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Year: 2009

An overview of prehistoric and early historic settlement, topography, and maritime connections on Lastovo Island, Croatia

Della Casa, Philippe ; Bass, Bryon ; Katunarić, Tea ; Kirigin, Branko ; Radić, Dinko

Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-30443 Book Section

Originally published at: Della Casa, Philippe; Bass, Bryon; Katunarić, Tea; Kirigin, Branko; Radić, Dinko (2009). An overview of prehistoric and early historic settlement, topography, and maritime connections on Lastovo Island, Croatia. In: Forenbaher, Stašo. A connecting sea: maritime interaction in Adriatic prehistory. Oxford: Archaeopress, 113-136. A Connecting Sea: Maritime Interaction in Adriatic Prehistory

Edited by

Stašo Forenbaher

BAR International Series 2037

2009

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A Connecting Sea: Maritime Interaction in Adriatic Prehistory

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The current BAR catalogue with details of all titles in print, prices and means of payment is available free from Hadrian Books or may be downloaded from www.archaeopress.com 9 an overview of PrehisToriC anD early hisToriC seTTlemenT, ToPoGraPhy, anD mariTime ConneCTions on lasTovo islanD, CroaTia

Philippe Della Casa, Bryon Bass, Tea Katunarić, Branko Kirigin and Dinko Radić

The Augusta Insula Project focuses on the Croatian island of Lastovo. These investigations are part of ongoing archaeological and interdisciplinary research in the southern Dalmatian archipelago conducted under the aegis of the Korčula Archaeology Research Group (KARG). Field studies focus on the application of heritage management practices pertinent to the island’s archaeological and historical resources. The first season’s research (2001) consisted of preliminary bibliographic studies and field survey, while the second field season (2003) comprised limited subsurface archaeological testing at the localities of Kaštel and Lučica. The third season (2007) focused on more intensive field survey, testing at the Sozanj site, informant interviews, and data collection. A GIS database has been developed to examine the inter-relationships of the sites, and their connections to the regional prehistoric and protohistoric coastal marine setting. The project is similar in scope to the Adriatic Island Project. Eventually, a joint database will enable the study of a large group of islands. Such a common data collection approach would be unique to Mediterranean archaeological research. Keywords: Bronze Age, Dalmatia, GIS analysis, Graeco-Roman period, Iron Age, Pottery, Radiocarbon dates, Survey

Introduction Although Lastovo is one of the better known Croatian islands, prior to independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, Lastovo lies approximately 30 nautical miles off the the island was not open for general tourism, and only to Dalmatian coast, within an archipelago of 46 smaller islands a limited extent for academic research. This was due to between Mljet, Korčula and Sušac (Figure 1). The island’s the presence of a Yugoslav naval base on the island. Prior surface covers some 47km2. Currently, about 600 people to the 2001 season, archaeological investigations on the inhabit the island. Most live in Lastovo village, on the island were few, and there was no particular archaeological northern side of the island, or near the modern ferry harbor map pertaining to the island. Likewise, Lastovo is at the town of Ubli on Veljo lago, situated on the western side. southern end of the Jadrolinija ferry line, and extended Other villages with year-round inhabitants include Solitudo, travel is required to reach the island. Besides distance Skrivena Luka, and Zaklopatica. The island has various and the previous security issues, the overall lack of field sheltered bays and natural harbors suitable for anchorage, research can also be attributed to the fact that, for a brief among them Veljo and Malo lago, Kručica, Zaklopatica, time, Lastovo belonged to Italy, and was in general isolation Lučica and Skrivena luka. The island has a typical in the years following the Second World War. Mediterranean climate, with average annual temperatures of 15 °C and annual rainfall around 700mm. The island’s Investigated areas and archaeological situations geology comprises a Dinaric fault within an Upper Jurassic formation, with the highest elevation situated on Hum at Thus far, the Augusta Insula Project investigations have 415 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.). The island’s karst been part of ongoing archaeological and interdisciplinary relief is rugged, and the coastline topography is relatively research in the southern Dalmatian archipelago of Korčula, steep. The best agricultural soils, as is typical on other Sušac, and Lastovo (e.g., Adams 1999; Bass 1997, 1998, Dalmatian islands, are primarily limited to the terra rossa 2004; Bass et al. 1997; Della Casa and Bass 2001; Radić polja. Numerous caves are known around the calcareous et al. 1998, 2000; Radić and Bass 1999, 2001, 2002), with slopes of the polja, and large parts of Lastovo are still work on Lastovo generally conducted under the aegis of covered by natural pine and evergreen oak forest. the Korčula Archaeology Research Group (KARG). The multinational team for the 2001, 2003, and 2007 field Lastovo is known from early 4th century BC written campaigns on Lastovo consisted of archaeologists and sources under the name of Ladesta or Ladeston. It was geologists from Croatia, Switzerland, the United States, given the name ‘Augusta insula’ during Roman times and the United Kingdom. Research focused not only on by the emperor Augustus, appears as [Insula] Ladestris field survey, test excavations, and bibliographic surveys, but on the Tabula Peutingeriana, and in Medieval sources as also on the application of geographical information systems Augusta, Lagusta or Lagosta. The Slavic form of the name – (GIS) and heritage management practices. Lastobon, Lastovo – became current from the 10th century AD (see Jurica 2001; Migotti 1987; Radmilli 1970). The first research season of 2001 consisted of preliminary

