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Filter-Feeding in Common Bream(Abramis Brama)

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Filter-Feeding in Common Bream(Abramis Brama) Filter-feeding in common bream (Abramis brama),whit e bream (Blicca bjoerkna)an d roach (Rutilusrutilus); structures , functions and ecological significance CENTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOQUS 0000 0513941 1 Promotor: Prof. Dr. J.W.M. Osse Hoogleraar Algemene Dierkunde Co-promotor: Dr. F.A. Sibbing Universitair Hoofddocent Functionele Diermorfologie ^jQSZV'i '6c/c/ Coen van den Berg Filter-feeding in common bream (Abramis brama),whit e bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and roach (Rutilusrutilus)\ structures , functions and ecological significance Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouw- en milieuwetenschappen op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. H.C. van der Plas, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 17jun i 1993 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen ^ BlBtlOFHEEN taNDBOUWUNlVERSflW WAGENINGEN Hetonderzoek dat in dit proefschrift is beschreven ismogelijk gemaakt door een subsidie van NWOIStichting BION(projectnummer 428-265) aanProf. Dr.J.W.M. Osse vande sectie Functionele Diermorfologie van devakgroep Experimentele Diermorfologie en Celbiologie van de LandbouwuniversiteitteWageningen Stellingen 1 Deeffectivitei t vanee nkieuwzee f inhe ttegenhoude nva nprooideeltje s hangta f vand evor m van diedeeltjes . Verschillen inretenti eeffectivitei t perprooisoor t geven bovendienaanwijzinge n over devor m vand emaze n vand ekieuwzee f endaarme eteven sove r hetretenti emechanisme . ditproefscivrift 2 Microscopische anatomischedetail skunne nee ngroo teffec t hebbeno pd emogelijkhede n vanee n individu om zijn omgeving teexploiteren . Morfologie enautoecologi ezij nster k verweven. ditproefschrift 3 Bijhe tbiomechanisc h onderzoek vanvisse ni she tgebruikelij k teprobere n bewegingenloodrech t opd ebewegingsrichtin g tefilmen . Projectiefouten wordenhierdoo r echterverhul d zodatee ntwee ­ dimensionaleanalys e vand ebeweginge n uitzulk efilms ongemerk t totgrot e fouten kan leiden. ditproefschrift 4 Debi j 'suction feeding' onvermijdelijke kieuwboogbewegingen stellenee nondergren saa nd e maaswijdte vand ekieuwzee f wanneerhe tretenti emechanism e berusto p interdigitatieva n kieuwdoorns. ditproefschrift 5 Deenergi ekoste nva n hetophappe ne n verwerkenva ndierlijk e prooi spelen geen noemenswaar­ digero l invergelijkin g metd eenergi einhou dva nzulk eprooi .Beperkinge naa nhe tspectru m van voedselorganismen worden ind eeerst eplaat sopgeleg d doord ebou wva nd e voedselverwerkende structuren. 6 Nietzonde rcynism e kan opgemerktworde n datdoo rd emen s veroorzaakteoecologisch e rampen interessante evolutionaireexperimente n zijn. 7 Totee nstandaar dlengt eva n20-2 4m mgroei tee ngroo t aantal lengteparametersva n karperlarven sterk positief allometrisch tenopzicht eva nd estandaardlengte . Eenminde rextree mgroeibeel d kan verkregen worden doort estelle nda td estandaardlengt e zelf negatief allometrisch groeit tijdens deze periode. Hoda &Tsukaliara. J.Fac. Agricult., KyushuUniv. 16:387-509 (1971) 8 Wetenschappelijke kennisheef t totdoe l dewaarneembar e werkelijkheid metee nz oeenvoudi g mogelijk stelsel van theoriën teordene ne nvoorspelbaa rt emaken . Hoewel,gezie nhe tonzeker ­ heidsprincipeva n Heisenberg,ee n puurdeterministisc h beeldva nd ewerkelijkhei d metafysisch (principieel onbewijsbaar) is,help tdi tbeel dtoc hd ewerkelijkhei d teordene n eni sdu szinvol . A. Einstein:: 'God dobbelt niet'. 9 Hetmenselij k bewustzijn isd everschijningsvor m opee nhoo gabstracti e nivova nd e fysische principesdi ete ngrondsla gligge naa nd ewerkin g vand ehersenen . Heti sdaaro m niet logisch te veronderstellenda tbewustzij n beperkti sto td emen so f zelfs totlevend ewezens . ^f 10 Hethuidig eonderwijsbelei d leidt totverlagin gva n dekwalitei t van hetuniversitai ronderwijs . Er zouo p hetaantal studenten bezuinigd moetenworde ndoo rd etoelatingseise n vand e universiteiten teverzware n (toelatingsexamen) enhe tniv ova nhe tonderwij shoo gt ehouden . 11 Intensievecentral e sturing entoetsin g vanonderzoe k resulteert invervlakkin g vanonderzoeks ­ programma's enbureaucratiserin g vanonderzoeksinstanties .Wetenscha p gedijt hetbest e inee n licht anarchistisch klimaat. 12 Langdurigeperiode s van overwerkzij n contraproductief. 13 Selectieve economischeboyco t van eenlan di smogelij k eenalternatie f vooroorlog . Culturelee n sportboycot szij nechte r ongeschikte enhypocriet ealternatieven . 14 Hetaanvalle nva nd estellinge n bijee nproefschrif t isveela lee nteke nva n slechtevoorbereidin g vand eopponent . 15 Voormense nme tzwakk eenkel s verdienthe taanbevelin gslecht s open deuren int etrappen . 