Intravitreal Triamcinolone
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CLINICAL SCIENCES Acute Endophthalmitis Incidence Intravitreal Triamcinolone Andrew C. Westfall, MD; Alexander Osborn, PhD; Derek Kuhl, PhD, MD; Matthew S. Benz, MD; William F. Mieler, MD; Eric R. Holz, MD Objective: To report the incidence of acute postinjec- cedure. One patient developed acute, culture-negative, tion endophthalmitis following intravitreal injection of postoperative endophthalmitis 4 days after receiving IVTA, triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) as an office procedure. resulting in an incidence of 0.10%. In this case, the pre- senting symptoms were decreased vision and acute con- Methods: Retrospective, noncomparative, consecu- junctival erythema. The case was notable for the ab- tive, interventional case series of all patients who had re- sence of pain or hypopyon. ceived IVTA at 2 clinical centers between January 1, 2000, and January 30, 2004. Conclusion: Although acute postoperative endophthal- mitis may follow IVTA, our experience suggests that this Results: A total of 1006 eyes received IVTA. None of is a relatively uncommon event. the eyes developed acute, culture-positive, postopera- tive endophthalmitis in the 6 weeks following the pro- Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:1075-1077 HE INTRAVITREAL USE OF TRI- ing IVTA injection between January 1, 2000, and amcinolone acetonide January 30, 2004, at 2 centers (Baylor College (IVTA) has become in- of Medicine, Houston, Tex, and Austin Retina creasingly popular. Indica- Associates, College Station, Tex). The indica- tions for injection either tions for injection included diabetic macular edema, pseudophakic macular edema, edema alone or in combination with photody- T due to retinal vein occlusion, uveitic macular namic therapy include macular edema due edema, and exudative age-related maculopa- to diabetes mellitus, retinal vein occlu- thy. Eyes undergoing combination treatment sion, and uveitis, as well as exudative age- with photodynamic therapy were included in the related maculopathy.1-11 The procedure has study. Eyes were excluded if another intraocu- several well-recognized risks including el- lar procedure was performed during the 6-week evated intraocular pressure, cataract pro- study period. In particular, eyes undergoing gression, and endophthalmitis.12-20 One re- vitrectomy with IVTA were excluded. cent report suggests that the incidence of The IVTA procedure was similar for all of culture-positive endophthalmitis follow- the patients. All of the patients underwent an ing IVTA may be higher (0.87%)17 than is informed consent discussion and then signed reported for other intraocular proce- an operative permit. Topical 0.5% propara- 21-26 caine hydrochloride drops (Alcain; Alcon Labo- dures. This issue becomes more im- ratories, Fort Worth, Tex) were placed on the portant in the context of the need for re- ocular surface. Either a 4% lidocaine hydro- petitive injections required to treat chronic chloride–soaked cotton pledget was placed on retinal conditions. This study reports the the temporal bulbar conjunctiva and held in Author Affiliations: incidence rates of culture-negative and cul- place for approximately 1 minute or a subcon- Department of Ophthalmology, ture-positive endophthalmitis for pa- junctival injection of approximately 0.1 mL of Baylor College of Medicine, tients receiving IVTA at 2 centers. 2% lidocaine over the temporal pars plana via Houston, Tex (Drs Westfall, a 30-gauge needle on a 1-mL syringe was used Osborn, Benz, Mieler, and for anesthesia. Some investigators used both the Holz); and Austin Retina METHODS pledget and subconjunctival injection. The eye Associates, College Station, Tex was disinfected by instilling several drops of (Dr Kuhl). Dr Mieler is now 5% povidone-iodine solution onto the ocular with the Department of The Baylor College of Medicine institutional re- surface and then cleansing the lid margins, Ophthalmology, University of view board approved the study protocol. This lashes, and periocular skin with 10% povidone- Chicago, Chicago, Ill. is a retrospective, interventional, consecutive iodine solution–soaked cotton tip applica- Financial Disclosure: None. case series including all eyes (n=1006) receiv- tors. Approximately 5 minutes were allowed (REPRINTED) ARCH OPHTHALMOL / VOL 123, AUG 2005 WWW.ARCHOPHTHALMOL.COM 1075 ©2005 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/25/2021 to elapse after preparation prior to injection. Triamcinolone ace- bic, and anaerobic cultures were all negative for growth. tonide (Kenalog; Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, NJ) in After 6 weeks, the patient’s visual acuity was 20/40, an im- single-use, 40-mg/mL, 1-mL bottles was used exclusively. The provement over his preinjection visual acuity of 20/100. top of the container was cleansed with an alcohol wipe and ap- In the 6 weeks following IVTA, there was an inci- proximately 0.5 mL of the drug vehicle mixture was drawn into dence of 1 case of acute, culture-negative endophthal- a 1-mL syringe. The syringe was allowed to sit in an upright position and the excess