113 Philippe Della Casa, Bryon Bass, Tea Katunarić, Branko Kirigin and Dinko Radić

Figure 1. Map of the Adriatic and location of Lastovo Island. bibliographic studies and field survey, while the 2003 explored. Interviews were conducted with knowledgeable season consisted of limited subsurface archaeological residents of the island to investigate toponyms, unrecorded testing at the localities of Kaštel and Lučica. The third archaeological sites, and local anecdotal information season, completed in 2007, focused on more intensive field concerning the island. During the first season, Mr Ivan survey, mapping, informant interviews, and data collection. Čihoratić, Head of the Administrative Department of After the 2003 season, archaeologists from the University Lastovo Municipality, and keeper of the town museum in of Zurich developed a GIS database to examine site inter- the Knežev dvor, provided the team with former Yugoslav relationships, to explore their connections to the regional Army maps of the island, and indicated areas possibly prehistoric and protohistoric coastal marine setting, and to containing unexploded ordnance. Mr Čihoratić also took facilitate a more detailed approach to mapping the island. the team to view a small archaeological exhibit in an old The project is similar in scope to the Adriatic Islands Project church below a former duke’s residence. Dr Jurica, a (AIP) (see Kirigin et al. 2006, with further references). retired local historian living in Solitudo, provided insight into areas on the island that had not been checked for Over the three seasons, the field survey focused on various archaeological remains (nearly the entire surface of the polja (fields), lokve (seasonal ponds), hilltops, and the island) and discussed the island’s recent history and local environs around the Lastovo township. The team also cultural traditions. surveyed trails, roads, and isolated churches within the island’s rugged topography. Known cave localities were also The field survey was conducted by walking systematic

114 Settlement, Topography, and Maritime Connections on Lastovo

Figure 2. Map of Lastovo Island with sites discussed in the text. transects over selected landscapes across the island. The 1980s and provided a very useful overview of particular team members walked abreast, at 10-meter intervals. As zones of interest, as well as of potential sites of the finds were encountered, the team would focus a more prehistoric and protohistoric periods. intensive survey in the immediate area to define the surface limits of the remains. Scatters of artifacts such as stone Pertinent investigations into Lastovo’s archaeology were tools, debitage, and pottery fragments were documented conducted during the 1900s (e.g. Galli 1938), while some as ‘sites’. Where possible, diagnostic finds were mapped, of the caves were visited and described (Marijanac 1956). collected from the surface, and placed into labeled plastic Radmilli excavated a trench in Spilja Rača / Gambero Cave bags. In most cases, 5mm screens were used to sieve (Figure 2, 3), located in the southern part of the island, in excavated soils from the test units. 1942 and reported finding Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age ceramic materials (Radmilli 1970). The cave was later Finds were documented in the field on bi-lingual field investigated by Gjivoje (1951), and finally by Novak in forms (Croatian/English). The archaeological forms 1953 who published general stratigraphic information and contain data entry fields for elements such as: type of finds attributable to the late Neolithic (Hvar Culture), Early remains, geographic setting, vegetative coverage, distance Bronze Age, Iron Age, Hellenistic, Roman and Medieval to the sea and fresh water, description of soils, exposure to periods (Novak 1955; 1973). The most detailed analysis winds, apparent damage to the site or remains, names of of pottery from Hellenistic times from this location was local informants, presence of diagnostic artifacts, and any conducted by Migotti (1987). associated site plans or photos. Marconi (1936) excavated parts of the Roman settlement in The archaeological database was established in 2003 using Ubli early in the 20th century. Monuments of the Classical, Microsoft ACCESS, and run through ESRI’s ArcGIS, based Early Christian and Medieval periods have been extensively on a 1:25,000 digital topographic map obtained from the described by Fisković (1966). More recent excavations Croatian State Geodetic Administration (during the first (1978-83) in the Roman settlement and Early Christian two seasons, the team relied on older 1:5000 and 1:25,000 church of Ubli have been reported by Jeličić-Radonić military topographic maps). A Digital Elevation Model (2001), and finds of coins from the 4th-9th century AD by (DEM) with a resolution of 25 meters was obtained from Bonačić Mandinić (2001). GISDATA, Zagreb, and used for GIS modeling. A first survey of underwater sites around the island of Previously known localities Lastovo (1987-90) yielded evidence of cargoes, mostly amphorae, from the 3rd century BC to the 6th century AD Belamarić (1985) performed a general island survey in the (Radić-Rossi 2001).

115 Philippe Della Casa, Bryon Bass, Tea Katunarić, Branko Kirigin and Dinko Radić

Figure 3. Topographic situation of Rača Cave (foreground), view towards southeast. Photo UZH.

Figure 4. Lučica bay viewed from the southwest. Photo UZH.

116 Settlement, Topography, and Maritime Connections on Lastovo

Figure 5. Arial photo of Lučica bay with position of the 2003 test units. Photo Općina Lastovo, with additions.

Lastovo, Lučica Lastovo village (Figure 4). In recent times, a second marine access to the west at Sveti Mihovil, comprising a concrete The small bay of Lučica lies immediately below the village pier, was added for landing of ships and ferries to Lastovo. of Lastovo on the northern coast of the island. It forms The field and olive orchard above St. Mihovil church was a small but suitable natural harbor protected from most surveyed in 2001 and revisited in 2007, and fragments of winds, and has a pebble beach for easy landing. Lučica amphorae indicate a Roman presence in this area. is the closest and most convenient access to the sea from

117 Philippe Della Casa, Bryon Bass, Tea Katunarić, Branko Kirigin and Dinko Radić

Figure 6. Pottery finds from Lastovo Lučica: 1-9 surface collection in bay area; 10-12 Unit 1 (loc. 101); 13 Unit 2 (loc. 201); 14-15 Unit 5 (loc. 502, roadcut); 16-17 Unit 3 (loc. 301, harbour). Scale: pottery 1:3, flint 1:2. Drawings by M. Reuschmann, UZH.

Lučica bay itself was surveyed in 2001 and investigated the harbor. Though prehistoric pottery was present in the with several small test units in 2003 (Figure 5). As outlined stratigraphy (Figure 6: 10-13), the situation proved to be below, none of the five tested areas of the site produced in completely disturbed by geomorphological processes and situ prehistoric or later archaeological situations. However, recent anthropogenic soil transport, with modern finds considerable amounts of finds, in particular pottery, were mixed into the sediments extending to the depth of sterile recovered. subsoil.

