Foundation Document Overview W a R R I O R M O U N Referred to As Other Important Resources and Values.Program 28 170 T a I N

Home , Canal Place, Capital Crescent Trail, Pennyfield Lock, Seneca Quarry, Sideling Hill, Swains Lock

Other Important Resources and Values

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Canal Place State Heritage Area No 68 ek rth Canal Terminus Cre Bran Feeder Dam 8 ills 0 1 5 10 Kilometers Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park contains ch Po W t Guard Lock 8 A I N omac R M O U N T iver CUMBERLAND W I L L S 0 1 5 10 Miles ALT Cumberland Visitor Center 220 28 43C North 28 other resources and values that may not be fundamental to Evitts Creek Aqueduct Canal and Other trail North Branch 180 towpath trail Evitts Creek Canal mileage Rapids and E V I T 20 Locks 73–75 T S M O U N T A I N marker hazardous area the purpose and significance of the park, but are important to Lockhouse 75 Irons Mountain att Wheelchair-accessible Boat launch P erson Creek Lock 72 68 Spring Gap Spring Gap Restrooms Drive-in camping area consider in management and planning decisions. These are Picnic area Hiker-biker campsite 51 Emergency telephone Foundation Document Overview W A R R I O R M O U N referred to as other important resources and values.program 28 170 T A I N

Pigmans Ferry Creek Oldtown-Battie Mixon Lock 71 n South w Bra Oldtown o M O U N T A I N nch Locks 69–70 T P O L I S H offer visitors the opportunity to experience different eras of the P k o e tomac R re ive C r

Potomac Forks Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park GREEN RIDGE Lock 68 ile STATE FOREST enm canal’s existence. Fifte G R E E N R I D G E 62 PENNSYLVANIA Town Creek G n Ridge M Road ree e Aqueduct r t Lock 67 e

s s T O W N H I L L a ldtown m O O District of Columbia, Maryland, and West Virginia 51 o h r T l Lock e Locks a 68 62–66 Lock 61 59 n m s lco Ma 68 160 d Devils Alley R • - Fueled by the trade and commerce made Sorrel R Canal Towns s reek Purslane Run d n C Ridge ea Lock Orl ll Tunnel Hill Trail 58 Little Orleans i H

Paw Paw

150 Lock 60 Indigo Neck g 140 in possible by the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, towns sprang 9 el Lock 57 Sid Stickpile H I L L 29 Hill Sideling Hill Creek Aqueduct E L I N G Paw Paw Tunnel Fifteenmile Pennsylvania S I D 29 (3,118 ft long) Lock 56 Creek Maryland

up throughout the region as the nation expanded westward. W 70 oo dm Locks 54–55 on 522 9 t Great Cacapon Cacapon 77 er Junction Riv Cacapon Lock Canal towns such as Hancock, Williamsport, Cumberland, 53 N M O U N T A I N 130 White Rock 127 A P O A C Leopards Mill C HANCOCK Sharpsburg, Shepherdstown, Harpers Ferry, Point of Rocks, 522 Berkeley Springs Little Tonoloway Hancock Visitor Center open seasonally 3 Tonoloway Creek

Aqueduct

Locks 51–52 r TN

e M

WEST YS and Brunswick continue to play an important role for the v KE

i Little Pool DIC

120 RORA MTN TUSCA

VIRGINIA 9 c canal, its history, and its future. a m 70 o t

o P Licking Creek T A I N Aqueduct U N 522 9 M O

V E • Solitude - Comprising about 20,000 acres of land, the C O W VA MD B Big Pool ack Cre ek FORT FREDERICK STATE PARK Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park winds 56 McCoys Ferry N O R T H North M O U N T A I N Hedgesville Mountain Clear Spring 110 Locks through urban and rural communities and provides visitors Four Locks 47–50 Lock 46 Dam 5 40 9 Lock 45 WINCHESTER Da m #5 Rd 70 Creek gue 81 hea with opportunities to appreciate the history and natural 68 Conococ 11 Jordan MARTINSBURG 11 Junction Cumberland Valley Conococheague surroundings of the canal. 45 100 Creek 63 Power Aqueduct Midpoint of C&O Canal Lock Plant 43 Dam Williamsport Visitor Center Opequon Junction Lock 44 Cushwa Basin Virginia 90 Lock 41 WILLIAMSPORT Lock 42 Avis Mill Rd 81 West Virginia 9 Guard Lock 4 7 Dellinger Rd Big Slackwater 11 ur to d 632 De #4 R am 28 • Opportunity for Scholarship and Scientific Research - Dam 4 D 63 68 Snyders Landing Big Woods HAGERSTOWN Killiansburg Cave Taylors Landing BERRYVILLE Ferry Hill Lock 80 The park continues to increase its exposure in several high 40 SHEPHERDSTOWN 65 Park Lock 38 Horseshoe 32 Creek Headquarters Bend Lock 39

