Fordham University Department of Economics Discussion Paper Series Bedrock Depth and the Formation of the Manhattan Skyline, 1890-1915 Jason Barr Rutgers University, Newark, Department of Economics Troy Tassier Fordham University, Department of Economics Rossen Trendafilov Fordham University, Department of Economics Discussion Paper No: 2010-09 October 2010 Department of Economics Fordham University 441 E Fordham Rd, Dealy Hall Bronx, NY 10458 (718) 817-4048 Bedrock Depth and the Formation of the Manhattan Skyline, 1890-1915∗ Jason Barr† Troy Tassier Rutgers University, Newark Fordham University
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[email protected] August 2010 Abstract Skyscrapers in Manhattan must be anchored to bedrock to prevent (possibly uneven) settling; this can potentially increase construction costs if the bedrock lies deep below the surface. The conventional wisdom holds that Manhattan de- veloped two business centers—downtown and midtown—because bedrock is close to the surface in these locations, with a bedrock “valley” deep below the surface in between. We measure the effects of building costs associated with bedrock depths, relative to other important economic variables in the location of early Manhattan skyscrapers. We find that bedrock depths had very little influence on the creation of separate business districts; rather its poly-centric development was due to res- idential and manufacturing patterns, and public transportation hubs. We do find evidence, however, that bedrock depths influenced the placement of skyscrapers within business districts. Key words: skyscrapers, geology, bedrock, urban agglomeration JEL Classifications: D24, N62, R14, R33 ∗We thank Gideon S. S. Sorkin for his expertise in engineering and history of architecture, Robert Snyder for his expertise on New York City history, and Patrick Brock and Stephanie Tassier-Surine for assisting us with their geological expertise.