While visiting the site in 2001, the survey team had PoTTery documented and collected prehistoric pottery in terraces and gardens of the southern, inland part of the bay and Most of the pottery recovered here and in the garden terraces settlement (Figure 6: 1-9). Interviews with local inhabitants of the settlement are of dark brown to blackish color and revealed that the dark humic soil of the gardens had been coarse fabric, with rough or sometimes smoothed surface. recently taken from the wood-covered terraces above the We noted the presence of straight vertical and flaring rims, bay, farther to the south. Two small test units (Unit 1 and flat bases, and plastic applications of lugs and notched Unit 2) were opened in 2003 in the woodland just south trims (Figure 6: 1-13). There are not many well-dated, of the modern settlement, below the modern access road, reference pottery samples in southern Dalmatia that could and along what is believed to be the old path leading to be used for comparison, particularly as our assemblage is

118 Settlement, Topography, and Maritime Connections on Lastovo

Figure 7. Lastovo Lučica, Unit 5 section and profile. Scale: 1:20. Elaboration by J. Bucher, UZH. diagnostic. On the nearby coast of Montenegro, the Velika sp., Arbutus unedo, Rhamnus sp., Pistacia sp. and Pinus sp. Gruda pottery facies is reasonably well dated to the early (possibly halepensis) for loci 501-504. Late Bronze Age by radiocarbon and typological cross- comparison (Reinecke phase Bz D; Della Casa 1996, 21ss). The profile can be read as follows: above the bedrock, the Rim forms and plastic décor elements such as lugs and lowest 0.8m (loci 509-505) are formed by clay B-horizons. trims are present (Della Casa 1996, figure 85, 93-95), with A 0.25m anthropogenic deposit of ash, charcoal and burnt the exception of notched trims that are known from slightly clay containing fragments of iron ore (pisoliths / limonite) older assemblages from hillforts of the hinterland such as tops this natural sequence (locus 504a/b). It can be dated Varvara, Privala or Nečajno (Čović 1977, 1989; Govedarica to the period AD 1303-1453 cal. 2σ range (UZ-5171/ETH- 1982; for a revised typo-chronological positioning of these 29571 [charcoal], 520 ± 50 BP), and is indicative of the inventories see Della Casa 1996, 152ss, table 22 and the pyrotechnical working of iron ores in this area. A 0.2m discussion below). As on Kaštel hill, some of the pottery secondary but mostly sterile clay deposit (locus 503) lies has a characteristic whitish calcite temper (Figure 6: 13-14) above the ash layer; it is topped by a sequence of c. 0.4m of known from Iron Age ‘Gradina Style’ pottery. heterogeneous organic-humic sediments containing calcite, charcoal, mollusks, and pottery, mostly hand-made coarse uniT 5 Profile anD raDioCarbon DaTes ware (loci 502-501). The prehistoric pottery (Figure 6: 14) and two radiocarbon dates of the period, 772-414 BC A dark organic layer had been identified in 2001 in a road- cal. 2σ range (UZ-5170/ETH-29570 [charcoal], 2480 ± 55 cut profile above the lowest bend of the modern access BP / loc. 502a) and 706-208 BC cal. 2σ range (UZ-5169/ road to the bay. In 2003, the profile (Unit 5) was cleaned ETH-29569 [charcoal], 2325 ± 50 BP / loc. 501c), point to and documented in a section of c. 2 x 1m (Figure 7). It the Iron Age, while a Roman amphora fragment (Figure shows a rather complex sequence of gravel, loam, ash, and 6: 15) evidences later elements. In any case, the situation in the upper part, humic layers that possibly indicated an is disturbed and the stratigraphy inverted, with sediments undisturbed stratigraphic situation in this part of the site. having been eroded and re-deposited, most probably due to The entire profile was thus sampled and analyzed by a slope wash. The topmost 0.2m. (locus 500) again revealed sedimentologist (P. Rentzel, IPSA, University of Basel), a stable natural sedimentation in the profile. and radiocarbon dated (AMS laboratory, IMP, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich). Charcoal analysis (W. harbor area Schoch, Labor für Quartaere Hoelzer Lagnau) revealed typical Mediterranean maquis vegetation with Juniperus Two more test units were excavated on a terrace east of the bay (Unit 4, no results) and a few meters above the

119 Philippe Della Casa, Bryon Bass, Tea Katunarić, Branko Kirigin and Dinko Radić

Figure 8. Lastovo Kaštel and village viewed from the southwest. Photo UZH.

Figure 9. Test unit 2 on the south slope of Kaštel overlooking Figure 10. Lastovo Kaštel, Unit 2 (2003), plan and section. Lastovo village. Photo UZH. Scale 1:20. Elaboration by J. Bucher, UZH.

120 Settlement, Topography, and Maritime Connections on Lastovo

Figure 11. Prehistoric pottery from Lastovo Kaštel: 1-5 surface collection south slope; 6-13 Unit 1 (pumphouse); 14-15 Unit 2 (loc. 100/110), 16-25 (loc. 200/210). Scale: 1:3. Drawings by M. Reuschmann, UZH. shoreline, in the back part of the pebble beach (Unit 3) – certain for the later parts of the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, situated in what is presently (2007) a concrete car parking. and the Roman period. There is evidence for the working It was hoped that an archaeological situation pertaining to of iron (ores) in the 14th/15th century AD, along with the the initial use of the beach and bay might be uncovered implied general use of the naturally protected harbor. here. Again, the stratigraphy, comprised of an intermittent sequence of sands and gravels, revealed disturbances almost Lastovo, Kaštel to the depth of the underground water table at c. 1.5m. Prehistoric pottery was scarce in this area, but the strata The hilltop Kaštel, situated at 188m a.s.l., rises above contained a significant amount of charcoal and, in het lower Lastovo village and overlooks the fields to the south and parts, several flint flakes, some retouched (Figure: 6 16-17). the adjacent coast and islands to the north (see Figure Though not diagnostic in chronological terms, these flints 2). Surface collection during the first season from the could indicate an early, possibly Neolithic, use of Lučica environs of Kaštel revealed prehistoric and Greco-Roman bay. pottery fragments. During the second season, two test units were excavated at Kaštel, just below the weather To summarize, the archaeological investigation of Lučica station (Figure 8). Unit 1 yielded a significant quantity of bay has proved difficult due to an overall unstable materials from the prehistoric through Roman periods, but geomorphological situation, coupled with considerable the materials comprised a secondary deposit that terminated anthropogenic impact on the adjacent slopes and terraces. atop a subterranean electrical substation. Occupation as early as the Neolithic is possible, but is