340 CHARLES TOWN Pack Horse Ford SHARPSBURG tam ntie profile research disciplines. Archeological, paleontological, rs A 70 pe Antietam Creek ar d 70 H R ALT (walk-in camp) ry 9 er 40 340 F ANTIETAM 34 40 Dargan Bend Antietam NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD and geologic discoveries (i.e., cave and karst formations), r Lock 37 Rive Huckleberry Hill B Antietam She ack Creek nandoah R BOONSBORO Locks 35–36 Fort d Aqueduct Trail Dam 3 Dargan Duncan N ian N T A I Lock 34 HARPERS FERRY Appalach M O U HARPERS FERRY NATIONAL HISTORICAL Rohrersville for example, have greatly enhanced the knowledge base of Lock 33 lachian Trail PARK Appa Footbridge Lock 32 (hazardous river I D G E conditions) R 60 B L U E 67 O U T H Weverton S these resources and the park continues to expand its natural 671 Lock 31

17 7 VA

MD Brunswick Visitor Center resources collections. 9 17 Lovettsville 79

P Lock 30 287 o BRUNSWICK MIDDLETOWN t PURCELLVILLE o 464 340 m a I N c Catoctin Creek TA U N Aqueduct M O 50 Lander Rd Braddock 15 • Hydrologic Resources including Riparian Areas - Water HAMILTON Bald Eagle Island Lander Heights Lock 29 Lock 28 Lockhouse 29 Point of Rocks 15 I N 15 O C T is one of the park’s most distinguishing features. There are VIRGINIA C A T 340 R Calico Rocks

i v 28 15 e FREDERICK r

15 New Design Rd 261 perennial streams documented within park boundaries, LEESBURG 85 Nolands Ferry Whites Ferry er cacy v ay (toll auto ferry) Mono i enw Spinks R re Indian Flats G Ferry 40

s Turtle Run Monocacy Aqueduct MONOCACY e Marble

l 3 water bodies (Little Pool, Big Pool, and Widewater), an l Quarry NATIONAL

u Lock Woods

D 27 BATTLEFIELD 107 Lock SUGAR LOAF 40 G (Lock 26) oose Creek MOUNTAIN Broad Run Trunk Dickerson (aqueduct) 28 estimated 54 miles of watered canal, 27 documented springs 70 267 Lock 25 Edwards Ferry 30 Beallsville 7 109 Chisel Branch 109 MD Rd VA POOLESVILLE 22 d ar and seeps, and numerous other wetlands that exhibit ll i W st 107 28 We WASHINGTON k McKEE-BESHERS WILDLIFE ee DULLES Cr MANAGEMENT AREA 270

INTERNATIONAL R a Horsepen i c exceptional biodiversity. v e AIRPORT Branch e n r Se

R d

28 STERLING PARK Seneca Creek Seneca Quarry Aqueduct Seneca MOUNT AIRY 118 Rileys Lock (Lock 24) 267 HERNDON Dam 2 Violettes Lock (Lock 23) D u 112 Darnestown l le s

A i MARYLAND r p 20 Pennyﬁeld Lock o

t Lock 22

RESTON A 193

c Georgetown to Swains Lock c See detail map on front190 e 28

s s

R 7 o GAITHERSBURG a d Washington

Aqueduct a GREAT n Dam Swains d FALLS

Lock T PARK

l Great Falls Tavern Visitor Center

R Canal boat rides

a d Angler’s 189 Marsden POTOMAC 97 VIENNA Tract 190 ROCKVILLE 66 Carderock 270 Olney 10 45 Seven Locks 46 44 47 43 41 38 39 70 FAIRFAX 40 k 49 e e BETHESDA r McLEAN C Cabin John ck 495 FALLS Creek 35 o R CHURCH 34 236 355 ARLINGTON 97 495 ANNANDALE MD

DC 31 66 WHEATON 7 VA 50 ROCK CREEK DC 30 Contact Information PARK SILVER ELLICOTT 16th St SPRING COLUMBIA CITY 395 Tidewater Lock 0 Milepost Georgetown Visitor Center 29 Canal boat rides 95 For more information about the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Foundation Document, WASHINGTON 27 95 ALEXANDRIA DC 395 COLLEGE 95 Rhode Island Ave 395 PARK 25 CATONSVILLE 50 1 contact: [email protected] or 301-739-4200 or write to: 1 295 C&O Canal NHP Headquarters, 1850 Dual Highway, Suite 100, Hagerstown, MD 21740-6620 Purpose Significance

