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Re-Imagining Desire and Sexuality in the Work of Hanif Kureishi Andreas

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Re-Imagining Desire and Sexuality in the Work of Hanif Kureishi Andreas Department of English Studies Re-imagining Desire and Sexuality in the Work of Hanif Kureishi Athanasiades Andreas Athanasiades Dissertation Submitted for the Award of the PhD Degree at the University of Cyprus Andreas June, 2013 ©Andreas Athanasiades Athanasiades Andreas Validation Page Doctoral Candidate: Andreas Athanasiades Title of Dissertation: Re-imagining Desire and Sexuality in the Work of Hanif Kureishi This dissertation was submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the PhD programme in English Literature and Comparative Cultural Studies in the Department of English Studies and was approved by the members of the Examination Committee on April 16, 2013. Examination Committee: Internal Members Stephanos Stephanides, Professor, Department of English Studies, University of Cyprus (Research Supervisor). Maria Margaroni, Associate Professor, University of Cyprus (Committee Chair). Antonis Balasopoulos, Associate Professor, University of Cyprus. Athanasiades External Members Pablo Mukherjee, Associate Professor (Reader), University of Warwick, UK. Stavros Stavrou Karayanni, Associate Professor, European University, Cyprus. Andreas Σελίδα Εγκυρότητας Υποψήφιος Διδάκτορας: Αντρέας Αθανασιάδης Τίτλος Διατριβής: Η Επαναδιαπραγμάτευση των Εννοιών της Επιθυμίας και της Σεξουαλικότητας στο Έργο του Hanif Kureishi Η παρούσα Διδακτορική Διατριβή εκπονήθηκε στο πλαίσιο των σπουδών για απόκτηση Διδακτορικού Διπλώματος στο Τμήμα Αγγλικών Σπουδών, στο πρόγραμμα Αγγλική Λογοτεχνία και Συγκριτικές Πολιτισμικές Σπουδές και εγκρίθηκε στις 16 Απριλίου 2013. Εξεταστική Επιτροπή: Εσωτερικά Μέλη Στέφανος Στεφανίδης, Καθηγητής, Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου (Ερευνητικός Σύμβουλος). Μαρία Μαργαρώνη, Αναπληρώτρια Καθηγήτρια, Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου (Πρόεδρος Επιτροπής). Αντώνης Μπαλασόπουλος,Athanasiades Αναπληρωτής Καθηγητής, Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου. Εξωτερικά Μέλη Pablo Mukherjee, Αναπληρωτής Καθηγητής (Reader), Πανεπιστήμιο Warwick, Βρετανία. Σταύρος Σταύρου Καραγιάννης, Αναπληρωτής Καθηγητής, Ευρωπαϊκό Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου. Andreas i Abstract This dissertation provides an examination of Hanif Kureishi’s work, focusing on the shifting and polyvalent manifestations of desire and sexuality within the social and cultural realms during the last three decades in Britain, and the way in which these manifestations operate ideologically. With the transitional and critical period of 1980s Britain as a starting point, Kureishi’s narrative representations open up spaces in the British cultural landscape to include –intentionally– the marginalised and politically disenfranchised. The dynamics of racial and sexual identity in Britain are explored, primarily drawing on postcolonial theory, with the basic contention that Kureishi’s work interrogates hegemonic discourse on the formation of identities in Britain. By critically examining Kureishi’s characters in literature and film, desire and sexuality are re-imagined as a means of disrupting ongoing discussions on identity and the nation, and re-inventing others on a range of questions that pertain to the South Asian diaspora in Britain. These questions gesture to the complex constitutions of diasporic identity/ies as well as to the way in which, supposedly conflicting, entities can engage in a difficult and complex, yet fruitful relationship, thus enabling them to avoid what are considered by the mainstream as “social abnormalities”. Kureishi’s “queer” characters disrupt seemingly uniform spaces and subvert traditional understandings of nation and ideas of belonging in Britain, and allow affective terms, such as desire, to be used to re-imagine the nation. Kureishi’s work (visual and textual) is deliberately placed alongside the author’s own development as a postcolonial subject performing his racialised identityAthanasiades and employing his unique artistic potential in a post- imperial metropolis. Given that the circumstances of his personal life are –more often than not– tangential with all of the political, social and theoretical parameters with which his work is concerned, the interaction between Kureishi’s different identities as a person and as a writer proves to be significant as he is read as an cultural instigator and hence, as an influential contributor to contemporary culture. Andreas ii Περίληψη Η παρούσα διατριβή εξετάζει το έργο του Hanif Kureishi, επικεντρώνοντας στις μεταβαλλόμενες και πολυσήμαντες έννοιες της επιθυμίας και της σεξουαλικότητας, όπως αυτές λειτουργούν μέσα στην κοινωνική