DOCSLIB.ORG

Consumer Willingness to Pay for Vehicle Attributes: What Is the Current State of Knowledge?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Consumer Willingness to Pay for Vehicle Attributes: What Is the Current State of Knowledge? Consumer Willingness to Pay for Vehicle Attributes: What is the Current State of Knowledge? United States ._.,.,~ EA~ Environmental Protection "' Agency Consumer Willingness to Pay for Vehicle Attributes: What is the Current State of Knowledge? Assessment and Standards Division Offce of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Prepared for EPA by RTI International EPA Contract No. EP-C-16-021 Work Assignment No. 1-10 NOTICE This technical report does not necessarily represent fnal EPA decisions or positions. It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data that are currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of technical developments. EA~United States EPA-420-R-18-016 .....~ Environmental Protection ,., Agency July 2018 ABSTRACT As standards for vehicle greenhouse gas emissions and fuel economy have become more stringent, concerns have arisen that the incorporation of fuel-saving technologies may entail tradeoffs with other vehicle attributes valued by consumers including safety, comfort, and performance. To the extent that such interactions are present, they may influence the rate of consumer acceptance of fuel-saving technologies. Understanding and quantifying such interactions, both positive and negative, is important for transportation policy analyses. Not only will these estimates provide a better understanding of the role of fuel-saving technologies in consumers’ evaluation of new vehicles, and in consumer purchase decisions, but they will also enable a better estimate of policy impacts on overall household welfare. Given the potential importance of accounting for consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for changes in vehicle attributes when conducting policy analyses, we conduct a detailed review and analysis of literature that presents or can be used to calculate WTP for vehicle attributes in order to assess the current state of knowledge in this area. We identified 52 relevant U.S.-focused papers published since 1995 (with one exception) with sufficient data to calculate WTP values. We identify 142 individual characteristics considered in the literature, which we consolidate into the 15 general categories of comfort, fuel availability, fuel costs, fuel type, incentives, model availability, non-fuel operating costs, performance, pollution, prestige, range, reliability, safety, size, and vehicle class. We then calculate WTP values for those characteristics based on the coefficients and data reported in the papers. In addition to central tendency WTP estimates, we present indicators of variability around each WTP value, based either on standard errors of the estimated coefficients or the standard deviations in random coefficient models. We also examine the implications of heterogeneous consumer characteristics (e.g., different levels of income, household size, and other factors). Our findings suggest large variation in WTP values for vehicle characteristics, both within and across studies. This variation may result in part because of methodological difficulties in estimating how attributes affect consumer vehicle choices, such as omitted variables, errors in variables, collinearity, and the use of proxies. We discuss the implications of this variation in WTP estimates for estimating changes in consumer demand due to a change in fuel efficiency technology. Keywords: Consumer preference, fuel efficiency, vehicle demand, willingness to pay JEL Codes: D12, O33, Q52, R40 iii CONTENTS Section Page 1. Introduction 1-1 2. Literature Review 2-1 3. Description of Studies and Attributes Analyzed 3-1 4. Methodology 4-1 4.1 Estimating Central Tendencies of WTP .............................................................. 4-1 4.2 Measuring Preference Heterogeneity and Estimation Uncertainty ..................... 4-5 5. Willingness to Pay for the Attributes of Vehicles 5-1 5.1 Comfort Grouping ............................................................................................... 5-6 5.1.1 Automatic Transmission .......................................................................... 5-6 5.1.2 Rear-wheel Drive vs. Front-wheel Drive ................................................. 5-6 5.1.3 Air Conditioning ...................................................................................... 5-7 5.1.4 Shoulder Room ........................................................................................ 5-8 5.2 Fuel Availability .................................................................................................. 5-9 5.2.1 Recharging Time ...................................................................................... 5-9 5.2.2 Fuel Availability .................................................................................... 5-10 5.3 Fuel Cost ............................................................................................................ 5-10 5.3.1 Reduction in Fuel Cost per Mile ............................................................ 5-10 5.3.2 Dollars per Year ..................................................................................... 