Significance statements express why Chesapeake and Ohio • Interpretive and educational opportunities engage a • Museum / Archival Collections - An extensive collection Canal National Historical Park resources and values are diverse cross section of urban and rural communities along of oral histories, lockhouse log books, and shipping records important enough to merit national park unit designation. the length of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National from the canal operators and families who lived and Statements of significance describe why an area is important Historical Park and were envisioned in the park’s enabling worked along the canal serves as a valuable resource for the within a global, national, regional, and systemwide context. legislation. Living history events, school programming, canal interpretation and preservation of the canal. These statements are linked to the purpose of the park operations demonstrations, and a nationally renowned • Scenic Views Including Great Falls and the Potomac unit, and are supported by data, research, and consensus. Canal Quarters program offer visitors the opportunity to Gorge - Located 15 miles from Washington, D.C., scenic views Significance statements describe the distinctive nature of the experience different eras of the canal’s existence. of the Great Falls section of the Potomac River offer visitors park and inform management decisions, focusing efforts on a stunning display of speed and force as the river rushes over preserving and protecting the most important resources and a series of steep, jagged cliffs and flows onward through the values of the park unit. narrow Mather Gorge and into the Potomac Gorge. Fundamental Resources and Values • The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park • Recreational Opportunities - Numerous Potomac River preserves and interprets 19th century canal transportation, access points and a variety of towpath activities provide civil engineering technology, and the evolution of a flat water recreational opportunities for millions of park visitors annually. transportation system in support of the industrial growth of Fundamental resources and values are those features, systems, • Biodiversity within the Potomac Gorge - The Potomac the nation. processes, experiences, stories, scenes, sounds, smells, or Gorge, which is partially managed by the park, is one of the • The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park other attributes determined to merit primary consideration most biologically diverse areas in the national park system. contains more than 1,300 historic structures, including one during planning and management processes because they are There are more than 113 rare, threatened, and endangered of the largest collections of 19th century canal features and essential to achieving the purpose of the park and maintaining species documented in this area. buildings in the national park system. its significance. • Natural Communities - The park’s forested canopy, • The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park • Historic Districts – Historic Structures – Archeology - unique geology, and proximity to agricultural and natural preserves archeological evidence of 13,000 years of human Nominated to the National Register of Historic Places as a areas comprise a wide range of habitat conditions that are habitation along the Potomac River. historic district, resources that contribute to the significance of fundamental to supporting diverse vegetation and wildlife the district include cultural landscapes, the canal prism, locks, communities. These include riparian areas like floodplain • Through preservation efforts that began in the 1950s, the forests and wetlands that traverse the canal’s path through lockhouses, section houses, aqueducts, culverts, dams, turning Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park the Upper Coastal Plain westward through portions of the basin, masonry walls, weirs, and the Paw Paw tunnel. The towpath was transformed into one of the most heavily used Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Ridge and Valley physiographic historic district includes other cultural landscapes associated recreational trails in the nation and serves as the backbone provinces. for national and regional trail systems. with the canal such as the Cushwa Warehouse and adjacent sites such as the Ferry Hill Plantation, Fort Duncan, and the • Interpretation and Education - Interpretive and • The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Great Falls Tavern. Prehistoric American Indian rock art has educational efforts highlight the park’s diverse landscapes and provides diverse recreational opportunities for millions of also been documented at several locations within the park. offer visitors the opportunity to experience different eras of visitors annually, including numerous access points to the the canal’s operation. With several million visitors annually, The purpose of the Chesapeake and Potomac River, ranging from urban to rural settings. • Towpath - The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal parallels the the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Ohio Canal National Historical Park Potomac River and its towpath for 184.5 miles. Once used provides programs ranging from the living history canal boat • The 15-mile-long Potomac Gorge, managed in part by the by mule teams to pull boats along the canal, the towpath and canal launch programs to lock demonstrations, guided is to preserve and interpret the 19th Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, is one hikes along the towpath, and Junior Ranger camps. century transportation canal from of the most biologically diverse natural areas in the national provides uninterrupted, nonmotorized access to the entire length of the park, connecting visitors to historic structures, Washington, D.C., to Cumberland, park system. the natural environment, and many other experiences Maryland, and its associated scenic, • Paralleling the Potomac River for 184.5 miles and travelling along the canal. The towpath also serves as a backbone for natural, and cultural resources; and through four physiographic provinces, Chesapeake and numerous national and regional trail systems, such as the to provide opportunities for education Ohio Canal National Historical Park provides a natural Capital Crescent Trail, Potomac Heritage National Scenic and appropriate outdoor recreation. buffer of forest, woodlands, prairies, and barrens and a Trail, Western Maryland Rail Trail, Appalachian National wildlife corridor along the second-largest tributary to the Scenic Trail, and the Great Allegheny Passage. Chesapeake Bay.