121 Philippe Della Casa, Bryon Bass, Tea Katunarić, Branko Kirigin and Dinko Radić

Unit 2, located on a terrace below and to the south of the GreeK anD roman PoTTery weather station, revealed artifacts in a secondary deposit originating from higher up the slope (Figures 9 and 10). Considerable amounts of Greek (Hellenistic) and Roman The test unit measured a mere 1 x 1m, and terminated 60 pottery come from surface collection and test unit 1 centimeters below surface at limestone bedrock. The small (unstratified) near the pump house, and from test unit 2 test unit yielded a large quantity of materials, including: (re-deposited, see above) on the south slope of Kaštel hill mammal bone, shell, prehistoric pottery, Greco-Roman (Figure 12). The results are tabulated in a preliminary form fine and coarse ware fragments, rounded beach pebbles, a according to diagnostic elements by number and weight fibula, bronze pins, bronze and iron metal fragments, two (Table 1). coins, one pearl, slag, and glass. No radiometric dates were obtained from this test unit, as the materials were all derived From the area of Unit 1 we note, in particular, amphorae from a non-secure secondary deposit. of Greco-Italic type (Figure 12: 2, 5), Corinthian B (Figure 12: 6), Lamboglia 2, as well as possible body fragments of PrehisToriC PoTTery a Late Roman amphora, and a single fragment of Dressel 2-4 type (Figure 12: 11). No tiles were found in this zone. The prehistoric pottery recovered from the surface and the two test locations on Kaštel (Figure 11) generally As in Unit 1, the major part of the pottery from Unit 2 (Table derives from Bronze Age and Iron Age activities around 2) belongs to common ware, mostly of reddish clay without the hilltop. None of it is stratified (see above), and there smoothing or painting. A few sherds are from Issaean jugs are only few diagnostic elements. As in Lučica and on (Figure 12: 12-13) and cooking pots (Figure 12: 17). The Sozanj hill, flaring rims, flat bases, strap handlesand plastic Greek fine ware is mostly early to late Hellenistic, with decorations (Figure 11: 1-5, 14-17, 23-25) can be attributed some sherds of plain ware. We note Issaean production, to the Bronze Age. Small fragments of pottery with grooved black gloss fragments, a few Gnathia fragments, and grey and incised decoration (Figure 11: 10-13) might be of ware (Figure 12: 15-16), but no relief pottery (however, Middle and early Late Bronze Age date. Fragments of open one sherd from Joško Jurić collection – see below). Roman spherical bowls and profiled rims (Figure 11: 6-7, 21-22) fine ware is thin-walled (Figure 12: 19-20), mostlywithout are shapes of the earlier 1st millennium BC (Late Bronze decoration, and there are a few Arretine sigillata body Age and Iron Age) that go along with a few metal finds of sherds. the same period (see below and Figure 13: 5). So far, no clearly Neolithic or Copper Age material can be positively The Kaštel assemblage is completed by the private identified. collection of Joško Jurić (probably a surface collection),

Table 1. Overview of pottery from Kaštel Unit 1. G/R = Greek or Roman; CW = Common Ware; Amph. = Amphorae. Analyzed by B. Kirigin, Archaeological Museum Split.

Unit 1 Greek Roman G/R CW Amph. Pithoi Other Total 1 / 5g Surface 13 / 40g 2 / 40g 3 / 10g 21 / 185g 17 / 1175g 2 / 1575g beehive 59 / 3030g

5 / 15g Upper loci - 17 / 39g 10 / 21g 6 / 10g 71 / 215g 30 / 610g modern 139 / 910g

Lower loci 6 / 17g 3 / 3g 4 / 5g 13 / 50g 1 / 100g -- 27 / 175g

Total 36 / 96g 15 / 64g 13 / 25g 105 / 450g 48 / 1885g 2 / 1575g 6 / 20g 225 / 4115g

Table 2. Overview of pottery from Kaštel Unit 2. G/R = Greek or Roman; CW = Common Ware; Amph. = Amphorae. Analyzed by B. Kirigin, Archaeological Museum Split.

Unit 2 Greek Roman G/R CW Amph. Tile Misc. Total Locus 100/110 49 / 89g 117 / 134g 212 / 213g 462 / 1171g 74 / 1310g 21 / 745g 377 / 482g 1312 / 4144g

Locus 125 / 266g 200/210 136 / 122g 264 / 325g 618 / 1664g 232 / 6200g 28 / 503g 608 / 760g 2011 / 9840g

Total 174 / 355g 253 / 256g 476 / 538g 1080 / 2835g 306 / 7510g 49 / 1248g 985 / 1242g 3323 / 13984g

122 Settlement, Topography, and Maritime Connections on Lastovo

Figure 12. Greek and Roman pottery and small finds from Lastovo Kaštel: 1-10 surface collection and Unit 1 (pump house) – 1 pithos; 2-6 amphorae; 7-8 fine ware; 9 beehive; 10 worked stone. 11-24 Unit 2 (various loci) – 11 amphora; 12-14 jugs; 15-16 gray ware; 17-18 cooking pots; 19-20 Roman fine ware; 21-22 coarse ware; 23 lamp sherd with bug relief; 24 clay plaque with incised decoration. Scale: pottery 1:3, small finds 1:2. Drawings by J. Bucher, UZH.