16 Een(vakgroepsbestuurs)vergaderin g isdikwijl s eenOH-Erlebnis . bijhe t proefschrift: "Filter-feeding incommo n bream (Abramisbrama), whitebrea m (Blicca bjoerkna) and roach (Rutilusrutilus); structures, functions and ecological significance." van Coen vande nBerg . 17jun i 1993 Contents/Inhoud General introduction 7 oo Chapter 1 Structure, development and function of the branchial sieve of bream (Abramis brama), white bream (Blicca björkna) and roach (Rutilus rutilus). Coenva nde nBerg ,Ferdinan dA .Sibbing ,Ja nW.M . Ossean dWi m Hoogenboezem. Environmental Biologyo fFishe s33 : 105-124(1992) 25 oo Chapter 2 Shape of zooplankton and retention in filter-feeding. A quantitative comparison between industrial sieves and the branchial sieves of common bream (Abramis brama) and white bream (Blicca bjoerkna). Coenva nde nBerg ,Jo sG.M .va nde nBoogaart ,Ferdinan dA . Sibbing,Edd yH.R.R .Lammen san dJa nW.M . Osse. CanadianJourna l of Fisheries andAquati c Sciences 50:...... (1993) 49 oo Chapter 3 Filter-feeding in common bream (Abramis brama), white bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and roach (Rutilus rutilus): experiments, models and energy intake. Coenva nde nBerg ,Jo sG.M .va nde nBoogaart ,Edd y H.R.R.Lammens ,Ferdinan dA .Sibbin gan dJa nW.M . Osse.Canadia nJourna l of Fisheriesan dAquati cScience s(submitted ) 63 oo Chapter 4 Comparative micro anatomy of the branchial sieve of three sympatric cyprinid species in relation to filter-feeding mechanisms. Coenva nde nBerg ,Geer tJ.M .va nSnik , JosG.M .va nde nBoogaart ,Ferdinan d A.Sibbin gan dJa nW.M .Osse . Journal of Morphology (submitted) 87 oo Chapter 5 A quantitative, 3D method to analyze rotational movement from single view movies, exemplified with the gill arch movements of white bream (Blicca bjoerkna). Coen vande nBer g (in prep.) 103 oo Chapter 6 The influence of gill arch movements on filter-feeding in white bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and common bream (Abramis brama). Coenva nde nBerg ,Jo sG.M . vande nBoogaart ,Ferdinan d A.Sibbin gan d JanW.M . Osse(i n prep.) 119 oo Summary, samenvatting 142 Dankwoord 145 oo Curriculum vitae 147 oo General introduction The majority of freshwater fishes in Europe belongs to the family Cyprinidae (carp­ like fishes). Most cyprinid fishes are opportunistic feeders, although most species prefer a certain habitat and certain food types (Lammens and Hoogenboezem 1991, Sibbing 1991). The research in this thesis is part of a major research line of the section Functional Morphology (Department of Experimental Animal Morphology and Cell Biology). This research line studies the relations between the structural design of the feeding apparatus of cyprinids, their effectiveness of food-intake and -processing (functional morphology) and their ecological niche (ecomorphology). A fish design which is optimal for proces­ sing all available food types probably does not exist, since an optimal design for the exploitation of one food type is likely to impose limitations on the exploitation of other food types (functional demands are often incompatible). A detailed comparative study of relevant morphological and kinematical parameters may therefore reveal structural adaptations (or limitations) for the utilization of particular food types. In general, structural or mechanical models are used to study the adaptations of the feeding appara­ tus for a particular food type. These models reflect the ideas of the researcher about the function of (parts of) the feeding apparatus. Such models should have a limited set of morphological and kinematical parameters which determine the effectiveness of the utilization of specific food types. When the model parameters of a fish species are known, it should be possible to decide whether the model applies to that species. If it does, the model parameters of the fish can be used to predict its feeding effectiveness for the particular food type. Ideally, the optimal design and movement pattern of a fish for a specific food type can be determined by varying the value of the model parameters until an optimum in effectiveness is found. An important question in ecomorphological studies is whether morphological adaptations are the cause or the result of the ecological niche of the fish under study. The answer to that question depends on the timescale : individual life span or geological time span. The former line of thought (adaptation as a cause) is useful to explain the structure of an existing ecosystem, whereas the latter is better suited to explain the evolution of species. Alexander (1988) stressed the importance of combining these two views. It is important to realize that morphology and ecology are strongly intertwined. The ecologist Schoener wrote (1982): "if morphological adaptations constitute a genetic memory of such competition, they will more accurately reflect its ecological impor­ tance". Somewhat cynically, the drastic disturbance of the biotic and abiotic conditions
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