DOCSLIB.ORG

Savers Guideline for the Selection of the Most Appropriate Roadside

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Savers Guideline for the Selection of the Most Appropriate Roadside DISLAIMER: This is the SAVeRS project deliverable and not an official CEDR Publication. If and when a CEDR publication will be issued this will be posted on the CEDR website (www.cedr.eu) and it could be amended as compared to this project Deliverable. CEDR Transnational Road Research Programme Call 2012: Safety: Use of Vehicle Restraint Systems Funded by Belgium/Flanders, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom SAVeRS Guideline for the selection of the most appropriate Roadside Vehicle Restraint System Deliverable D3.1 June 2015 Partners: University of Florence, Italy TRL Ltd, United Kingdom Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Sweden Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Slovenia AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Austria Parsons Brinckerhoff, United Kingdom Belgian Road Research Centre, Belgium CEDR Call 2012: Safety: Use of Vehicle Restraint Systems CEDR Call2012: Safety: Use of Vehicle Restraint Systems SAVeRS Selection of Appropriate Vehicle Restraint Systems Guideline for the selection of the most appropriate Roadside Vehicle Restraint System Due date of deliverable: 31.12.2014 Actual submission date: 03.03.2015 Start date of project: 01.01.2013 End date of project: 31.12.2014 Authors of this deliverable: Francesca La Torre, University of Florence, Italy Ceki Erginbas, TRL Ltd, United Kingdom Gavin Williams, TRL Ltd, United Kingdom Robert Thomson, Chalmers University of Technology (representing the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute), Sweden Graham Hemmings, Parsons Brinckerhoff Ltd, United Kingdom Christian Stefan, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Austria PEB Project Managers: Alastair De Beer, National Road Authority, Ireland Mats Pettersson, Swedish Transport Administration, Sweden Version: June, 2015 CEDR Call 2012: Safety: Use of Vehicle Restraint Systems Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... i 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 3 2 IDENTIFICATION OF THE NEED FOR A VRS (BARRIER PLACEMENT GUIDANCE) .. 5 2.1 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Forgiving Roadsides .................................................................................................. 5 2.3 Decision on where a roadside barrier is needed ........................................................ 6 2.3.1 Embankments (Falling Slopes) ........................................................................... 6 2.3.2 Cuts (Rising Slopes) ........................................................................................... 7 2.3.3 Non-deformable Continuous Hazards ................................................................ 7 2.3.4 Non-deformable Individual Hazards ................................................................... 8 2.3.5 Permanent Bodies or Streams of Water ........................................................... 11 2.3.6 Chemical Works, Petroleum Storage Tanks, Locations of Hazardous Material11 2.3.7 Heavily Used Walkways, Locations of Public Gathering .................................. 11 2.3.8 Heavily Used Bicycle Paths .............................................................................. 11 2.3.9 Adjacent Rail Lines ........................................................................................... 12 2.3.10 Adjacent Roads ................................................................................................ 12 2.3.11 Structures at Risk of Collapse .......................................................................... 12 2.3.12 Objects which can Cause Severe Traffic Disruptions if Damaged ................... 13 2.3.13 Environmental Concern Such as Source of Drinking Water ............................. 13 2.4 Risk assessment methods for identifying the need for a VRS ................................. 13 2.5 Decision on Where a Median Barrier is needed ...................................................... 16 2.6 Decision on Where a Bridge Parapet / Barrier is needed: ....................................... 17 2.7 Definition of the Length of Need .............................................................................. 17 2.7.1 The Length of Need concept ............................................................................ 17 2.7.2 Length of Need Background ............................................................................. 17 2.7.3 LON Specification ............................................................................................. 18 2.7.4 Application to the SAVeRS Guideline ............................................................... 21 3 SAFETY BARRIERS (INCLUDING BRIDGE PARAPETS) ............................................. 23 3.1 The multi-level approach .......................................................................................... 23 3.2 Decision process ...................................................................................................... 23 3.3 Run Off Road model ................................................................................................ 29 3.3.1 Structure of the Run Off Road Model ............................................................... 29 3.3.2 Motorways ........................................................................................................ 