και πολιτική σφαίρα της Βρετανίας των τελευταίων τριάντα ετών, καθώς και στον τρόπο με τον οποίο οι έννοιες αυτές λειτουργούν σε μια ιδεολογική διάσταση. Παίρνοντας ως σημείο έναρξης τη μεταβατική και κρίσιμη περίοδο της δεκαετίας του 1980, οι αφηγηματικές αναπαραστάσεις του Kureishi δημιουργούν χώρους στο Βρετανικό πολιτισμικό πεδίο που συνειδητά και κατ’ επιλογήν περιλαμβάνουν τους πολιτικά περιθωριοποιημένους. Με βάση τη μετα- αποικιακή θεωρία, εξετάζονται οι δυναμικές της φυλετικής και σεξουαλικής ταυτότητας στη Βρετανία, με τη βασική παραδοχή να είναι ότι το έργο του Kureishi αμφισβητεί ηγεμονικές αφηγηματικές πραγματείες που αφορούν τη δημιουργία των ταυτοτήτων στη Βρετανία. Εξετάζοντας κριτικά τους χαρακτήρες του Kureishi τόσο στο γραπτό λόγο όσο και στον κινηματογράφο, βλέπουμε πως οι έννοιες της επιθυμίας και της σεξουαλικότητας αναδιατυπώνονται ως τρόποι αμφισβήτησης των κατεστημένων αντιλήψεων της ταυτότητας και του έθνους, αλλά και ως τρόπος επανεφεύρευσης άλλων τρόπων αντίληψης της θέσης της Νοτιοασιατικής διασποράς στη Βρετανία. Αυτά τα ερωτήματα συγκλίνουν προς την κατεύθυνση της αποδοχής της πολύπλοκης φύσης των διασπορικών ταυτοτήτων καθώς και προς τον τρόπο με τον οποίο υποθετικά συγκρουόμενες οντότητες μπορούν να εμπλακούν σε μια δύσκολη και πολύπλοκη μεν, αλλά και γόνιμη σχέση, κάτι που τους επιτρέπει να παρακάμψουν την ιδεολογική ετικέτα της «κοινωνικής ανωμαλίας». Οι «queer» χαρακτήρες του KureishiAthanasiades διασπούν φαινομενικά ομοιόμορφους χώρους και υπονομεύουν παραδοσιακές αντιλήψεις της έννοιας του έθνους και των ιδεών που αφορούν το «ανήκειν» στη Βρετανία, επιτρέποντας σε «διαθετικούς» όρους, όπως η επιθυμία, να χρησιμοποιηθούν ούτε ώστε να επαναπροσδιοριστεί ή έννοια του έθνους. Το έργο του Kureishi (οπτικό και κειμενικό) εξετάζεται σκόπιμα παράλληλα με την εξέλιξη του συγγραφέα ως μετα-αποικιακού υποκειμένου, ερμηνεύοντας την ίδια στιγμή την φυλετική του ταυτότητα και αξιοποιώντας τις καλλιτεχνικές του προοπτικές σε μια μετα- αυτοκρατορική μητρόπολη όπως είναι το Λονδίνο. Δεδομένου ότι οι συνθήκες της προσωπικής του ζωής είναι συχνά εφαπτόμενες με όλες τις πολιτικές, κοινωνικές και Andreasθεωρητικές παραμέτρους με τις οποίες καταπιάνεται το έργο του, η αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ του Kureishi ως ατόμου και ως συγγραφέα, αποδεικνύεται εξαιρετικά σημαντική, καθώς μπορεί να ερμηνευτεί ως υποκινητής πολιτισμικών τάσεων και ρευμάτων και, άρα, ως ένας καλλιτέχνης που όχι μόνο συνεισφέρει, αλλά και επιδρά ως καταλύτης στον σύγχρονο πολιτισμό. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Stephanos Stephanides, my advisor and mentor. I am indebted to him for his generosity with time, advice, ideas, patience and personal involvement. This piece of work could never have been completed without his constant support and guidance. I also wish to express my sincere appreciation to Dr Stavros Stavrou Karayanni, not only for his valuable suggestions, help, and intellectual guidance but also for his enthusiasm and moral support. I also thank the other members of the Department of English Studies who have guided me in my research, Dr Antonis Balasopoulos and Dr Maria Margaroni, as well as the staff at the University of Cyprus for their help in every aspect of the process of completing the present thesis. I would also like to express my love and appreciation to my parents, Evagoras and Toula, for their constant support. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Chryso, my biggest supporter, for sharing my dreams and for being a valuable asset to this project with her encouragement and understanding during all these years. This work is dedicated to my firstborn son, Jason, who changed my world. Athanasiades Andreas Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................... i Περίληψη ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... iii Chapter I ................................................................................................................................ 1 Situating Hanif Kureishi ........................................................................................................ 1 The Thatcherite 1980s .................................................................................................................. 13 Theorising Desire and Sexuality .................................................................................................. 19 Queering Kureishi ........................................................................................................................ 27 Chapter II ............................................................................................................................. 39 Hanif Kureishi and the Raj Revival ....................................................................................
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