Punic Wars by SPI by George Nap
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A Glimpse Into the Roman Finances of the Second Punic War Through
Letter Geochemical Perspectives Letters the history of the western world. Carthage was a colony founded next to modern Tunis in the 8th century BC by Phoenician merchants. During the 3rd century BC its empire expanded westward into southern Spain and Sardinia, two major silver producers of the West Mediterranean. Meanwhile, Rome’s grip had tight- © 2016 European Association of Geochemistry ened over the central and southern Italian peninsula. The Punic Wars marked the beginning of Rome’s imperial expansion and ended the time of Carthage. A glimpse into the Roman finances The First Punic War (264 BC–241 BC), conducted by a network of alliances in Sicily, ended up with Rome prevailing over Carthage. A consequence of this of the Second Punic War conflict was the Mercenary War (240 BC–237 BC) between Carthage and its through silver isotopes unpaid mercenaries, which Rome helped to quell, again at great cost to Carthage. Hostilities between the two cities resumed in 219 BC when Hannibal seized the F. Albarède1,2*, J. Blichert-Toft1,2, M. Rivoal1, P. Telouk1 Spanish city of Saguntum, a Roman ally. At the outbreak of the Second Punic War, Hannibal crossed the Alps into the Po plain and inflicted devastating mili- tary defeats on the Roman legions in a quick sequence of major battles, the Trebia (December 218 BC), Lake Trasimene (June 217 BC), and Cannae (August 216 BC). As a measure of the extent of the disaster, it was claimed that more than 100,000 Abstract doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1613 Roman soldiers and Italian allies lost their lives in these three battles, including The defeat of Hannibal’s armies at the culmination of the Second Punic War (218 BC–201 three consuls. -
Ancient Rome – Wars and Battles the Ancient Romans Fought Many Battles and Wars in Order to Expand and Protect Their Empire
Ancient Rome – Wars and Battles The Ancient Romans fought many battles and wars in order to expand and protect their empire. There were also civil wars where Romans fought Romans in order to gain power. Here are some of the major battles and wars that the Romans fought. The Punic Wars The Punic Wars were fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. Carthage was a large City located on the coast of North Africa. This sounds like a long way away at first, but Carthage was just a short sea voyage from Rome across the Mediterranean Sea. Both cities were major powers at the time and both were expanding their empires. As the empires grew, they began to clash and soon war had begun. There were three major parts of the Punic wars and they were fought over the course of more than 100 years, First Punic War (264 - 241 BC): The First Punic War was fought largely over the island of Sicily. This meant a lot of the fighting was at sea where Carthage had the advantage of a much stronger navy than Rome. However, Rome quickly built up a large navy of over 100 ships. Rome also invented the corvus, a type of assault bridge that allowed Rome's superior soldiers to board enemy navy vessels. Rome soon dominated Carthage and won the war. Second Punic War (218 - 201 BC): In the Second Punic War, Carthage had more success fighting against the Roman legions. The Carthage leader and general, Hannibal, made a daring crossing of the Alps to attack Rome and northern Italy. -
Rome Conquers the Western Mediterranean (264-146 B.C.) the Punic Wars
Rome Conquers the Western Mediterranean (264-146 B.C.) The Punic Wars After subjugating the Greek colonies in southern Italy, Rome sought to control western Mediterranean trade. Its chief rival, located across the Mediterranean in northern Africa, was the city-state of Carthage. Originally a Phoenician colony, Carthage had become a powerful commercial empire. Rome defeated Carthage in three Punic (Phoenician) Wars and gained mastery of the western Mediterranean. The First Punic War (264-241 B.C.) Fighting chiefly on the island of Sicily and in the Mediterranean Sea, Rome’s citizen-soldiers eventually defeated Carthage’s mercenaries(hired foreign soldiers). Rome annexed Sicily and then Sardinia and Corsica. Both sides prepared to renew the struggle. Carthage acquired a part of Spain and recruited Spanish troops. Rome consolidated its position in Italy by conquering the Gauls, thereby extending its rule northward from the Po River to the Alps. The Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.) Hannibal, Carthage’s great general, led an army from Spain across the Alps and into Italy. At first he won numerous victories, climaxed by the battle of Cannae. However, he was unable to seize the city of Rome. Gradually the tide of battle turned in favor of Rome. The Romans destroyed a Carthaginian army sent to reinforce Hannibal, then conquered Spain, and finally invaded North Africa. Hannibal withdrew his army from Italy to defend Carthage but, in the Battle of Zama, was at last defeated. Rome annexed Carthage’s Spanish provinces and reduced Carthage to a second-rate power. Hannibal of Carthage Reasons for Rome’s Victory • superior wealth and military power, • the loyalty of most of its allies, and • the rise of capable generals, notably Fabius and Scipio. -
Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity Kevin Patrick Emery Wofford College
Wofford College Digital Commons @ Wofford Student Scholarship 5-2016 Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity Kevin Patrick Emery Wofford College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Emery, Kevin Patrick, "Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity" (2016). Student Scholarship. Paper 11. http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs/11 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Wofford. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Wofford. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Wofford College Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity An Honors Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of the Department of History In Candidacy For An Honors Degree in History By Kevin Patrick Emery Spartanburg, South Carolina May 2016 1 Introduction The story of the mercenary armies of Carthage is one of incompetence and disaster, followed by clever innovation. It is a story not just of battles and betrayal, but also of the interactions between dissimilar peoples in a multiethnic army trying to coordinate, fight, and win, while commanded by a Punic officer corps which may or may not have been competent. Carthaginian mercenaries are one piece of a larger narrative about the struggle between Carthage and Rome for dominance in the Western Mediterranean, and their history illustrates the evolution of the mercenary system employed by the Carthaginian Empire to extend her power and ensure her survival. -
The Punic Wars Group Magazine Project
THE PUNIC WARS GROUP MAGAZINE PROJECT From 264-146 B.C., a series of wars was fought between Rome and their Mediterranean rival, Carthage. By the end of the third Punic War, Carthage was left in ruins and Rome had established itself as the dominant force in the Mediterranean world. Your group’s task is to detail these three history altering wars in the form of a historical magazine. Below is a list of requirements for this magazine. Individuals within the groups must share the workload evenly. Teamwork is IMPERATIVE!! Projects are due on Monday, April 11th. REQUIREMENTS Cover Page o Magazine Title o Focus Picture with a caption o Individuals names from the group o Inside front cover should be a magazine table of contents 3 Main Articles o Cause/War/Effect of the First Punic War o Cause/War/Effect of the Second Punic War o Cause/War/Effect of the Third Punic War . Articles should include factual information about dates, important people, major battles, and how these wars affected BOTH Rome and Carthage. 1 Interview o You will interview one of the important people from any of the Punic Wars. Interviews must include a minimum of 5 thought provoking questions and detailed responses. Responses are to include factual information and written from the personal perspective/opinion of the person. Groups can interview any of the following. Scipio Africanus . Cato the Elder . Hamilcar Barca . Hannibal Barca . Hasdrubal . A separate person of the group’s choice that played a major role in the Punic Wars 1 Biography o You will create a biography of an important person from the Punic Wars. -
Ancient Rome Grade 3 | Unit 2
Ancient Rome Grade 3 | Unit 2 Timeline Cards Subject Matter Expert Michael Carter Illustration and Photo Credits Chapter 1 Card 1 Jed Henry Chapter 13 ACME Imagery/Superstock Chapter 4 Jacob Wyatt Chapter 14 Scott Hammond Chapter 5 Card 1 Jacob Wyatt Chapter 16 Card 1 Emperor Constantine presenting his city to the Virgin and Child at Hagia Chapter 5 Card 2 Jacob Wyatt Sophia (mosaic), Byzantine 10th c/Haghia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey/ Pictures from History/Bridgeman Images Chapter 7 Card 1 Jacob Wyatt Chapter 16 Card 2 City walls, built during reign of Theodosius II (408-50) in AD 412-22, Chapter 7 Card 2 Jacob Wyatt Byzantine / Istanbul, Turkey / Bridgeman Images Chapter 8 Jacob Wyatt Chapter 16 Card 3 Jacob Wyatt Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free: to Share—to copy, distribute, and transmit the work to Remix—to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution—You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial—You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike—If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. -