30 3.3.3 Two-lane, two-ways rural roads ........................................................................ 36 3.4 Impact energy distribution models ........................................................................... 40 3.5 Severity distribution functions .................................................................................. 44 3.6 Whole life cost model ............................................................................................... 47 4 RECOMMENDATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GUIDELINE BY NATIONAL ROADS AUTHORITIES ...................................................................................... 49 CEDR Call 2012: Safety: Use of Vehicle Restraint Systems 4.1 Selection Procedure ................................................................................................. 49 4.2 Application to selected EU Countries ....................................................................... 53 4.2.1 Italy ................................................................................................................... 53 4.2.2 UK ..................................................................................................................... 57 4.3 Application at the design stage ................................................................................ 59 4.3.1 Use of the tool at the design stage ................................................................... 59 4.3.2 Worked examples ............................................................................................. 60 4.3.3 Conclusions from the Pilot Sites Analysis ......................................................... 63 5 CRASH CUSHIONS AND TERMINALS ......................................................................... 68 5.1 Crash cushions ........................................................................................................ 68 5.2 Terminals ................................................................................................................. 71 6 MOTORCYCLE PROTECTION SYSTEMS .................................................................... 75 7 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 78 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 79 9 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 80 ANNEX 1 - GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................... 1 ANNEX 2 - DEVELOPMENT OF A BASE SAFETY PERFORMANCE FUNCTION .............. 12 ANNEX 3 - CALIBRATION OF THE MOTORWAY RUN-OFF-ROAD MODEL ...................... 15 ANNEX 4 - CALIBRATION OF THE RURAL TWO-LANE TWO-WAYS RUN-OFF-ROAD MODEL ................................................................................................................................... 16 ANNEX 5 - DEVELOPMENT OF AN HGV IMPACT ENERGY DISTRIBUTION .................... 17 ANNEX 6 - SEVERITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS ........................................................... 24 CEDR Call 2012: Safety: Use of Vehicle Restraint Systems List of figures Figure 1: Risk Model ................................................................................................................ 5 Figure 2: Risk classification processes used in Belgium (Flanders) ...................................... 14 Figure 3: Risk classification processes used in Germany ...................................................... 15 Figure 4: Tabulated assessment of risk, as used in Spain ..................................................... 15 Figure 5: Determination of barrier containment level, based on accident risk in Spain .......... 15 Figure 6: Length of Need ........................................................................................................ 18 Figure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BREAKING BARRIERS out of Date Already? TAKING the LEAD from the DUTCH
    Newsletter Winter 2003/2004 8 High-speed line BREAKING BARRIERS out of date already? TAKING THE LEAD FROM THE DUTCH Prime Minister Tony Blair opened the £1,900 million first section of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link on 16 September 2003 amid much back slapping. Discounting the Channel Tunnel itself, the 69 km section is the first major UK rail project to be completed in over a century and the first high-speed rail line ever in the UK. Section 2 is due for completion in 2007, involving 24 km of tunnelling from north Kent to St Pancras in London. There is much to celebrate. It is a Public Private Partnership scheme that came in on time and on budget that permits speeds of up to 186 mph. It cuts journey times by 20 minutes and increases reliability, plus 8000 or so jobs were created during construction. Some aspects are innovative, like the use of TVM 430 signalling system used on French TGV trains for automatic train protection. The environmental Slipforming the Dutch step barrier. and ecological measures set new standards but there are dissenting voices about the choice of Britpave’s Special Applications Task necessary to determine the optimum track technology. Group visited the Netherlands in October dimensions prior to full testing – an Britpave, the British In-situ Paving Association, to investigate the Dutch step barrier and expensive exercise. Martin gave the visitors claims that the new link is already out of date its potential for use in the UK. an excellent insight into the development of the step barrier, which included the UK’s before a train has used it.