5-15 5.3.3 Gallons per Mile .................................................................................... 5-15 5.3.4 Miles per Dollar ..................................................................................... 5-16 5.3.5 Miles per Gallon .................................................................................... 5-16 5.4 Fuel Type ........................................................................................................... 5-17 5.4.1 Electric Vehicles (EVs).......................................................................... 5-17 5.4.2 Hybrid Vehicles ..................................................................................... 5-17 5.4.3 Flexible Fuel .......................................................................................... 5-19 iv 5.4.4 Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) ........................................................ 5-20 5.4.5 Methanol ................................................................................................ 5-21 5.4.6 Natural Gas ............................................................................................ 5-21 5.5 Performance ....................................................................................................... 5-22 5.6 Pollution ............................................................................................................. 5-26 5.7 Range ................................................................................................................. 5-26 5.8 Size .................................................................................................................... 5-28 5.8.1 Footprint ................................................................................................. 5-28 5.8.2 Luggage Space ....................................................................................... 5-30 5.8.3 Weight .................................................................................................... 5-31 6. Discussion: Why the Lack of Consensus on WTP? 6-1 7. Concluding Observations 7-1 8. References 8-1 Appendices A: Bibliography of Papers Included in our Main Sample ....................................... A-1 B: Willingness to Pay Results by Attribute Grouping..............................................B-1 C: Discussion of the potential Bias from Estimating WTP from Ratios of Attribute and Price Derivatives ...........................................................................C-1 D: Histograms of Untrimmed Central WTP Estimates by Attribute ....................... D-1 E: Untrimmed Distributions of Central WTP Estimates by Attribute ..................... E-1 F: Author Feedback received and response to comments ........................................ F-1 v LIST OF FIGURES Number Page Figure 3-1. Distribution of Initial Pool of Papers Considered by Year of Publication ......... 3-2 Figure 3-2. Distribution of Papers Considered by Time Period of Data Used...................... 3-6 Figure 3-3. Number of Observations by Attribute Grouping ................................................ 3-7 Figure 5-1. Rear-Wheel Drive Preference Variation, Range is +/- 1 Standard Deviation .................................................................................................................. 5-7 Figure 5-2. Population Taste Heterogeneity for Air Conditioning ....................................... 5-8 Figure 5-3. WTP for a One Hour Reduction in Charge Time Across Studies ...................... 5-9 Figure 5-4. Willingness to Pay for $0.01/mile Decrease in Fuel Cost: All Estimates (2015$) ................................................................................................................ 5-11 Figure 5-5. Willingness to Pay for $0.01/mile Decrease in Fuel Cost: Trimmed Sample (2015$) ........................................................................................................... 5-12 Figure 5-6. Range of Reduction in Fuel Cost per Mile WTP Estimates Describing Preference Heterogeneity ............................................................................................ 5-14 Figure 5-7. Range of Reduction in Fuel Cost per Mile WTP Estimates Describing Estimation Uncertainty ............................................................................................... 5-14 Figure 5-8. Population Taste
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Winning the Oil Endgame: Innovation for Profits, Jobs, and Security Oil Dependence