123 Philippe Della Casa, Bryon Bass, Tea Katunarić, Branko Kirigin and Dinko Radić

donated to the Archaeological Museum in Split in 1995 and 1998 (Figures 13 and 14). The collection comprises three lead slingshots of 40g, 70g, and 75g, one basket- shaped bronze pendant (7th-6th century BC, Figure 13: 5) and one biconical green pearl (Figure 13: 4). The pottery includes 17 fragments of grey ware with fine to medium black gloss (some of them skyphoi and plates) (Figure 13: 1-3), one fragment of a grey relief bowl with rosette and floral decoration (Figure 14: 18), 12 black gloss sherds with geometric and floral decorations (all too small for proper identification), two graffito letters ‘M’ (Figure 14: 5, 8), two kylix bases, one skyphos base, one Attic ribbed skyphos, six different handles, and one early Christian lamp sherd (Figure 15: 1); a similar piece has been published from Ubli: Jeličić-Radonić 2001, Figure 12). Interesting are a few late Archaic sherds (Figure 14: 2-3, 6, 13) that all seem to be of Attic fabric, similar to finds from the nearby islands of Hvar, Vis and Brač.

The Greco-Roman material from units 1 and 2 can be Figure 13. Collection Joško Jurić (selection). 1, 3 Hellenistic gray ware; 2 Attic black gloss; 4 green pearl; 5 bronze pendant. roughly dated to the period between the late 4th century BC Scale: pottery 1:3, small finds 1:2. Drawings by J. Bucher, and early 1st century AD. It appears that the site occupation UZH. stops in the same period as in Rača Cave (Migotti 1987),

Figure 14. Collection Joško Jurić: black gloss pottery. 2-3, 6, 12-13, 17 Attic, late Archaic; 1, 7, 9-11, 14, 16 Attic, Classical; 4-5, 8 South Italian; 18 Hellenistic relief decorated bowl. Photo UZH.

124 Settlement, Topography, and Maritime Connections on Lastovo

Figure 15. Coins and small finds and from Kaštel units 1 and 2. Photo Museum Split. the sanctuary site of Spila Cave at Nakovana and the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD (Buljević 2004, nearby hillfort Grad (Forenbaher and Kaiser 2003), and at 187). the shrines of Diomedes on Palagruža (Kirigin and Čače 1998) and at Cape Ploča (Bilić-Dujmučić 2004; Kirigin In Unit 2, besides finds of uncertain date such as ragmentsf 2004). However, common ware is much more represented of bronze and iron, iron nails, lead slag, a possible lead seal on Kaštel, indicating a settlement site. Although the sherds and a ribbed iron plate (Figure 15: 4), the most diagnostic are small and weathered, especially among the fine wares, Greek and Roman metal finds are: three fragments of the assemblage does not seem to be different from other bronze pins, fragments of bronze wire (Figure 15: 2), one sites with Greek and Hellenistic pottery in the region. bronze nail with marks on the reverse (Figure 15: 3), and one possibly Greek bronze coin. Of particular interest is So far, only two fragments of pottery can be attributed to a bronze coin struck in Corinth in the year 44 or 43 BC: the Late Roman period (one amphora from Unit 1, and one duoviri L Aeficius Certus and C Iulius IIviri; OBV: LAVS early Christian lamp from the Jurić collection). From the IVLI CORINT, laureatus head of Caesar to the right; RV: survey in the village area, there is also a fragment of a (L) CERTO ÆFICIO (C IVLI[O]) IIVIR, Bellerophon decorated basin, probably of Greek/Hellenistic date (see wearing petasus, mounted on Pegasus flying to the right Figure 20: 2). Altogether, evidence for a settlement between and striking downwards with spear (Burnett et al. 1992, the 2nd and 5th/6th centuries AD (or later Byzantine period) RPC I, 1116 Corinth), so far the unique coin of this type is very scant for the time being. evidenced in the Eastern Adriatic (Figure 15: 5-6), and a bronze fibula type Almgren 65, produced in northern Italy Coins anD small finDs from the second quarter of the 1st century BC until early Augustean times (ca. 35/30-15/10 BC; Figure 15: 7) (Boura In the secondary deposit of Unit 1, we found fragments of a et al. 1990; Demetz 2008). There are many examples of this bronze chain (Figure 15: 2), one iron nail and unidentified type of fibula on the Eastern Adriatic coast (Lokošek 1990, iron fragments, small fragments of green, blue, brown, 98-99). It came to the Eastern Adriatic from the north during and transparent roman glass, as well as one fragment of a Romanization and is often found together with Lamboglia ribbed brown bowl or cup produced in an Italian or Eastern 2 amphorae (Ivčević 2002, 333-334). The piece from Mediterranean workshops between the second half of the Lastovo is the southernmost fibula of this type evidenced in the Eastern Adriatic. We also note a small green glass

125 Philippe Della Casa, Bryon Bass, Tea Katunarić, Branko Kirigin and Dinko Radić pearl, and a fragment of a green glass cup with discoid site in Mediterranean climate. Ovis and Capra outnumber foot produced in workshops of the Eastern Mediterranean all other species by far. They probably also account for in the Late Roman period (Roffia 1993, 90) (Figure 15: most of the ‘Small Mammals’ group, although they may 8). These finds and other diagnostic elements among the be concealing an unknown number of Sus sp. The degree pottery indicate that Lastovo was an important maritime of bone fragmentation is relatively high, and only rare base at the time of Romanization in the Eastern Adriatic. pieces are larger than 5 cm. There are plenty of cut marks, especially on rib bones. animal bones The determination of bones and mollusks took place in The results of the determination of animal bones and the field by Emanuela Jochum. Without a comparative shells are given in Tables 3–7. Despite the small areas of collection, the samples had to be identified with the help excavation, the bone and shell samples are quite large. The of private notes, and with reference to Milišić (1991) and conservation conditions seem to be good for a terrestrial Schmid (1972).

