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Flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae)

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Flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae) A REVIEW OF THE MESOAMERICAN AND SOUTH AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OF THE TRIBE PROSIMULIINI (SIMULIINAE, SIMULIIDAE) PEDRO WYGODZINSKY AND SIXTO COSOARON BULLETIN OF THE AMERI CAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOCJTTMF.V %-#' A-4 %-,f _VA JLJ 1'.lA, F A * AARTTCT.F.JL'JL% L J. %.A J"^sJLJ 9 NAFW.LIJJ .T VCIRT*Js . S 147I I 7J1q A REVIEW OF THE MESOAMERICAN AND SOUTH AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OF THE TRIBE PROSIMULIINI (S-IMULIINAE, SIMULIIDAE) PEDRO WYGODZINSKY Curator, Department ofEntomology The American Museum ofNatural History SIXTO COSCARON Research Associate, Department ofEntomology The American Museum ofNatural History Professor of Zoology Universidad de La Plata La Plata, Argentina National Research Council Career Investigator BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 151: ARTICLE 2 NEW YORK: 1973 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 151, article 2, pages 129-200, figures 1-43 IssuedJune 26, 1973 Price: $2.50 a copy Printed in Great Britain by Lund Humphries CONTENTS ABSTRACT. 133 INTRODUCTION. 133 Acknowledgments. 134 STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS AND DESCRIPTIVE METHODS. 135 DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIONSHIPS. 140 SYSTEMATICS. 141 Key to the genera of Mesoamerican and South American Simuliidae 141 Mayacnephia, New Genus. 144 Tlalocomyia Wygodzinsky and Diaz Naijera . 150 Cnesia Enderlein . 151 Gigantodax Enderlein . 162 Araucnephia, New Genus . 165 Araucnephioides, New Genus. 179 Cnesiamima, New Genus . 184 Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky and Coscaron . 189 Lutzsimulium d'Andretta and d'Andretta . 192 LITERATURE CITED. 197 131 ABSTRACT THE BLACK FLY FAUNA of cool and cold temperate of Central Chile]; Cnesia Enderlein, Cnesiamima, new South America is composed of a comparatively small genus (type: Simulium atroparvum Edwards) and Par- number of species of Simulium (Simuliinae, Simuliini) austrosimulium Wygodzinsky and Coscaron [Valdivian and several genera and species of the Prosimuliini. and Magellanic areas of southern Chile, and western This survey of Neotropical Prosimuliini, which also Patagonia]; and Lutzsimulium d'Andretta and includes Guatemalan and Mexican highland forms, is d'Andretta [coastal ranges ofsouthern Brazil]. Species a taxonomic treatment mainly on the generic level are also described, redescribed, or discussed as well as accompanied by notes on biology and geographical illustrated, except for the large genus Gigantodax distribution. which is planned to be monographed later. Cnesia The following genera, as arranged by their geo- ornata and Cnesia pusilla [western Patagonia] are new graphical areas, are dealt with: Mayacnephia, new species; Cnesia gynandrum is synonymized with Cnesia genus (type: Simulium pachecolunai De Leon) and dissimilis. Tlalocomyia Wygodzinsky and Diaz Najera [Meso- None of the genera listed is found in America american highlands]; Gigantodax Enderlein [western north of Mexico, or on other continents. It has not South America and Mesoamerican highlands]; Arau- been possible to trace the origin and routes of dis- cnephia, new genus (type: Simulium montanum Philippi) persal ofthe Latin American prosimuliine genera, but and Araucnephioides, new genus (type: Araucnephioides some intergeneric affinities, especially among sym- schlingeri, new species) [Mediterranean climate area patric genera, are postulated. INTRODUCTION A SURVEY of the black fly fauna of the cool and the world. As our work progressed it became cold temperate regions of South America shows more and more obvious that it was beyond our that although the genus Simulium is represented ken to integrate these genera into the world in these areas by several subgenera and species system of the Simuliidae, at least at this time. groups, it is in most cases neither the dominant Much progress has been made lately toward the nor the only genus of black flies. This is in creation ofa satisfactory system ofthe Simuliidae marked contrast to conditions in the warmer as set forth in the extremely important papers areas of South America where only Simulium is by Davies (1965) and Crosskey (1969), but found. The additional black fly genera occurring until further data on such highly critical forms in cool and cold temperate South America as the South African "Cnephia" turneri and the belong to the tribe Prosimuliini, as redefined Australian "Cnephia" and even on some North by Crosskey (1969). The present paper is a American species become available, no rational survey of these genera except for the large genus world-wide system can be attempted. Gigantodax which is the subject of a separate We believe that a strictly phyletic analysis of study. We are including the Prosimuliini of the world fauna of the