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Home , Atlantic torpedo, Gulf torpedo, Marbled electric ray, Pacific electric ray, Tetronarce, Torpedinidae

FAMILY Henle, 1834 - electric rays [=?Plagiostomes Dumeril, 1805, Torpedines Henle, 1834, Narcaciontoidae Gill, 1862, Narcobatidae Jordan, 1895] Notes: ?Plagiostomes Duméril, 1805:102 [ref. 1151] (family) ? Torpedo [sometimes seen as Plagiostomata; no stem of the , not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Torpedines Henle, 1834:29 [ref. 2092] (Gruppe?) Torpedo [stem Torpedin- confirmed by Bonaparte 1835:[3] [ref. 32242], by Günther 1870:448 [ref. 1995], by Gill 1873:790 [ref. 17631], by Carus 1893:527 [ref. 17975], by Fowler 1947:15 [ref. 1458], by Lindberg 1971:56 [ref. 27211] and by Nelson 1976:42 [ref. 32838]; name sometimes seen as Torpedidae or Torpedinae; senior objective of Narcobatidae Jordan, 1895] Narcaciontoidae Gill, 1862p:386 [ref. 1783] (family) Narcacion [also as subfamily Narcaciontinae] Narcobatidae Jordan, 1895:387 [ref. 2394] (family) Narcobatus [junior objective synonym of Torpedines, invalid, Article 61.3.2]

GENUS Gill, 1862 - torpedo rays [=Tetronarce Gill [T. N.], 1862:387] Notes: [ref. 1783]. Fem. Torpedo occidentalis Storer, 1843. Type by original designation as name in parentheses in key (also monotypic). Spelled Tetranarce by Jordan 1919:307 [ref. 4904], who regarded the original Tetronarce as a misspelling. Tetronarcine Tanaka, 1908:2 is a misspelling. •Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764, but a valid subgenus Tetronarce -- (Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et al. 2002:2 [ref. 26091], Haas & Ebert 2006:1 [ref. 28818]). •Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764 -- (Cappetta 1987:161 [ref. 6348], Compagno & Heemstra 2007:43 [ref. 29194]). •Valid as Tetronarce Gill, 1862 -- (Ebert et al. 2013:341 [ref. 33045]). Current status: Valid as Tetronarce Gill, 1862. Torpedinidae. Tetronarce californica (Ayres, 1855) - Pacific [=Torpedo californica Ayres [W. O.], 1855:70] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences (Series 1) v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 159] San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Tetronarce californica (Ayres, 1855). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific, possibly Japan. : marine.

Species Tetronarce cowleyi Ebert et al., 2015 - Cowley's torpedo ray [=Tetronarce cowleyi Ebert [D. A.], Haas [D. L.] & de Carvalho [M. R.], 2015:239, Figs. 2-6] Notes: [Zootaxa 3936 (no. 2); ref. 33710] , off the west coast of , 33°39.0'S, 17°34.0'E, depth 262 meters. Current status: Valid as Tetronarce cowleyi Ebert, Haas & de Carvalho, 2015. Torpedinidae. Distribution: to South Africa. Habitat: marine.

Species Tetronarce formosa (Haas & Ebert, 2006) - Taiwan torpedo ray [=Torpedo formosa Haas [D. L.] & Ebert [D. A.], 2006:2, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1320; ref. 28818] Tashi Fish Market, Tashi [Daxi], northeastern Taiwan, 24°53'N, 122°01'E. Current status: Valid as Tetronarce formosa (Haas & Ebert, 2006). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