Table 3. Summary of bone and shell samples from Kaštel, Units 1 and 2.

Unit 1, Pump House Unit 2, South Slope Locus All loci (Total) Locus 100/110 Locus 200/210 Total Vertebrata 127 100 505 605 Indet. Vertebrata 8 437 2178 2615 Mollusca 189 123 202 325

Table 4. Overview of identified vertebrate bone samples, Lastovo Kaštel, Unit 1. The groups of large and small mammals consist of specimens that cannot be classified beyond the classMammalia . Large mammals may include Bos, Cervidae and Equidae. Small mammals may include Capra, Ovis, Capreolus, Sus, Rodentia and Carnivora. Determination by E. Jochum, UZH.

Unit 1 Ovis/Capra Ovis aries Capra hircus Bos taurus Sus sp. Cervus sp. Lepus/Oryctolagus Large mammals Small mammals Fish Aves Indeterminate Calcinated bones, indeterminate Upper loci 26 1 2 - 1 - - 2 65 8 4 4 4 Lower loci 8 - 1 - - - - - 8 1 - - - Total 34 1 3 - 1 - - 2 73 9 4 4 4

Table 5. Overview of identified vertebrate bone samples, Lastovo Kaštel, Unit 2. The groups of large and small mammals consist of specimens that cannot be classified beyond the classMammalia . Large mammals may include Bos, Cervidae and Equidae. Small mammals may include Capra, Ovis, Capreolus, Sus, Rodentia and Carnivora. Determination by E. Jochum, UZH.

Unit 2 Ovis/Capra Ovis aries Capra hircus Bos taurus Sus sp. Cervus sp. Lepus/Oryctolagus Large mammals Small mammals Fish Aves Indeterminate Calcinated bones, indeterminate Locus 100/110 23 2 1 - 8 2 9 10 39 6 - 319 10 Locus 200/210 110 12 16 9 6 1 7 54 270 15 5 2178 90 Total 133 14 17 9 14 3 16 64 309 21 5 2497 100

126 Settlement, Topography, and Maritime Connections on Lastovo

Table 6. Overview of identified shell samples, Lastovo Kaštel, Unit 1. Determination by E. Jochum, UZH.

Unit 1 Patella sp. Monodonta Clausilidae Cerithium sp. Pomatiidae Helicidae Loripes lucinalis Molluscae indeterminate Upper loci 48 54 5 2 18 11 1 - Lower loci 15 20 - 3 1 1 - 1 Total 63 74 5 5 19 12 1 1

Table 7. Overview of identified shell samples, Lastovo Kaštel, Unit 2. Determination by E. Jochum, UZH.

Unit 2 Patella sp. Monodonta Clausilidae Cerithium sp. Pomatiidae Helicidae sp. Murex Myrtea spinifera Molluscae indeterminate Locus 100/110 46 58 - 3 6 - 2 1 7 Locus 200/210 69 75 1 6 33 10 - 1 7 Total 115 133 1 9 39 10 2 2 14

Figure 16. Panoramic view from Sozanj hilltop, to the east: Zaklopatica bay, Lastovo Kaštel (right); to the west: Kručica bay, Malo lago bay (left). Photo: UZH.

Sozanj a large surface scatter of prehistoric pottery, in particular on the upper terraces of the site. While the hill is extremely Sozanj comprises a dramatic promontory on the north exposed towards the sea, the entire southeast segment of coast of the island, some 3.5km west of Lastovo Kaštel the slope is naturally terraced, with dry-stone walls added (Figure 16). The position dominates the entire northern to form settlement terraces. The upper part – the actual coastline, from Prežba peninsula and Malo lago bay to the hilltop – is separated by a steep band of cliffs, with only west, to Zaklopatica bay, Lastovo Kaštel and Novi hum one narrow passage giving access to the uppermost, well- on the far northeast of the island. The location had been defended, small terraces of the site. A massive stone gomila indicated as a potential site by local informants. A first visit (see Figure 2) was also detected on the hill just opposite to the hill in 2003 revealed a massively terraced, southeast Sozanj, to the south, which might originally be connected oriented slope, and a superb naturally defended hilltop with to the Sozanj site. There is fairly easy access to the sea,

127 Philippe Della Casa, Bryon Bass, Tea Katunarić, Branko Kirigin and Dinko Radić

Figure 17. Sozanj, Unit 3 (2007), upper terrace to the west of the hilltop. Photo UZH.

Figure 18. Pottery, flint and bone from Sozanj, Unit 3. Photo UZH.

128 Settlement, Topography, and Maritime Connections on Lastovo via Kručica bay, about 1.5km to the southwest. This bay one carnivore molar). Test Unit 3 (0.5 x 0.5m, 227m a.s.l.) area was surveyed in 2007 with no tangible results for was set on one of the higher terraces to the west of the prehistoric periods. hilltop (Figure 18). The sediment here was stratified, with humic layers down to 0.25m (loci 310 and 320), and a clay TesT uniTs stratum (locus 330) containing burnt material, charcoal, bone, and pottery down to 0.35m. Fine and coarse ware The 2007 investigations on the Sozanj hilltop consisted of fragments were recovered, along with a rectangular an extended survey of the accessible terraces, identification retouched flint blade fragment, a small perforated bone of possibly anthropogenic structures, collection of surface object (Figure 19: 7-14), as well as small ruminant and finds, and sub-surface testing in four small trenches, two of carnivore teeth and bones. which (Units 1 and 3) yielded archaeological stratigraphy (Figure 17). Test Unit 1 (0.5 x 0.5m) was placed on raDioCarbon DaTes anD finDs the summit of the hill (232m a.s.l.) in a pocket of clay/ humus sediment. There was no visible stratification in Two radiocarbon dates give highly coherent results for the the four arbitrary strata that were excavated. The trench lower levels in both of these test units, with a Late Bronze reached a depth of 0.35m, with the lower loci (120, 130, Age span of 1290-931 BC cal. 2σ range (ETH-34458 140) containing a considerable amount of coarse and fine [charcoal], 2910 ± 55 BP / loc. 140) and 1260-928 BC cal. prehistoric pottery, a fragment of a whorl (Figure 19: 1-6), 2σ range (ETH-34457 [animal bone, UF], 2895 ± 55 BP / a fragment of a polished stone tool, flint flakes, burnt clay loc. 320). The pottery, dark fired with organic temper and from a hearth, charcoal, and animal bones (small ruminants, frequently burnished or slipped, shows diagnostic elements