family Simuliidae will Mexico and Guatemala, not only for complete- show that a clear-cut tribal division of the sub- ness, but also because they have hitherto not family Simuliinae into Prosimuliini and Sim- been well understood. uliini cannot be maintained. Although most None of the prosimuliine genera found in genera of the Prosimuliini sensu Crosskey (1969) Latin America occur in America north of can be well characterized by autapomorphic Mexico, or, as much as we have been able to characters, the tribe as defined by Crosskey, and ascertain, on any other continent. It had been before him by others in less detail, seems to be our desire when we began research for this based on symplesiomorphic characters; it is survey to work out in detail the phyletic and therefore probably not tenable as a cladistic possibly the zoogeographic relationships of the group, at least as understood now. genera concerned, be it among each other or The conditio sine qua non for research into the between them and genera from other parts of dispersal and evolutionary history of the family 133 134 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 15I Simuliidae is the establishment of a comprehen- aided us, together with the abbreviations used sive cladistic system. We hope that the data for the respective depositories mentioned in the contained in our work will contribute elements text. to such a system. Our main purpose is an AMNH, The American Museum of Natural History analysis of structure to show differences and MLP, Museo de La Plata, Argentina thus to permit identification. Future research CAS will have to emphasize and weigh similarities, P. Arnaud, California Academy of Sciences, San leading to the discovery ofcladistic relationships. Francisco R. Cortes, R. Gonzalez, and L. Peiia, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile ACKNOWLEDGMENTS R. W. Crosskey, Commonwealth Institute of Ento- Althoughwe have collected and studied Patago- mology, c/o British Museum (Natural History), nian and Andean black flies since 1949, the real London impetus for intensive collecting and laboratory A. Diaz Najera, Instituto de Salubridad y Enfer- work came with the generous assistance from the medades Tropicales, Districto Federal, Mexico National Science Foundation (grants GB-5852 J. H. Guimaraes, Museu de Zoologia da Univer- and GB-8783), beginning in 1967. We are deeply sidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil grateful for this support. The second author is G. Kuschel, formerly of the Museo Nacional de also obliged to several Argentinian institutions Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile CIS for their support of his field and laboratory E. I. Schlinger, California Insect Survey, Uni- work connected with the preparation of this versity of California, Berkeley paper, namely, the National Council for Scien- CNC tific Research, the National Institute of Micro- G. Shewell and B. V. Peterson, Entomology biology, and the Schools of Natural Sciences of Research Institute, Canadian National Collec- the National Universities of Buenos Aires and of tion, Ottawa La Plata. The authors' wives, Betty Wygodzin- USNM sky and Carmen Coscaron, greatly assisted us in A. Stone, formerly at the Natural History Museum, the field, as did numerous other persons. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. We have had the privilege of examining Most illustrations, including the photographs, material from various collections as listed below. were made by the authors. Miss Elvira Buono This list also contains the names ofthe colleagues contributed some drawings, which bear her who graciously lent the specimens or otherwise signature. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS AND DESCRIPTIVE METHODS WE ASSUME that the reader is acquainted with shows probably more complex shapes than in the terminology generally in use for descriptions other simuliids. The great variation of this of black flies. Consequently, the following dis- sclerite among the genera mentioned constitutes cussion is limited to especially relevant points. an evolutionary trend typical of and to our The adults of most Mesoamerican and South knowledge restricted to South America. The American Prosimuliini show a great degree of endoparameral organ also provides excellent uniformity in external appearance, with the pre- differential characters: it may either be in- vailing overall color being black, although some discernible, the basal and apical portions may species show an overall brownish, reddish, or both be well developed, or either may be orange color. Complexcolorpatternsofthe thorax obsolescent or completely absent. or abdomen, as found in many of the Simuliini, We have prepared special keys to the adults are never encountered in our Prosimuliini. The based on genitalic characters alone, but we have general morphology ofthe adults is equally quite also found it necessary to make some use of uniform, but this is amply compensated for by genitalic characters
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