Species Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte, 1835) - [=Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte [C. L.], 1835:fasc. 12, punt. 63, Pl. 154, Torpedo emarginata McCoy [F.], 1841:407, Fig., Torpedo fairchildi Hutton [F. W.], 1872:83, Pl. 12 (fig. 134), Torpedo fusca Parker [T. J.], 1884:283, Pl. 22, Torpedo hebetans Lowe [R. T.], 1838:195, Notastrape macneilli Whitley [G. P.], 1932:327, Torpedo nigra Guichenot [A.], 1850:131, Pl. 8 (figs. 1, 1a-1b), Torpedo walshii Thompson [W.], 1856:256] Notes: [Iconografia della fauna italica; ref. 518] , western . Current status: Valid as Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte, 1835). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic: to South Africa including and Canary Islands; ?western Atlantic: Nova Scotia (Canada) to . Habitat: marine. (emarginata) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (New Series) v. 6 (no. 39) (art. 46); ref. 17754] Dublin Bay, , northeastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte, 1835). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (fairchildi) [Fishes of New Zealand (Hutton); ref. 2287] Napier Harbor, New Zealand. Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte, 1835). Torpedinidae. Distribution: New Zealand, possibly Norfolk Island [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (fusca) [Transactions New Zealand Institute v. 16 (art. 19); ref. 13764] Purakanui, near Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte, 1835). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (hebetans) [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 2 (pt 3, art. 14); ref. 2831] Madeira, eastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte, 1835). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (macneilli) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 18 (no. 6); ref. 4674] 9 miles east of Green Cape, New South Wales, Australia, depth 49 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte, 1835). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Australia or Indo-West Pacific [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (nigra) [Histoire naturelle des reptiles et poissons; ref. 1940] Algeria, western Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte, 1835). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (walshii) [Fishes of Ireland; ref. 4390] Ireland, northeastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte, 1835). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Tetronarce occidentalis (Storer, 1843) - Atlantic torpedo [=Torpedo occidentalis Storer [D. H.], 1843:166, Pl. 3 (figs. 1-2)] Notes: [American Journal of Science and Arts v. 45 (no. 1) (art. 18); ref. 18832] Wellfleet, Massachusetts, U.S.A., eastern North Atlantic. Current status: Valid as Tetronarce occidentalis (Storer, 1843). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Massachusetts (U.S.A.) to Venezuela. Habitat: marine.