Figure 19. Pottery and small finds from Sozanj: 1-2 Unit 1 (loc. 130), 3-6 (loc. 140); 7-10 Unit 3 (loc. 320), 11-14 (loc. 330 – 14 bone); 15-17 surface collection. Scale: pottery 1:3, small finds 1:2. Drawings: J. Bucher, UZH.

129 Philippe Della Casa, Bryon Bass, Tea Katunarić, Branko Kirigin and Dinko Radić

and the levels A3-B2 in Varvara (Čović 1977, pl. 28: 1). According to our revised chronology (Della Casa 1996, table 22), these levels cover the period 1500-1200 BC. The Sozanj radiocarbon dates now confirm this chronological positioning in absolute terms.

Among the many sherds collected from the surface of the site, we noticed a group of coarse ware vessels with a white calcite temper, some with reddish slip, displaying everted and vertical rims (Figure 19: 15-17), and flat or horizontal lug handles. Again, these are reminiscent of ‘Gradina’ type pottery (Lučica and Kaštel, above). This pottery evidences a later use of the hilltop during the Iron Age, though in the areas tested in the upper part of the site, this period is not stratigraphically represented. The settlement seems to stop around the mid-1st millennium BC, possibly about the period when Greek pottery starts to be well attested on Kaštel (see above).

Preliminary GIS-based analysis of settlement topography

The find localities recorded so far can be subdivided into three distinct groups (see Figure 2): Figure 20. Lastovo Island, finds from various locations: 1 flint, Duboke 5; 2 pottery, Kruševa njiva; 3 pottery, Uvala Zace; 4 1. sites with identifiable structural and material remains, pottery, Skrivena luka (Roman villa); 5 pithos fragment, Lastovo such as the localities Kaštel, Sozanj, Lučica and Rača village 5. Scale: pottery 1:3, flint 1:2. Drawings by J. Bucher, UZH. Cave, as well as mural remains and a few finds from a Roman villa at Skrivena luka (Figure 20: 4), and the Roman-Early Medieval remains in Ubli. These sites such as flaring rims, plastic applications, notchedlugs, and seem to be indicative of general settlement-related vertical strap handles. Particularly characteristic is a handle activity, with the exception of Rača Cave, located of a carinated bowl or pot with raised rim (Figure 19: 12). away from resources in the southeast of the island This pottery shape is well known from Bronze Age hillforts (see Figure 3), and for which a ritual (social/cultic) of the Dalmatian hinterland and Dinaric interior (see above, interpretation seems most likely. Lučica), e.g. from Nečajno and Sovići (Čović 1989, pl. 2-3),

Figure 21. Flint blades from Vino polje (private collection). Photo UZH.

130 Settlement, Topography, and Maritime Connections on Lastovo

Figure 22. Viewshed analysis using Sozanj hilltop as center. Elaboration by M. Sauerbier, ETHZ.

Figure 23. Viewshed analysis using Kaštel hilltop as center. Elaboration by M. Sauerbier, ETHZ.

131 Philippe Della Casa, Bryon Bass, Tea Katunarić, Branko Kirigin and Dinko Radić

2. There is prehistoric material known from localities overlook large expanses of the island. In order to understand such as Kruševa njiva (Figure 20: 2) and Vino polje the factors influencing the choice of these locations, we (Figure 21, from a private collection) that indicate performed a viewshed analysis for each position. Some Neolithic to Bronze Age sites of, as yet, unknown interesting aspects emerged. Sozanj appears, above all, nature. Roman tegulae from Kruševa njiva, Uvala Zace to control sea access to the island from the north, west, and Barje are most probably indicators of Roman villas and southwest (Figure 22). In particular, along the north in these fertile patches of land. Other sites have yielded coast, all major bays and potential harbors can be overseen. structural remains such as walls or cairns, but have Inland, the viewshed is extensive on karst and hills, but not been dated thus far. These include various kule only limited on agricultural land. Kaštel has a different (towers) or ‘huts’ (e.g. at Velja lokva), and the gomile viewshed (Figure 23): again, there is control of the north near Sozanj and in Gornje Prgovo, as well as the lokva and northeast, but not of the west and southwest towards (seasonal pond) in Lastovo polje that is still supported the open sea. On the other hand, however, Kaštel dominates by a Roman wall. larger parts of the inland fertile zones on Lastovo polje, Pržina and Lokavje. The two sites are thus complementary 3. Finally, there are considerable amounts of prehistoric in terms of strategic control of land and access to the island. and early historic stray finds from nearly all the polja (fields) surveyed so far. Few of these finds are Line-of-sight diagnostic (see Figure 20: 1 from Duboke and Figure 20: 3 from Zace). We also note a coin of Valens, AD Besides Novi hum in the northeast, Kaštel is the only 364-378, mint of Siscia, found on Pržina (RIC IX 5b). location with a line-of-sight across the island to the Skrivena As a ‘background noise’, they are an excellent indicator luka area in the south. In order to simulate overall strategic of the use of fertile terra rossa soils and adjacent areas control of the island and its maritime access routes, more through all periods of prehistory and early history. hilltops need to be included. For the line-of-sight analysis (Figure 24), we added potential sites on Novi hum (210m Viewshed a.s.l.), Brdo (211m a.s.l.) above Skrivena luka, Kamenice (104m a.s.l.) in the far south and Mostni vrh (135m a.s.l.) The two most prominent hilltop locations examined are in the west (both are former military zones), and Dragovode Sozanj and Kaštel. Both sites are naturally defended and (147m a.s.l.) dominating Ubli, Nižno polje and Vino polje.