    “We’ve embarked on the beginning of the Last Days of the Age of Oil. Nations of the world that are striving to modernize will make choices different from the ones we have made. They will have to. And even today’s industrial powers will shift energy use patterns....[T]he market share for carbon-rich fuels will diminish, as the demand for other forms of energy grows. And energy companies have a choice: to embrace the future and recognize the growing demand for a wide array of fuels; or ignore reality, and slowly—but surely—be left behind.” —Mike Bowlin, Chairman and CEO, ARCO, and Chairman, American Petroleum Institute, 9 Feb. 1999 1 “My personal opinion is that we are at the peak of the oil age and at the same time the begin- ning of the hydrogen age. Anything else is an interim solution in my view. The transition will be very messy, and will take many and diverse competing technological paths, but the long- term future will be in hydrogen and fuel cells.” —Herman Kuipers, Business Team Manager, Innovation & Research, Shell Global Solutions, 1. Bowlin 1999. 21 Nov. 2000 2 2. Kuipers 2000. “The days of the traditional oil company are numbered, in part because of emerging technolo- gies such as fuel cells....” 3. Bijur, undated. — Peter I. Bijur, Chairman and CEO, Texaco, Inc., late 1990s 3 4. Ingriselli 2001. “Market forces, greenery, and innovation are shaping the future of our industry and propelling 5. Gibson-Smith 1998. us inexorably towards hydrogen energy. Those who don’t pursue it…will rue it.” — Frank Ingriselli, President, Texaco Technology 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Total Cost of Ownership Quantification for Vehicles with Different Size Classes and Powertrains
    ANL/ESD-21/4 Comprehensive Total Cost of Ownership Quantification for Vehicles with Different Size Classes and Powertrains Energy Systems Division About Argonne National Laboratory Argonne is a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. The Laboratory’s main facility is outside Chicago, at 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439. For information about Argonne and its pioneering science and technology programs, see www.anl.gov. DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Online Access: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reports produced after 1991 and a growing number of pre-1991 documents are available free at OSTI.GOV (http://www.osti.gov/), a service of the US Dept. of Energy’s Office of Scientific and Technical Information. Reports not in digital format may be purchased by the public from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS): U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Road Alexandria, VA 22312 www.ntis.gov Phone: (800) 553-NTIS (6847) or (703) 605-6000 Fax: (703) 605-6900 Email: [email protected] Reports not in digital format are available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI): U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 www.osti.gov Phone: (865) 576-8401 Fax: (865) 576-5728 Email: [email protected] Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor UChicago Argonne, LLC, nor any of their employees or officers, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Lvchoice: Light Vehicle Market Penetration Model Documentation
    LVChoice: Light Vehicle Market Penetration Model Documentation Prepared for: July 2, 2012 Prepared by: TA Engineering, Inc. Technical Analysis and Engineering 405 Frederick Road Suite 252 Baltimore, Maryland 21228 (410) 747‐9606 (phone) (410) 747‐9609 (fax) www.ta‐engineering.com Table of Contents List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................iii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................iv List of Acronyms...............................................................................................................................v 1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 Purpose.................................................................................................................................... 2 3.0 Sources..................................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Vehicle Choice Model (VCM) .............................................................................................. 3 3.1.1 Analytical Context......................................................................................................... 3 3.1.2 VCM Structure..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Corolla a New Era for Corolla Discover the World’S Best-Selling Car
    COROLLA A NEW ERA FOR COROLLA DISCOVER THE WORLD’S BEST-SELLING CAR 2 COROLLA 3 IT’S TIME TO CHOOSE HYBRID YOU’LL LOVE THE SPIRITED DRIVE OF THE NEW COROLLA 2.0 LITRE HYBRID Toyota Hybrids are a pleasure to drive. They’re A JOY TO incredibly smooth and very responsive – and when you’re driving through cities or towns, you enjoy the DRIVE blissful silence of the all-electric mode. They also save fuel and reduce emissions, while still being as easy to Hybrid never felt so good. The new 2.0 litre Hybrid Dynamic drive as a conventional car. And because they’re self- Force engine developed for charging, you never have to plug them in. So it’s no Corolla takes Hybrid to an surprise that Toyota Hybrids have been chosen by over exciting new level, delivering plenty of power and effortless 12 million drivers around the world. acceleration for a spirited and dynamic drive that makes even the most everyday journey a joy. 4 HYBRID Image shown is for illustrative purposes only. 5 6 Image shown is for illustrative purposes only. DRIVE A MORE REWARDING DRIVING EXPERIENCE ENJOY A CAR THAT MAKES DRIVING FUN EXPERT CORNERING EMBRACE THE At Toyota, we’re committed to making ever better cars. That’s why we’re introducing Toyota New Global DRIVE Architecture (TNGA) – a new platform that delivers excellent performance. This is the first Corolla to use TNGA gives Corolla Hybrid a low TNGA, and the difference is clear from the moment centre of gravity that reduces body roll, providing extra you get behind the wheel, with excellent handling and control when cornering.