    [Show full text]
  • Britpave News
    Issue 16 | Winter 2008 www.britpave.org.uk britpave news Rail fastening systems for high speed lines and upgraded tracks in Germany have been considered as references and benchmarks for up-coming projects. Therefore, fastening systems with high dynamic elasticity are indispensable for achieving a low maintenance track with high availability. Further information in the next edition. Picture: High speed line Nürnberg / Ingoldstadt with Vossloh Fastening system 300-1 Diary Dates 2008 Britpave Conference: For all your technical issues, please note Britpave’s new email address at: [email protected] 29 & 30 September, Stratford-upon-Avon 2 Issue 16 | Winter 2008 news round up Britpave Goes Continental The 23rd World Road Congress was held in As well as booking a well positioned stand, Paris between 17 and 21 September 2007. Britpave had an attractive display which, as Britpave were situated in the UK pavilion expected, helped generate more visits and with organisations such as the Highways enquiries. The Vicki Butler-Henderson DVD Agency, TRL, IHT and Transport for London, was a popular feature once again, playing amongst others. on a continuous loop and drawing lots of attention and interest. It was also the launch of The week’s congress was a unique opportunity the new promotional item, the ‘concrete step for anyone involved in road infrastructure and barrier stress toy’ which, due to the number safety to come together and share ideas, collected, we imagine are now spread all across research and development. Attendees came the world! from all around the world, whether in an exhibitor capacity, networking or information Britpave Stand gathering.
    [Show full text]
  • First Step Barrier Installed
    Newsletter Summer 2005 11 Tight curves. First step barrier installed and no handling Fastrack is a public transport network that will serve the regenerative development of the Kent Thameside part of the Thames Gateway. Fitzpatrick are currently involved in constructing Phase 1 of what will be an extensive network developed over several years as regeneration progresses. The scheme consists of 5k m of bus route comprising a number of on-street bus lanes, segregated busways and dedicated off street busways with priority at signal controlled junctions. The project extends Work in progress on M62 step barrier from Dartford town centre, over the A282 (M25 Junction 1b) to Bluewater shopping Construction of the new concrete step barrier effort to construct the new barrier as swiftly complex. The works involve constructing began in June on the M62 motorway near Hull as possible. Production peaked at over 18 m3 new areas of carriageway, either adjacent in East Yorkshire. These works represent the per hour. to or remote from existing carriageways. first implementation of the Highways Agency In line with Britpave predictions the barrier, instruction to provide higher performance in- foundation and restraint incorporated around situ concrete safety barrier rather than steel 4,000 m3 of bound materials – principally barrier along all motorway medians. concrete. Costs of the barrier and restraint The project falls within the boundaries of were less than budgeted. Maintenance Area Contractor 12 and the Motorists using this section of the M62 design team at CarillionWSP have worked motorway should enjoy at least 50 years service closely with principal contractor Balfour Beatty from this new improved safety restraint system and specialist slipform paving contractor within which time it is confidently predicted Extrudakerb to deliver 4 km of refurbished that there will be no crossover accidents.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Benefits Ofconcrete Step Barrier
    Sustainability Benefits of Concrete Step Barrier delivering a safe, reliable future Sustainability Benefits of Concrete Step Barrier Britpave This report has been prepared by the Britpave Sustainable Construction Working Group comprising of Mike Connell - Civil and Marine David Jones - Britpave Alex Lake - Faber Maunsell Dr. Bryan Magee - The Concrete Centre Dr. Tony Parry - University of Nottingham Britpave, the British In-situ Concrete Paving Association, was formed in 1991. It is active in all areas of transport infrastructure including Published by Britpave roads, airfields, light and heavy rail, guided Riverside House, 4 Meadows Business Park, Station Approach, bus, safety barriers and drainage channels, soil Blackwater, Camberley, Surrey GU17 9AB stabilisation and recycling. Tel +44 (0) 1276 33160 Fax +44 (0) 1276 33170 The Association has a broad corporate www.britpave.org.uk membership base that includes contractors, consulting engineers and designers, suppliers Ref: BP/42 Price code: D of plant, equipment and materials, academics First published September 2008 and clients, both in the UK and internationally. ISBN 978-0-9556962-75 © Britpave Britpave provides members and clients alike All advice or information herein is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No with networking opportunities and aims to liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or develop technical excellence and best information is accepted by either Britpave or its authors. Readers should note that this practice in key cement and concrete markets publication is subject to revision from time to time and should therefore ensure that through its publications, seminars and website.