corticosteroid was expressed, leaving mitis per 1006 eyes, or 0.10%. approximately 0.1 mL of the drug within the syringe. Injec- tions were performed using either a 30-gauge needle or a 27- COMMENT gauge needle. However, owing to clogging in the 30-gauge needle, the vast majority of these injections were given with In our study, the incidence of culture-positive endophthal- the larger-bored 27-gauge needle. A wire eyelid speculum was then placed into the eye. Plastic drapes were not used. Either mitis was 0.00% for patients in the 6 weeks following IVTA 3.5 mm (in pseudophakic patients) or 4 mm (in phakic pa- injection. It is possible that the single patient in our study tients) was measured from the limbus with a caliper in the in- who had culture-negative endophthalmitis (for an inci- ferotemporal quadrant. The 27-gauge needle was then intro- dence of 0.10%) had no laboratory growth because of an duced into the anterior vitreous cavity with the needle tip aimed aggressive antibiotic regimen prior to the culture. This rate at the inferior retina. The drug was injected with a slow, con- is considerably lower than the rate of 0.87% of culture- tinuous push. As the needle was removed from the eye, a ster- positive cases reported by Moshfeghi et al.17 Our rate is also ile cotton tip applicator was applied over the injection site to lower than those reported following intravitreal ganciclo- limit egress of drug or vitreous. The eye was inspected with in- vir injection for cytomegalovirus retinitis (0.29% in 1372 direct ophthalmoscopy to ensure adequate perfusion of the reti- injections,21 0.14% in 2890 injections,22 and 0.64% in 156 nal arteries and veins at the optic nerve head and to assess drug 23 24 location. The intraocular pressure was checked immediately fol- injections ). The low incidence of endophthalmitis in our lowing the injection and, in most cases, was found to be quite study may be owing to our sterile approach that was elevated initially with intraocular pressure readings of 40 to 60 prompted by previous reports associating corticosteroid in- mm Hg by applanation tonometry. In most cases, the patient jections with endophthalmitis.17 We feel that preparation was monitored using serial intraocular pressure measure- with povidone-iodine, use of an eyelid speculum, and single- ments, and over the ensuing half hour following injection, the use medication containers were significant.27-29 Many stud- intraocular pressure normalized. In rare cases where the intra- ies have shown that 5% povidone-iodine is a safe and ef- ocular pressure failed to decrease substantially, an anterior cham- fective agent in reducing endophthalmitis at the time of ber paracentesis was performed using a 30-gauge needle on a surgery.27,30-37 Thorough preparation with povidone- 1-mL syringe with the plunger removed. Following the injec- iodine on the ocular surface and eyelids is the only agent tion, the patient was educated about the symptoms of endoph- that has been shown to reduce the risk of endophthalmi- thalmitis and instructed to report immediately should symp- 31 toms arise. Postoperative examinations were scheduled between tis in a prospective study. Given that the source of caus- 2 and 7 days, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks. ative bacteria is often the patient’s own ocular surface or The primary outcome was the occurrence of endophthal- adnexa, it is reasonable to try to reduce the exposure to the mitis within the observation period of 6 weeks, which was thus injection site and injection needle.38,39 Thus, retracting the considered acute. eyelids with an eyelid speculum seems reasonable. In ad- dition, none of the patients received an injection from a 38 RESULTS multiple-use vial of triamcinolone since a previous study showed that multiple-use medication bottles were more likely to be colonized by bacteria.40,41 In total, 1006 IVTA injections were performed at the 2 The incidence of endophthalmitis following IVTA in- centers during this time period. One patient was identi- jection in our study reflects the heightened interest in fied with signs and symptoms of endophthalmitis. The minimizing risks associated with this increasingly com- time to presentation was 4 days. The clinical findings were mon procedure. The significance lies in counseling the conjunctival erythema, mild anterior chamber cellular re- patient accurately on the risk-benefit ratio for IVTA. In action, trace flare, mild vitritis with several strands of fi- addition, treatment of chronic conditions with IVTA needs brin, and decreased vision. Pain, keratoprecipitates, an- to be repeated frequently after 3 to 4 months. While the terior chamber fibrin, and hypopyon were absent. Owing previously reported risk of 0.87% may seem unaccept- to the mild findings we found at examination, the pa- ably high in this context, we feel that the incidence in tient was placed on oral gatifloxacin (Tequin; Bristol My- our study of 1 case of acute postoperative endophthal- ers Squibb Co) at a dose of 400 mg once per day and topi- mitis in 1006 eyes significantly alters the risk-benefit cal gatifloxacin (Zymar; Allergan Inc, Irvine, Calif) at a ratio for IVTA.