Figure 24. Overview of sites (see Figure 25) and line-of-sight analysis combining ascertained (Sozanj, Kaštel) and hypothetical hilltop situations (dotted lines: no line-of-sight). Elaboration by M. Sauerbier, ETHZ.

132 Settlement, Topography, and Maritime Connections on Lastovo

Figure 25. Lastovo Island, eastern part: sites (large triangles: Prehistoric; large dots: Greco-Roman; crosses: unknown) and ‘background noise’ (small triangles and dots). Numbers refer to project database (see text). Elaboration by Ph. Della Casa, UZH and M. Sauerbier, ETHZ.

Clearly, these hilltop locations deserve major attention in on the micro scale, focusing on the topographic location future research. of various categories of sites, and on their chronological setting. The results are visualized for the eastern part of Settlement patterns the island, the most thoroughly investigated so far (Figure 25). There is an interesting sequence of find spotsalong the Besides the macro scale, GIS analysis was also performed old track (stari put) connecting Lastovo polje and Skrivena

133 Philippe Della Casa, Bryon Bass, Tea Katunarić, Branko Kirigin and Dinko Radić luka. Looking at the locations of identified prehistoric surveyed, and the marine archaeology component has yet sites, we note – along with the site in Lučica bay [6] – a to be systematically examined. preference for elevated situations: Lastovo Kaštel [1] (but also areas of the present village), Koromačno [12], and Eventually, a joint database (including Sušac, Korčula and above Kruševa nijva [27]. As previously noted, Rača Cave Pelješac Peninsula), in conjunction with the aforementioned [7] makes an exception. However, prehistoric stray finds AIP, would enable the collective study of a large group of (flint, pottery) are present in all of thepolja : near the lokva islands. Such a database would be unique to Mediterranean in Lastovo polje [19], in Pržina, Kal and Zace to the west, archaeological research, and would encompass data in Prgovo, Duboke and Velja lokva to the south. We do gathered from more than ten islands and nearby coastal not know yet where the corresponding settlements are to sites. be located. Acknowledgements By comparison, Roman villas (all of them undated so far) are situated on the edges of the fertile fields, in Lastovo Major funding for the Lastovo research (Augusta Insula polje [22], Barje [10], Kruševa nijva [27] and Skrivena luka Project), as part of a larger project entitled ‘Prehistory [14]. Kaštel hill [1] must have played a particular role in the of the Southern Dalmatian Archipelago’, is owed to the Hellenistic settlement organization, associated – as in earlier Foundation for Scientific Research at the University of times – with the harbor at Lučica and Sveti Mihovil [6]. As Zurich. The International Research and Exchanges Board the settlement on Kaštel seems to stop in post-Augustean (IREX) granted a Short-Term Travel Grant that provided times, along with the occupation in Rača Cave, a shift in valuable support to the preliminary 2001 field season. We settlement (and social) organization can be hypothesized are very grateful for logistical support from the Uprava for the 1st century AD, corroborating written sources on za zastitu kulturne i prirodne bastine - Konzervatorski the history of the island. However, dated assemblages from odjel Dubrovnik, the Centar za kulturu, Općina Vela Luka, the Roman villas would be needed to enlarge the argument. Korčula, and the Općina Lastovo. Radiocarbon dates were Furthermore, there are no dated assemblages known from prepared at the Institute of Geography, University of Zurich, Ubli so far, but it is probable that the shift from Lastovo/ and run using AMS technique at the Institute of Particle Lučica to Ubli/Veljo lago took place about the same time. Physics of ETH Zurich. Martin Sauerbier from ETHZ was extremely helpful in setting up our database and running Summary and prospect GIS analyses on ArcGIS. Conservation of glass and metal was done by Ivo Donelli, Art Academy in Split. Photos The research described herein comprised the initial effort of glass and metal finds are by photographer Tonči Seser, to compile multi-period archaeological and geographical Archaeological Museum Split. We are grateful to custodian data on Lastovo. The results of our approach show that field of coins, Maja Bonačić, from the Archaeological Museum survey along with test excavations can provide a valuable Split, for her help in the determination of coins. Ante data set from which future studies can be launched. Milošević from the Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments in Split supported the team with valuable Although the test excavations were limited in scope, they information on the island. Nissan AG of Switzerland kindly did reveal a large quantity of archaeological materials from provided 4x4 vehicles that proved vital for the 2001 and various prehistoric and protohistoric sites and periods. 2003 seasons, while Ivan ‘Amerikanac’ Šegedin (Korčula) The research has contributed to the material knowledge provided a transport van for the 2007 season. Special thanks and chronology of the island, as well as the wider eastern to family Jurica in Zaklopatica, for providing excellent Adriatic region. Nearly all fields yielded surface finds, and accommodation and logistical support to the team, and while these can only be defined as surface scatter, they do to family Padovan-Grano in Vela Luka. Over the various indicate prehistoric and protohistoric activities across the seasons, the following persons also participated in the island. Numerous archaeological sites that are surely related Lastovo field research: Zoe Bass, Dan Bee, Seth Button, to cross-island communication are located along the stari Renata Huber, Emanuela Jochum-Zimmermann, Kristin put (old road) that leads across the island, from Lastovo Kruse, Daniel Möckli, Thomas Reitmaier, Dan Shoup, and village to Skrivena luka. Filomena Sirovica.

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