Carthaginian Casualties: the Socioeconomic Effects of the Losses Sustained in the First Punic War
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History 8-9-2016 Carthaginian Casualties: The Socioeconomic Effects of the Losses Sustained in the First Punic War Laura Valiani Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Valiani, Laura, "Carthaginian Casualties: The Socioeconomic Effects of the Losses Sustained in the First Punic War." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2016. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/108 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CARTHAGINIAN CASUALTIES: THE SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE LOSSES SUSTAINED IN THE FIRST PUNIC WAR by LAURA VALIANI Under the Direction of Lela Urquhart, PhD ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to investigate the short- and long-term socio-economic impact of the First Punic War on Carthage and its people. It will do so by exploring three parts of the Carthaginian political and socio-economic system during the fourth through the second centuries BCE. The first is its navy, and specifically the costs – in both material and man – of its use. This will be the subject of the first chapter. The second analyses the additional expenditures which the war extracted from Carthage, such as the outlays to recruit, maintain, and provide for the land army. The final chapter focuses on the long-term ramifications of the war, which will be explored by means of an in-depth analysis of the last few battles of the First Punic War from an economic angle. -
Second Punic War Timeline (218-201 BC)
What were the Punic Wars? • a series of three wars between Rome & Carthage • lasted from 264-146 BCE What was the main outcome of the Punic Wars for Rome? • Rome was able over the next 100 years, to dominate the Mediterranean basin, leading to the diffusion of Roman culture. The First Punic War (264-241 BCE) What was the 1st Punic War about? • control of Sicily & the western Mediterranean • Hannibal’s father, Hamilcar Barca led Carthage’s military. Rome used the Corvus-a device that helped Roman soldiers board & take over ships from Carthage because they weren’t a naval power yet. First Punic War - 60 Second History https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- hSCCRaVJ5g What was the outcome of the 1st Punic War? • Rome captures Sicily • Rome became the main naval power in the Mediterranean Sea. • Hamilcar Barca signed a peace treaty. • Carthage was defeated • His son, Hannibal, would grow up to hate Rome. What happened in the 2nd Punic War? 2nd Punic War (218-201 BCE) • Hannibal, the Carthage general and “father of strategy”, wanted revenge against Rome. • Hannibal led his army across Spain, France, through the Alps with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, & 60 elephants with the idea of capturing Rome. • After 10 years, he lost over half his men and most of the elephants. • Rome would come to adopt elements of Hannibal’s military tactics. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gbPIyCuGTA Video: Hannibal's elephants – BBC Second Punic War - 60 Second History https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cH6G1Mqe6nk Second Punic War timeline (218-201 BC) 218 BC – Hannibal leaves Spain to attack Rome 216 BC – Hannibal defeats Roman army at Cannae & stays in Italy for 10 years 202 BC – Roman general Scipio draws Hannibal back to Carthage & defeats Hannibal at Zama 201 BC – Carthage surrenders Outcome – Carthage gives up Spain, its army and navy. -
The Italians in the Second Punic War: Local Conditions and the Failure of the Hannibalic Strategy in Italy
THE ITALIANS IN THE SECOND PUNIC WAR: LOCAL CONDITIONS AND THE FAILURE OF THE HANNIBALIC STRATEGY IN ITALY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michael P. Fronda, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee: Approved By Dr. Nathan Rosenstein, Adviser Dr. Timothy Gregory ____________________________ Adviser Dr. Barry Strauss Department of History ABSTRACT Rome’s victory in the Second Punic War paved the way for its conquest of the Mediterranean. Yet that victory is bound up with Hannibal's failure in Italy, even though he brought Rome to its knees in the early stages of the war. Previous explanations for the failure of Hannibal's strategy have tended to stress either the hopelessness of this