Species Tetronarce puelcha (Lahille, 1926) - Argentine torpedo [=Torpedo puelcha Lahille [F.], 1926:408] Notes: [Physis (Buenos Aires) v. 8 (no. 28); ref. 24910] Off Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Tetronarce puelcha (Lahille, 1926). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Tetronarce tokionis Tanaka, 1908 - trapezoid torpedo ray, longtail torpedo ray [=Tetronarcine tokionis Tanaka [S.], 1908:2, Figured] Notes: [Journal of the College of Science. Imperial University, Tokyo v. 23 (art. 7); ref. 6032] Tokyo fish market, Japan. Current status: Valid as Tetronarce tokionis Tanaka, 1908. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Tetronarce tremens (de Buen, 1959) - Chilean torpedo [=Torpedo tremens de Buen [F.], 1959:259, Fig. 1, Torpedo microdiscus Parin [N. V.] & Kotlyar [A. N.], 1985:709, Figs. 1a, 2, Torpedo tremens peruana Chirichigno F. [N.], 1963:4, Fig. 1, Torpedo semipelagica Parin [N. V.] & Kotlyar [A. N.], 1985:714, Figs. 1c, 5] Notes: [Revista de Biologia Marina, Valparaiso v. 9 (nos 1-3); ref. 11964] Near Valparaíso, Chile. Current status: Valid as Tetronarce tremens (de Buen, 1959). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Costa Rica to Chile and offshore islands. Habitat: marine. (microdiscus) [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 25 (no. 5); ref. 17260] Junction of Naska and Sala y Gomez ridges, southeastern Pacific, 25°39'S, 85°23'W, depth 180-280 meters. Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce tremens (de Buen, 1959). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Chile [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (peruana) [Serrie de divulgación cientifica / Servicio de Pesquería, Ministerio de Agriculture. Lima, No. 20; ref. 4484] Paita Bay, . Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce tremens (de Buen, 1959). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Peru and Galápagos Islands [if valid]. Habitat: marine. (semipelagica) [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 25 (no. 5); ref. 17260] Junction of Naska and Sala y Gomez ridges, southeastern Pacific, 25°27'[or 25°42']S, 85°27'W depth 175-210 meters. Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce tremens (de Buen, 1959). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Chile [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Torpedo Dumeril, 1806 - torpedo rays [=Torpedo Duméril [A. M. C.], 1806:102, 343, Eunarce (subgenus of Narcobatus) Fowler [H. W.], 1910:472, Fimbriotorpedo (subgenus of Torpedo) Fritsch [G. T.], 1884:451, Gymnotorpedo (subgenus of Torpedo) Fritsch [G. T.], 1884:451, Narcacion Klein [J. T.], 1776:237, Narcacion Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Klein), 1792:580, Narcacion Gill [T. N.] (ex Klein), 1861:61, Narcacion Bleeker [P.] (ex Klein), 1865:171, Narcobatus (subgenus of Raia) Blainville [H. de], 1816:121, Notastrape Whitley [G. P.], 1932:327, Tetronarcine Tanaka [S.], 1908:2, Torpedo Houttuyn [M.], 1764:453, Torpedo Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:48, 60] Notes: [ref. 1151]. Fem. Raja torpedo Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent monotypy. Appeared without species, first addition of species probably by Bonaparte 1838:7 (of separate) [ref. 4979]. Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764 is presented as a species name and not a generic name, so the authorship is hereby changed to Duméril 1806 (see Welter-Schultes & Feuerstein 2008:141 [ref. 30327]). •Valid as Torpedo Duméril, 1806 -- (Haas & Ebert 2006:1 [ref. 28818], Paxton et al. 2006:165 [ref. 28995], Gomon 2008:101 [ref. 30616]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo Duméril, 1806. Torpedinidae. (Eunarce) [ref. 1379]. Fem. Torpedo narke Risso, 1810. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:55 [ref. 7167], Cappetta 1987:161 [ref. 6348], Compagno & Heemstra 2007:43 [ref. 29194]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764. Torpedinidae. (Fimbriotorpedo) [ref. 1510]. Fem. Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810. Type by subsequent designation. Three included species; type apparently first designated by Jordan & Evermann 1896:77 [ref. 2443]. Also published by Fritsch 1886:365 [see under ref. 1510]. •Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:55 [ref. 7167], Cappetta 1987:161 [ref. 6348], Compagno & Heemstra 2007:43 [ref. 29194]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764. Torpedinidae. (Gymnotorpedo) [ref. 1510]. Fem. Torpedo occidentalis Storer, 1843. Type by subsequent designation. Three included species; first subsequent type designation posibly by Jordan & Evermann 1896:77 [ref. 2443]. Also published in Fritsch 1886:365 [see under ref. 1510]. •Objective synonym of Tetronarce Gill, 1862. •Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764 – (Cappetta 1987:161 [ref. 6348], Compagno & Heemstra 2007:43 [ref. 29194]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764. Torpedinidae. (Narcacion) [ref. 4918]. Also in Klein 1777:726 [ref. 4920]. Not available, published in a work that does not conform to the principle of binominal nomenclature. Validly used by Gill 1861:61 and by Bleeker 1866:171 [ref. 420]. •In the synonymy of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764 -- (Compagno & Heemstra 2007:43 [ref. 29194] with author as Gill (Klein)). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764. Torpedinidae. (Narcacion) [ref. 4572]. Not available, published in a part of work rejected for nomenclatural purposes in Opinion 21 (1938). Based on Klein 1742;31 [ref. 30141]. •In the synonymy of Torpedo Duméril, 1806. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo Duméril, 1806. Torpedinidae. (Narcacion) [ref. 1766]. Masc. Torpedo occidentalis Storer, 1843. Type by monotypy. Apparently the first valid use of Narcacion Klein; only one species mentioned by Gill. •Synonym of Torpedo Duméril, 1806. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo Duméril, 1806. Torpedinidae (Narcacion) [ref. 420]. Masc. Several species mentioned; type listed by Jordan 1919:340 [ref. 4904] as Raja torpedo but that species not specifically mentioned by Bleeker. Narcacion Klein earlier made available by Gill 1861. Not intended by Bleeker as a new name. •Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764. Torpedinidae. (Narcobatus) [ref. 306]. Masc. Raja torpedo Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Type usually given as designated by Jordan 1917:95 [ref. 2407], but torpedo was not an originally-included species. Type should be selected from the 11 listed by Blainville. Also as Narkobatus and Narcobatis in early literature. •Objective synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:55 [ref. 7167], Cappetta 1987:161 [ref. 6348], Compagno & Heemstra 2007:43 [ref. 29194]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764. Torpedinidae. (Notastrape) [ref. 4674]. Fem. Notastrape macneilli Whitley, 1932. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764 -- (Cappetta 1987:161 [ref. 6348], Compagno & Heemstra 2007:43 [ref. 29194]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764. Torpedinidae. (Tetronarcine) [ref. 6032]. Clear from text that this is a misspelling of Tetronarce Gill, 1861 and not intended as a new genus. •In the synonymy of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764 -- (Cappetta 1987:161 [ref. 6348]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764. Torpedinidae. (Torpedo) [ref. 2219]. Fem. Raja torpedo Linnaeus, 1758. Type by absolute tautonomy (generally accepted). Type by tautonymy [original not seen]. The name torpedo was used by Houttuyn not for a genus but for a species (Welter-Schultes, pers. comm., June 2005). The genus must therefore date to Duméril 1806; see account of Torpedo Houttuyn. •Valid as Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:55 [ref. 7167], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:12 [ref. 6441], Compagno 1986:112 [ref. 5648], Parin & Kotlyar 1985:707 [ref. 17260], Cappetta 1987:161 [ref. 6348], Paxton et al. 1989:61 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:156 [ref. 22532], Compagno & Last 1999:1450 [ref. 24637], Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et al. 2002:5 [ref. 26091], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:90 [ref. 25968], McEachran & Carvalho 2003:516 [ref. 26985], Compagno et al. 2005:65 [ref. 29145]). •Should be regarded as a species name; see Torpedo Duméril -- (Welter-Schultes & Feuerstein 2008:141-143 [ref. 30327]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo Duméril, 1806. Torpedinidae. (Torpedo) [ref. 3595]. Fem. Raja torpedo Linnaeus, 1758. Type by absolute tautonymy. Raja torpedo Linnaeus renamed by Rafinesque as T. ocellata; two additional "R. torpedo var. Linn." were also renamed by Rafinesque. •Synonym of Torpedo Duméril, 1806. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo Duméril, 1806. Torpedinidae.