    [Show full text]
  • Britpave® News
    Issue 18 www.britpave.org.uk BRITPAVE® NEWS 50 years of Britain’s motorways DIARY DATES • Britpave Annual Dinner and Seminar – 5 and 6 October 2009, Oxford 2 Issue 18 WELCOME Contents Editors Note Dear Member, Page 2 Welcome Britpave always tries to keep abreast of developments and be up to date with the marketplace in which its members operate. In the current climate we can’t fail to be feeling the ‘credit Page 3 News Round Up crunch’ and the downturn. In many areas of our industry, this is a cause of concern for us all. Britpave is pressing for continued investment in all its market areas believing strongly that concrete Page 4 EUPAVE solutions are more relevant than ever in offering long life, value for money improvements to the country’s infrastructure. Page 6 Britpave The team at Britpave has been very active over the past few months. The Annual Seminar back in September was a huge success and we have received very positive feedback from Step Barrier all those who attended. I’m sure you will be pleased to hear that we are already planning the 2009 Seminar; this is to be held in Oxford on the 5th and 6th October. There is a special incentive to help ease the cost with a ‘buy one get one free’ offer on seminar places. Page 10 Airfields In November we had the opportunity to attend our first Road Expo in Edinburgh. This annual event is the only one of its kind in Scotland. Over the two days both local and national authority personnel come together to learn and update their knowledge within Page 14 Roads the road industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrastructure Matters
    Issue 22 www.britpave.org.uk britpave® news Infrastructure Matters The Need to Invest in Infrastructure 2 Issue 22 welCoMe Contents Editor’s Note Page 3 infrastructure with the bulk of the Coalition Government’s cuts now announced, the construction industry can at last plan on the investment basis of what has been announced. Page 4 roads britpave members will be heartened to hear that despite the scale of the cuts, the Chancellor has pledged to maintain investment in both new and existing infrastructure that Page 6 Ce Marking supports the economy. Graham Dalton, Chief executive of Highways agency said “this is a new era for the Highways agency and we will be affected as much by what happens Page 7 britpave® outside our organisation as what happens inside it, such as with planning and local authorities. Ultimately there will be significant changes required – there are things we step barrier will have to stop doing and things we will need to do differently.” Page 10 rail this is a clear challenge, as Mr Dalton put on record with his recent interview with britpave. britpave and its members have shown resilience over the last two decades and as in every situation there will be opportunities as well as threats. this is the challenge Page 12 airfields for britpave and through our networks and task Group activities we shall come up with concrete solutions appropriate for the current situation. Page 14 port paving by working together, companies both large and small will make better opportunities for their businesses, and i thank you all for your continued support.
    [Show full text]
  • Concrete Barriers and Roadside Noise DS/CSB/515
    DS/CSB/515 THE KNOWLEDGE Issue No 03 Issue Date July 09 Concrete Step Barrier Design Guidance Concrete Barriers and Roadside Noise Concrete Barriers and Roadside Noise Barriers and Roadside Concrete Test site on M25, north of Junction 18 Introduction Height above Positions In 2005, Britpave commissioned a study to investigate carriageway the impact on roadside noise arising from installation of A & B 1.2 m concrete barriers in the central reserve. Arup Acoustics conducted a field study and theoretical analysis to establish B & C 1.2 m any differences in roadside noise levels, comparing A’ & B’ 2.2 m concrete and steel central reserve barriers. The full results of the study are given in an Arup Acoustics report, available Table 1: Receiver positions from Britpave1. A and B were located 40 m either side of the steel/concrete barrier interface to avoid the influence of noise from the Empirical Study adjacent road segment. An empirical study was carried out on the southbound carriageway of the M25 near Junction 18, where the central Noise measurements were taken over a period of ten reserve safety barrier changes from concrete to steel. The minutes; each test was repeated three times. test site was selected for: Measurements at B and C, both opposite steel central • Steady traffic flow; reserve barrier, were used as a control test to determine • Even gradient; the variation in noise levels at two positions with the same • No significant reflective surfaces adjacent to the road; barrier type. • Consistent road surface conditions. Noise level readings were taken at three positions A, B and C, see Figure 1 (overleaf).