strategy, because of the loyalty of Rome's Italian allies and their willingness to be integrated into the Roman system, or the success of Rome's counter-strategy of attrition, aimed at limiting allied revolts while wearing down Hannibal's forces. Previous scholarship, however, neglects an important dimension of the question of the failure of Hannibal’s strategy; that is, Hannibal’s failure as a diplomat to win over large numbers of Rome’s Italian allies and thus overcome Rome’s long-term strategic advantages. This dissertation looks at the Second Punic War from the perspective of the Italian states in order to explain why Hannibal did not gain more Italian allies. The dissertation is divided into four regional case studies and brings to bear literary, archaeological, numismatic, epigraphic, and topographic evidence. -
Xanthippus of Laecedemonia: a Foreign Commander in the Army Of
Xanthippus of Laecedemonia: a foreign commander in the army of Carthage Autor(es): Dantas, Daniela Publicado por: Centro de História da Universidade de Lisboa URL persistente: URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10316.2/44038 DOI: DOI:https://doi.org/10.14195/0871-9527_26_6 Accessed : 6-Oct-2021 13:35:34 A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. impactum.uc.pt digitalis.uc.pt XANTHIPPUS OF LAECEDEMONIA: A foreign commander in the army of Carthage Daniela Dantas Centro de História, Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa [email protected] | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0243-1328 proposta: aceitação: submission 28/12/2016 acceptance 20/11/2017 Abstract Throughout its History, and especially during the Hellenistic period, Carthage is known to strongly rely on the use of mercenaries. -
A Study of Some of the Effects of the Punic Wars Upon the Roman Familia
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1936 A Study of Some of the Effects of the Punic Wars Upon the Roman Familia George S. Chehayl Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Classical Literature and Philology Commons Recommended Citation Chehayl, George S., "A Study of Some of the Effects of the Punic Wars Upon the Roman Familia" (1936). Master's Theses. 99. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/99 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1936 George S. Chehayl A STUDY OF SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF THE PUNIC WARS UPON THE ROMAN FAMILIA GEORGES. CHEHAYL, S.J. A thesis submitted in partial rulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Loyola University. JULY 1936 Vita Auctoris George Stephen Chehayl was born in Cleveland, Ohio, January 29, 1911. He attended St. Ignatius Parochial School and st. Ignatius High School. He entered Milford Novitiate of the society of Jesus in 1928, and was there enrolled in Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio. He was transferred to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1932; received his A.B. degree from St. Louis University in 1933; and entered St. Louis University Graduate School in the fall of 1933. -
Strategies of the Second Punic War
STRATEGIES OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR Lieutenant-Colonel Daniel R. Stepaniuk JCSP 40 PCEMI 40 Master of Defence Studies Maîtrise en études de la défense Disclaimer Avertissement Opinions expressed remain those of the author and do Les opinons exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs et not represent Department of National Defence or ne reflètent aucunement des politiques du Ministère de Canadian Forces policy. This paper may not be used la Défense nationale ou des Forces canadiennes. Ce without written permission. papier ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation écrite. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représentée par le Minister of National Defence, 2014 ministre de la Défense nationale, 2014 Strategies of the Second Punic War Daniel R. Stepaniuk, CD Lieutenant-Colonel Master of Defence Studies Angelo N. Caravaggio OMM, CD, Ph.D July 1, 2014 1 Table of Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..….. 2 Political and Economic Strategy………………………………………………..……….. 22 Military Strategy………………………………………………………………..……….. 43 Conclusion…………………………….…………………………………………..….…. 84 Selected Bibliography……………………………………………………………..…….. 89 2 Part 1 Introduction 3 Introduction The Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome has captured the interest of historians and military leaders alike for centuries. The boldness and suddenness of the Carthaginian invasion shocked the Roman world in the third century B.C.1 and was quickly followed up by an unprecedented series of Carthaginian victories,