Species Torpedo adenensis Carvalho et al., 2002 - Aden ray [=Torpedo adenensis Carvalho [M. R. de], Stehmann [M. F. W.] & Manilo [L. G.], 2002:5, Figs. 1-7] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 3369; ref. 26091] Gulf of Aden, close to shore of Yemen, northwestern , 15°15'03"N, 52°00'04"E, depth 125-140 meters. Current status: Valid as Torpedo adenensis Carvalho, Stehmann & Manilo, 2002. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean: Gulf of Aden. Habitat: marine.

Species Torpedo alexandrinsis Mazhar, 1987 - Alexandrine torpedo ray [=Torpedo alexandrinsis Mazhar [F. M. M.], 1987:113, Figs. 7-8] Notes: [Bulletin of the Institute of Oceanography and v. 8 (no. 2) 1982; ref. 16257] Alexandria, Egypt, eastern Mediterranean Sea (probably erroneous, from northern ). Current status: Valid as Torpedo alexandrinsis Mazhar, 1987. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea endemic? Habitat: marine

Species Torpedo andersoni Bullis, 1962 - Florida torpedo ray [=Torpedo andersoni Bullis [H. R., Jr.], 1962:61, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 5832] Along the western edge of the Great Bahama Bank, Florida Straits, 23°40'N, 79°06'W, Silver Bay station 2467, depth 25 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Torpedo andersoni Bullis, 1962. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Torpedo bauchotae Cadenat et al., 1978 - rosette torpedo ray [=Torpedo (Torpedo) bauchotae Cadenat [J.], Capapé [C.] & Desoutter [M.], 1978:30, Fig. 1] Notes: [Cybium 3e série. Bulletin de la Société Française d'Ichtyologie No. 4; ref. 8952] Pointe-Noire, Republic of the Congo. Current status: Valid as Torpedo bauchotae Cadenat, Capapé & Desoutter, 1978. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters, 1855 - black-spotted torpedo ray [=Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1855:466, Torpedo smithii Günther [A.], 1870:451] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preuss[ischen] Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Angoxe [Angoche], Ibo, , western Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters, 1855. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: South Africa (23°S), , and western Mascarenes to India and . Habitat: brackish, marine. (smithii) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Probably South Africa. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters, 1855. Torpedinidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Torpedo mackayana Metzelaar, 1919 - ringed torpedo ray, West African torpedo ray [=Torpedo mackayana Metzelaar [J.], 1919:197, Fig. 57] Notes: [Report on the fishes; ref. 2982] Coast of Senegal. Current status: Valid as Torpedo mackayana Metzelaar, 1919. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Torpedo panthera Olfers, 1831 - panther electric ray [=Torpedo panthera Olfers [J. F. M. von], 1831:15, 16] Notes: [Die Gattung Torpedo; ref. 18462] Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Torpedo panthera Olfers, 1831. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic; Western Indian Ocean records probably based on misidentifications. Habitat: marine.