    [Show full text]
  • Britpave® News
    Issue 17 www.britpave.org.uk BRITPAVE® NEWS A NEW CONCRETE TRACK FOR BRISTOL MOTOR SPEEDWAY USA. Full story to follow in the next issue of Britpave News. 0HOTOCOURTESYOF"RISTOL-OTOR3PEEDWAY#)! DIARY DATES s "RITPAVE#ONFERENCETHTH3EPTEMBER 3TRATFORD UENCE TH TH 3EPTEMBER 3TRATFORD UPON !VONPON !VON s 2OAD%XPO3COTLANDTHTH.OVEMBER %DINBURGHTH TH .OVEMBER %DINBURGH Distributed to 10,000 readers! 2 Issue 17 WELCOME Contents Editors Note Dear Member, Page 2 Welcome Welcome to the 17th Edition of Britpave News. It has been a busy start to the year. Page 3 News Round Up There have been lots of exciting developments in all areas of Britpave activities and these have made for another informative newsletter. Thank you to all those who have contributed time Page 4 EUPAVE and effort. Without your help it wouldn’t be possible, so please keep your stories rolling in. Page 6 Britpave® I would like to extend a warm welcome to our new members. It’s always interesting to meet new organisations and hear what is going on within their businesses, and I Step Barrier look forward to successful partnerships with them. You will be pleased to know that preparations are well underway for the Britpave Annual Seminar on 29th and 30th of September, in Stratford-Upon-Avon, and we will shortly be issuing the programme. Page 11 Specialist You can also book your place using the form within the newsletter and as always I look Applications forward to seeing you all there. Best regards Page 12 Roads David Jones Page 14 Rail Director of Britpave Page 16 Soil Stabilisation Corrections Trade Marks Registered and Clarifications The trade marks Britpave® and Britpave Step Page 17 Sustainability Barrier® have been registered with the Trade It is the policy of Britpave to correct Marks Registry.
    [Show full text]
  • Bean Junction Rs Eastbound Rs ! Dil 200 Hs/Hgn/01 Offslip Road Dil Rs Rs
    100 FOR CONTINUATION REFER TO SHEET 12 BEAN LANE (NORTH) A296 NORTHBOUND B255 WATLING STREET WIDENED ON EXIT FROM MAIN CONSTRUCTION SOUTHBOUND B255 SITE COMPOUND BEAN NORTH ROUNDABOUT WIDENED TO THREE 100 WITH LANE DROP TO EXISTING LANES. TIE INTO TWO LANES EXISTING TWO LANES PROPOSED ENTRY TO EXISTING CAR PARK (NORTH), ATTENUATION POND, Millimetres DBC WOODLAND AND EXISTING PYLON EARTHWORK SLOPE 1:2 (V:H) EARTHWORK SLOPE 1:2 (V:H) NORTHBOUND BEAN LANE DIL IFT WIDENED TO TWO LANES RS PROPOSED ACCESS TO ATTENUATION POND, DBC 100 IFT DIL WOODLAND AND EXISTING 10 PYLON AREA IDENTIFIED FOR EARTHWORK SLOPE 1:2 (V:H) 0 IFT POTENTIAL DRAINAGE DIL PROPOSED DRAINAGE AND ATTENUATION WORKS BEAN NORTH ROUNDABOUT ENLARGED AND SIGNALISED DIL PROPOSED 1:1 (V:H) 0 THRIFT WATLING SOIL REINFORCED SLOPE COTTAGE H HOUSE RS MAXIMUM HEIGHT 5m PROPOSED 1:3 (V:H) SLOPE WITH DIL H RETAINING WALL ALONG THE TOE MAXIMUM HEIGHT 6.0m EXISTING HARD SHOULDER (SEE GENERAL NOTE 8) DIL CONVERTED TO RUNNING LANE RS RS WITH PROVISION OF FOUR DO NOT SCALE PROPOSED 312.884 NARROW LANES DRAINAGE AND 277.220 DIL NEW SINGLE LANE EASTBOUND ATTENUATION 100 RS DBC WOODLAND ACCESS 0 ON SLIP WITH TYPE E - LANE WORKS 300 ! 226.466 RS GAIN MERGE DIL HS/HGN/01 0 PROPOSED ACCESS TO PYLON RS 275.887 RS C (SEE GENERAL NOTE 8) RS 250 PROPOSED RETAINING WALL DIL MAXIMUM HEIGHT 1m H FOR CONTINUATION REFER TO SHEET 5 250 261.013 BEAN JUNCTION RS EASTBOUND RS ! DIL 200 HS/HGN/01 OFFSLIP ROAD DIL RS RS 100 RS RS 200 FOR CONTINUATION REFER TO SHEET 3 200 0 200 4400 4300 4500 4200 100 RS 4600 EXISTING
    [Show full text]
  • Wide and Variable Concrete Step Barrier R a B Y T E F a S E T E R C N O C