    [Show full text]
  • HLDI Insurance Report
    Highway Loss Data Institute Insurance Report Whole vehicle theft losses Collision Auto / Collision Moto 2016–18 Passenger Cars, Pickups, SUVs, and Vans Comp Auto / Comp Moto WT-18 May 2019 Theft — Auto /Moto combined Highlights The 2016–18 model year passenger vehicles combined had a whole vehicle theft claim frequency of 0.27 claims per 1,000 insured vehicle years and an average loss payment per whole vehicle theft (claim severity) of $30,164, re- sulting in an average loss payment per insured vehicle year (overall loss) of $8. Whole vehicle theft overall losses were highest for very large luxury cars ($46 per insured vehicle year). Large two-door cars, a category consisting of vari- ants of the Dodge Challenger, had the second-highest overall losses ($33). Mini sports cars had the lowest overallPD — losses Auto ($2). PD, BI, Med Pay — Moto BI — Auto Whole vehicle theft claim frequencies were highest for large two-door cars (0.98 claims per 1,000 insured vehicleMed years)Pay — and Auto lowest for mini sports cars (0.08 claims). Very large luxury cars had the second-highest whole vehicle theft claim frequencies (0.52 claims). Whole vehicle theft claim severities were highest for very large luxury cars ($89,362 per claim) and lowest for mini four-door cars ($13,325). The Dodge Charger HEMI, a large four-door car, had the highest relative whole vehicle theft claim frequency at more than 5 times the all-passenger-vehicle average. The BMW 3 series four-door, a midsize luxury car, had the lowest relative whole vehicle theft claim PIPfrequency, — Auto equal only to just 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Restraint-To-Vehicle Fit Guide
    PS-000056A child restraint-to-vehicle fitguide child restraint-to-vehicle Designed around your life Please consult your vehicle user manual or dealer vehicle fitting information when fitting this seat in a vehicle with under-floor This Child Restraint System is classified for “ISOFIX storage boxes. Universal” use. It is suitable to fix into seat positions 7 Vehicles with a cabin roof height which could in most cars. 4 ! restrict the seat being installed forward facing 3 The numbers on the diagram6 below correspond with 1 This is an i-Size Enhanced Child Restraint System. It 2 the vehicle fitting positions5 listed in the following pages. is approved according to UN Regulation No.129, for use in, i-Size compatible vehicle seating positions as indicated by vehicle manufacturers in the vehicle users’ 7 7 4 4 1 manual. 3 6 3 6 1 If your vehicle is not listed in this manual or it is not 2 5 2 5 marked with either a •or x then please refer to your vehicle’s handbook or contact the manufacturer for Before you purchase the vehicle, check that it is further information. Seat positions in other cars may 7 4 equipped with the appropriate anchorages.1 also be suitable to accept the child restraint. 3 6 ALWAYS give priority to the rear If in doubt, consult either the child restraint 2 seats of your vehicle. 5 manufacturer or the retailer. B DO NOT fit your child restraint onto AIR AG This fitting-list was carefully prepared using a vehicle seat fitted with an airbag, scientific data collected from both vehicle and car unless it can be, and is deactivated.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Lead-Vehicle Size on Driver Following Behavior
    UMTRI-2000-15 THE EFFECT OF LEAD-VEHICLE SIZE ON DRIVER FOLLOWING BEHAVIOR James R. Sayer Mary Lynn Mefford Ritchie Huang June 2000 THE EFFECT OF LEAD-VEHICLE SIZE ON DRIVER FOLLOWING BEHAVIOR James R. Sayer Mary Lynn Mefford Ritchie Huang The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2150 U.S.A. Report No. UMTRI-2000-15 June 2000 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. UMTRI-2000-15 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date The Effect of Lead-Vehicle Size on Driver Following Behavior June 2000 6. Performing Organization Code 302753 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. James R. Sayer, Mary Lynn Mefford, and Ritchie Huang UMTRI-2000-15 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit no. (TRAIS) The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute 2901 Baxter Road 11. Contract or Grant No. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2150 U.S.A. 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered The University of Michigan Industry Affiliation Program for Human Factors in Transportation Safety 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes The Affiliation Program currently includes: Adac Plastics, AGC America, Automotive Lighting, BMW, Britax International, Corning, DaimlerChrysler, Denso, Donnelly, Federal- Mogul Lighting Products, Fiat, Ford, General Electric, GM NAO Safety Center, Guardian Industries, Guide Corporation, Hella, Ichikoh Industries, Koito Manufacturing, Libbey-Owens- Ford, LumiLeds, Magna International, Meridian Automotive Systems, North American Lighting, Osram Sylvania, Pennzoil-Quaker State, Philips Lighting, PPG Industries, Reflexite, Reitter & Schefenacker, Stanley Electric, Stimsonite, TEXTRON Automotive, Valeo, Visteon, Yorka, 3M Personal Safety Products, and 3M Traffic Control Materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Technology Assessment of Changes in the Future Use And
    GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Acronyms and Abbreviations ACRS mpg MVMA AGT AMC NAAQS AQCR BLS NAS NAE Btu NEPA CAFE CBD NHTSA CEQ CID No, CO OCS CPI OPEC CVCC OSHA CVT DOE PIES DOT PL DPI PMT DPM PMVI EGR PRT EPA RSV EPCA SEC ERDA SIE SLT FHWA SMSA FMVSS SRI Sydec FTC TCP GMC TSM GNP UMTA GRT HC U.S.C HE\\’ VMT WAES ICE LARPP WOCA LDV MMBD 365 366 ● Changes in the Future Use and Characteristics of the Automobile Transportation System Definitions Adiabatic—Occurring without loss or gain of heat; program and, in many cases, establishes an in automotive engines, a design that incor- upper limit on the amount of funds that can be porates thermal shielding to prevent radiant appropriated for that program. heat loss-thereby increasing thermal effi- Automated Guideway Transit (AGT)—A class of ciency and allowing recapture of heat from transportation systems in which unmanned the exhaust stream. vehicles are operated on fixed guideways Air Cushion Restraint System (ACRS)—An auto- along an exclusive right-of-way. Commonly, motive safety device in which a sensor, ac- AGT systems are divided into three classes: tivated by the rapid deceleration caused by Shuttle-Loop Transit, Group Rapid Transit, impact with another vehicle or a fixed object, Personal Rapid Transit. triggers a mechanism that inflates air bags in Automobile—As used in this study, a four-wheeled front of the driver and front-seat passengers. vehicle, with a gross weight of less than 6,000 The driver bag is housed in the steering wheel pounds, designed primarily for use as a pas- hub.
    [Show full text]
  • Besafe-Izi-Go-Isofix-Car-List-2017-12
    1st year of Approved 1st year of Approved 1st year of Approved 1st year of Approved Car manufacturer Model production seats Car manufacturer Model production seats Car manufacturer Model production seats Car manufacturer Model production seats Recommendation list for cars and installation of Alfa Romeo 147 2000 2,4 X3 2017 2,4 Duster 2 2017 2,4 CR-V 2012 2,3,4 156 1997 2,4 X5 2004 2,4 Lodgy 2012 2,3,4 CR-Z 2010 2,4 iZi Go ISOfix 159 2006 2,4 X5 2013 2,4 Logan MCV 2005 2,4 FR-V 2005 2,4 Giulietta 2010 2,4 X6 2008 2,4 Logan 2 MCV 2013 2,4 HR-V 2015 2,4 The iZi Go ISOfix is a semi-universal ISOfix child restraint system. It Mito 2008 2,4 Chrevolet Aveo 2006 2,4 Sandero 2008 2,4 Insight 2009 2,4 Stelvio 2017 2,4 Captiva 2006 2,4 Sandero 2 2013 2,4 Jazz 2002 2,4 is approved to regulation 44.04 series of amendments for general Audi A1 2010 2,4 Cruze 2009 2,4 Daihatsu Sirion 2005 2,4 Jazz 2015 2,4 use in vehicles fitted with ISOfix anchorage systems. It will fit vehicles A2 2000 2,4 Epica 2006 2,4 Fiat 500 2007 2,4 Legend 2006 2,4 N2001800 B804-8005 A3, S3 1997 2,4 Kalos 2002 2,4 500 2016 2,4 Stream 2001 2,4 with positions approved as ISOfix positions (as detailed in the vehicle A3, S3 2003 2,4 Lacetti 2004 2,4 500 L 2013 2,4 Hyundai Accent 2002 2,4 REARWARD-FACING handbook), depending on category of the child and of the fixture.