Species Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers, 1831 - , variable topedo ray, Gulf torpedo [=Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers [J. F. M. von], 1831:15, 17] Notes: [Die Gattung Torpedo; ref. 18462] Persian Gulf. Current status: Valid as Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers, 1831. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Red Sea, western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Torpedo zugmayeri Engelhardt, 1912 - Gwadar torpedo [=Torpedo zugmayeri Engelhardt [R.], 1912:647] Notes: [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 39 (nos 21/22); ref. 17459] Gwadar, Baluchistan Province, southwestern Pakistan. Current status: Valid as Torpedo zugmayeri Engelhardt, 1912. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine. Species Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810 - marbled electric ray [=Torpedo marmorata Risso [A.], 1810:20, Pl. 3 (fig. 4), Torpedo diversicolor Davy [J.], 1834:542, Torpedo galvani Risso [A.], 1810:21, Pl. 3 (fig. 5), Torpedo immaculata Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:48, 60, Torpedo pardalis Olfers [J. F. M. von], 1831:15, 16, Torpedo picta Lowe [R. T.], 1843:93, Torpedo punctata Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:48, 61, Gymnotus tremulus Houttuyn [M.], 1764:111, Torpedo trepidans Valenciennes [A.], 1843:[101], Pl. 23 (fig. 2), Torpedo vulgaris Fleming [J.], 1828:169] Notes: [Ichthyologie de ; ref. 3755] Nice, , northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic: western Baltic Sea and North Sea to South Africa including Madeira and Canary Islands. Habitat: marine. (diversicolor) [Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1834 (pt 1); ref. 19708] Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (galvani) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (immaculata) [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] [Sicilia] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (pardalis) [Die Gattung Torpedo; ref. 18462] Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (picta) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1843 (pt 11); ref. 2832] Madeira, eastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (punctata) [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] [Sicilia] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (tremulus) [Natuurlyke historie; ref. 2219] North Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (trepidans) [Ichthyologie des îles Canaries v. 2 (pt 2); ref. 4502] Canary Islands, eastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (vulgaris) [A history of British ; ref. 1339] English and Irish coasts, northeastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758) - ocellated torpedo [=Raja torpedo Linnaeus [C.], 1758:231, Torpedo maculata Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:65, Torpedo narke Delaroche [F. E.], (ex Duméril), 1809:314 [28], Torpedo narke Risso [A.], 1810:18, Torpedo ocellata Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:48, 60, Torpedo oculata Davy [J.], 1834:542, Torpedo oculata Duméril [A. H. A.], (ex Belon), 1852:234, Raia torpedo Stephan [C. F.], 1779:20 Torpedo unimaculata Risso [A.], 1810:19, Pl. 3 (fig. 3), Torpedo variegata Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:65] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf [original: "in Sinu Persico, M. Mediterraneo"]; localities include Lesbos Island, Greece; Genoa, Rome and Venice, Italy; Marseille, France; Nile River, Egypt; Iran, Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf). Current status: Valid as Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to Angola. Habitat: marine. (maculata) [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (narke) [Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 13; ref. 17380] [Iviça] Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Spain, western Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758). Torpedinidae. (narke) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (ocellata) [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] [Sicilia] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (oculata) [Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1834 (pt 1); ref. 19708] Malta, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (oculata) [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 4; ref. 1148] Algeria and Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (torpedo) [De rajis, schediasma primum; ref. 18818] Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (unimaculata) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine. (variegata) [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Torpedo suessii Steindachner, 1898 - Perim torpedo [=Torpedo suessii Steindachner [F.], 1898:199] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 35 (no. 19); ref. 20495] Perim Harbour, Perim Island, Yemen, Bab el Mandeb, Red Sea; Mocha, Yemen, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Torpedo suessii Steindachner, 1898. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine. ****************************************************************************************** Unavailable names:

Torpedo torpedo forma atlantica Pietschmann [V.], 1906:88 [Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 21; ref. 15169] Coast of Morocco, eastern Atlantic. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

Torpedo electrica Swainson [W.], 1838:183 [The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. v. 1; ref. 4302] Not available; used as a common name, and for, "two species evidently inhabit the British seas." Torpedinidae.

Raja torpedo var. maculata Chiereghini [A. P.], in Ninni, 1872:21 [Rivista critica delle specie dei pesci adriatici descritti nell'opera manoscritta dell'Ab. Stefano Chiereghini di Chioggia.; ref. 17995] Not available, description from Chiereghini quoted, but maculata not treated as valid by Ninni. Torpedinidae.

Torpedo torpedo forma mediterranea Pietschmann [V.], 1906:88 [Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 21; ref. 15169] Mediterranean Sea. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

Narcacion polleni Bleeker [P.], 1865:171 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 3; ref. 420] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): RMNH 7247. •Synonym of Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters, 1855 -- (Fricke 1999:29 [ref. 24106], Fricke et al. 2009:12 [ref. 30213]). •Questionably valid as Torpedo polleni (Bleeker, 1865) -- (Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589]). •Tentatively a synonym of Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers, 1831 -- (Carvalho et al. 2002:29 [ref. 26091]). •Questionably valid as Torpedo polleni (Bleeker, 1865) -- (Weigmann 2016:80 [ref. 34211] see remarks). Current status: Uncertain as Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers, 1831. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.