    EXT CSB 003 Issue Date May 2010 r e i r Wide and Variable Concrete Step Barrier r a B y t e f a S e t e r c n o C Wide variable CSB Installation with 15m Light Columns Concrete Step Barrier (CSB) features many tested variations and ancillary products. Only Extrudakerb / Britpave concrete barrier features the complete portfolio of ancillary products that allows true integration within any highway project. The range of derived profiles have been developed over a number of years and always under the supervision of specialists. The derived profiles where required have been tested to ensure compliance with EN1317 and national construction good practice. Available derived profiles include:- Wide Concrete Step Barrier (WCSB) A widened version of the standard CSB profile is available and can act as a foundation for street lighting and other street furniture. The physical footprint of the barrier dictates a WCSB Installation at a Toll Plaza working width of W3 with the containment level of H2 at this width. Service ducts are incorporated within a trough cast along the top of the barrier allowing for ease of installation and future maintenance. Denaby Lane Industrial Estate, Old Denaby, Doncaster DN12 4JJ T 01709 862076 F 01709 868022 E [email protected] F www.extrudakerb.co.uk C o n c r Wide and Variable Concrete Step Barrier e t e S a f e t y B a r r i e r Trough Infill and Light Column Anchorage A range of tested post drilled and fixed stainless steel anchors and fixings are available and installed by Extrudakerb.
    [Show full text]
  • Monthly Progress Report
    Local Construction Program (LCP) Contract No.: AID-294-I-13-00007 Task Order No.: AID-294-TO-17-00003 Al Badhan – Al Nassariya Road Project – Segment B MONTHLY PROGRESS REPORT December 01, 2017 to December 31, 2017 DISCLAIMER “This report is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID.) The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of Technical Group Company for General Contracting (TGC) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.” Table of Contents List of Abbreviations _____________________________________________________________ iii 1. Task Order Overview: _________________________________________________________ 1 Background _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Project Objective __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Statement of Works _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Project Key Map ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Vantage Photos____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 2. Task Order Key Data _________________________________________________________ 4 3. Key Personnel Status _________________________________________________________ 5 4. Project Dashboard Status ______________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • DMRB Stage 3 Scheme Assessment Report
    DMRB Stage 3 Scheme Assessment Report A556 Knutsford to Bowdon Environmental Improvement January 2012 A556 Knutsford to Bowdon Environmental Improvement DMRB Stage 3 Scheme Assessment Report Contents 6 Traffic and Economic Assessment........................................................................ 28 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 6.1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 28 1.1 Purpose of the Report ................................................................................................. 1 6.2 Modelling ................................................................................................................... 28 1.2 Junction Options Comparative Assessment................................................................ 1 6.3 Base Network Development...................................................................................... 29 2 Scheme Background................................................................................................. 2 6.4 Forecasting................................................................................................................ 31 2.1 Recent Scheme History............................................................................................... 2 6.5 Effects of the Scheme ............................................................................................... 34 2.2 The
    [Show full text]