmreich, Associate Professor, Anthropology LIB7A F Direqtor of Graduap Studies, History, Antp~plogy, and STS Accepted by: Daf idhTl fDibner Professor of thiehltory of Engineering and Manufacturing Professor of Engineering tystems Director, Program in Science, Technology, and Society ARCHIVES Planting Improvement: The Rhetoric and Practice of Scientific Agriculture in Northern British America, 1670-1820