    [Show full text]
  • Comments to NHTSA on Revised Light-Truck CAFE Standards
    Re: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 49 CFR Part 533 [Docket No. 2005-22144] RIN 2127-AJ71 Light Truck Average Fuel Economy Standards–MODEL YEARS 2008–2011 22 November 2005, by upload to http://dms.dot.gov, and fax to 202 493 2251 Docket Management Facility U.S. Department of Transportation 400 Seventh Street, SW., Nassif Building, Room PL-401 Washington, DC 20590-001 Dear NHTSA: These brief comments supplement and update my comments of 26 April 2004 on the previous stage of this docket, and address the proposed rule NHTSA issued 23 August 2005. The 2004 comments summarize my background. Rocky Mountain Institute is an independent, nonpartisan, entrepreneurial, nonprofit applied research center that cre- ates abundance by design, chiefly as a consultant to the private sector on advanced resource efficiency. NHTSA is to be strongly commended for adopting a size- rather than weight-based structure for future light-truck CAFE standards. While the specific efficiency standards proposed can and doubtless will be criticized, probably severely, as falling far short of statutory requirements, NHTSA’s proposal to base them on size, not weight, is an important advance. It will create an incentive for decoupling size from weight by adopting lighter-but-stronger mate- rials and advanced designs—a hugely important step toward fuel-efficient cars and a competitive car industry. It will encourage manufacturers to make vehicles that are big, hence protective and comfortable, without also making them heavy, hence hostile and inefficient. Customers who want big vehicles will remain able to get them; there simply won’t be an incentive to make big vehicles heavy nor light vehicles small.
    [Show full text]
  • Stochastic Analysi S of Future Vehicle Populations
    REPORT NO. DOT-TSC-NHTSA-79-20 HS-803-656 STOCHASTIC ANALYSI S OF FUTURE VEHICLE POPULATIONS D. Henry Golomb Howard M. Bunch 6 1 Highway Safety Research Institute The University of Michigan I Ann Arbor MI 48109 MAY 1979 FINAL REPORT DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD. VIRGINIA 32161 Prepared for UmSt DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION Office of Research and Development Washington DC 20590 I NOT ICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Govern- ment assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. 1 I NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse pro- ducts or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers1 ~ nanlcs appear herein solely because they are con- essential to the object of this report. sidered I PREFACE This is a final report of a study entitled "Stochastic Analy- sis of Future Vehicle Populations," prepared for the Transportation Systems Center of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The pur- pose was to build a stochastic model to predict future vehicle popu- lations by age and by type. That model is referred to in this report as the FAPS Model (Future Automobile Population Stochastic Model). This study was accomplished through the cooperation of many individuals. Their contributions are gratefully acknowledged. Professor Stephen M. Pollock of the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering provided invaluable input by his review of the technical material and final report. A number of Highway Safety Research staff, including Kent B.
    [Show full text]
  • Vehicle Fitting Information Vehicle Seat Fitting Method
    VEHICLE FITTING INFORMATION VEHICLE SEAT FITTING METHOD Grp 0+/1 Belted Car Seat (31554602) – Forward Facing – Grp 1 – Belt Fit Only European Market March 2019 This car seat is classified for “Universal” use. It is suitable to fix into seat positions in most cars. The numbers on the diagram below correspond with the vehicle fitting positions listed in the following pages. If your child restraint can be fitted, it is marked with If your child restraint cannot be fitted, it is marked with Electric or hybrid vehicles are marked with i-Size vehicles are marked with Vehicles with under-floor storage boxes are marked with SB! -Please consult your vehicle user manual or dealer when fitting this seat in a vehicle with under-floor storage boxes. Vehicles with a cabin roof height which could restrict the seat being installed forward facing are marked with ! If your vehicle is not listed in this manual or it is not marked with either a or then please refer to your vehicle’s handbook or contact the manufacturer for further information. Seat positions in other cars may also be suitable to accept the child restraint. If in doubt, consult either the child restraint manufacturer or the retailer. Before you purchase the vehicle, check that it is equipped with the appropriate anchorages. ALWAYS give priority to the rear seats of your vehicle. DO NOT fit your child restraint onto a vehicle seat fitted with an airbag, unless it can be, and is deactivated. Death or serious injuries can be caused by an activated AIRBAG system.
    [Show full text]