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University of California Riverside UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Reconsidering Speculative Fiction and the Power of Storytelling in Latin America: Invention and Fabula in Selected Texts from Colombia and Mexico A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Spanish by José Manuel Medrano June 2018 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Raymond L Williams, Co-Chairperson Dr. Benjamin Liu, Co-Chairperson Dr. Carlos Yushimito del Valle Copyright by José Manuel Medrano 2018 The Dissertation of José Manuel Medrano is approved: Committee Co-Chairperson Committee Co-Chairperson University of California, Riverside Agradecimientos Primero, me gustaría agradecerles, a la Universidad de California, Riverside y al Departamento de Estudios Hispánicos por haberme brindado la oportunidad de continuar con mis estudios de posgrado. Por siempre estaré endeudado con los profesores David K. Herzberger y Benjamin Lui por su apoyo incondicional durante mis cinco años en el programa doctoral. También, le quiero agradecer al profesor Carlos Yushimito del Valle por ser parte de esta última etapa; la más importante. Le quisiera expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento a mi director de tesis y mentor, Raymond L. Williams. Siempre le estaré agradecido por sus consejos, su honestidad, su guía y su apoyo incondicional. Pocos somos los estudiantes que tienen a su disposición a un mentor tan excepcional como él y yo he sido muy afortunado. Estas páginas son el símbolo del agradecimiento y vínculo que nos unirá por siempre. Y, por último, quisiera agradecerles a mis estudiantes por su infinito cariño. A mis amigas y familia les debo un distinto tipo de agradecimiento, uno que tal vez no se puede expresar con palabras. A Wednesday por ser mi lazarillo y acompañarme por todo el mundo. A mi querida amiga Lilian Phan Pérez le estaré siempre agradecido por su amistad y su inspiración en estos últimos quince años. Gracias por quererme incondicionalmente y por apoyarme en todos mis sueños. A Yolanda Cárdenas le agradezco por todos sus sabios consejos y por compartir tantas risas conmigo. Gracias por siempre consentirme. A Pamela Williams gracias por permitirme ser parte de la familia. A mis hermanos Marcos, iv Ángel, Sara y Laura gracias porque sin ustedes nada de esto valdría la pena. Gracias por su amor y comprensión. A mi madre, Ana López, le estaré siempre agradecido por ser la mejor madre del mundo. Gracias por todo su amor, entrega y dedicación que siempre me ha brindado. Sin ella estas páginas no se habrían escrito; a ella le debo todo. A todos, muchas gracias. v A mi madre Ana por haberme enseñado lo más importante de la vida. vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Reconsidering Speculative Fiction and the Power of Storytelling in Latin America: Invention and Fabula in Selected Texts from Colombia and Mexico Reconsiderando la ficción especulativa y el acto de contar historias en América Latina: invención y fábula en ficción selecta de Colombia y México By José Manuel Medrano Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Spanish University of California, Riverside, June 2018 Dr. Raymond L Williams, Co-Chairperson Dr. Benjamin Liu, Co-Chairperson ! ! This project explores what I have categorized as "speculative fiction" in Latin America. I consider all fiction related to irrational or inexplicable events within the framework of "speculative/fantastic fiction." In short, I propose that the most appropriate term for all the narrative analyzed in this Dissertation should be “speculative fiction.” In the first chapter, I analyze a series of narrative texts inside and outside of Colombia and Mexico that have multiple Modernist attributes, and it is precisely their Modernist characteristics (the unrealistic) that construct their fantastic content. I trust that this proposal – to see correspondences between Modernist Fiction and the fantastic – is one of the most original ideas of this project. In the second chapter, I analyze a very similar phenomenon in Colombia. Starting from the literary father of the Modernist novel vii in Colombia, José Félix Fuenmayor and ending with Philip Potdevin, I examine texts that contain numerous characteristics of the speculative/fantastic. In the third chapter, I analyze a series of texts from the Mexican avant-garde of the twenties that can be considered speculative/fantastic. I note the parallels between the first attempts to write a Modernist narrative during the avant-garde period and the fact that it is also the time in which we are seeing the first efforts to write a narrative of speculative/fantastic nature. These factors contribute to my basic approach that the Modernist novel and the speculative/fantastic novel are a noteworthy parallel. In the conclusion, I address my main interest of storytelling. Brian Boyd, Jonathan Gottschall and other scientists, such as Michael Kosfeld and Markus Heinrichs, who have studied storytelling propose that storytelling, from the first homo sapiens, has not only been important in cultural terms, but also in biological evolution. Our bodies – and especially the brain – need stories. This project proposes that it is productive and healthy to tell stories, especially those that deal with movement. For example, scientists have proven that the movement (physical or spiritually) has allowed the brain to evolve. By telling stories, we reproduce our primordial need for movement. When reading stories, of course, we are immobile, but the act of reading stories and narratives allows us to recreate that primordial need for movement. Some very recent post-Boyd scientists have shown that telling stories produces certain chemicals in the brain, such as the hormone oxytocin. This hormone produces a feeling of well-being when produced by the brain. Scientists have also shown that the brain does not viii distinguish between real physical movement and reading a story in which we have the cerebral sensation of moving. ix Índice Agradecimientos………………………….…...……………………………….....…. iv Abstract………………………………….……...………………………………..…… vii Capítulo I: Introducción……………………………...………………………………..……. 1 Capítulo II: Cinco asuntos de índole especulativa/fantástica en narrativas latinoamericanas selectas……………………..……………………………. 17 Capítulo II: Cinco problemas básicos en la narrativa colombiana: Barranquilla 2132 (1932) de José Antonio Osorio Lizarazo, Cien años de soledad (1967) de Gabriel García Márquez y Metatrón (1995) de Philip Potdevin……...….. 86 Capítulo III: Cinco problemas en la narrativa mexicana: desde Margarita de niebla (1927) de Jaime Torres Bodet hasta Terra Nostra (1975) de Carlos Fuentes…………………………………………………………………….… 137 Capítulo IV: Conclusión…………………….…………………………………………………….. 193 Bibliografía selecta………………………………………………………..………. 221 ! x Capítulo I: Introducción “The imaginary is not formed in opposition to reality as its denial or compensation; it grows among signs, from book to book, in the interstice of repetitions and commentaries; it is born and takes shape in the interval between books. It is the phenomena of the library.” –Michel Foucault Esta tesis trata en términos generales de lo que ha sido denominada “ficción especulativa.”1 Nosotros consideramos toda ficción relacionada con acontecimientos irracionales o inexplicables dentro del marco de “ficción especulativa/fantástica.” En resumidas cuentas, pensamos que toda la narrativa analizada en este proyecto es ficción especulativa y tal vez sería el término más adecuado. El resto de este trabajo, en su mayor parte, es el análisis y la discusión que nos ha llevado a proponer esta idea. Dentro de este marco general trabajamos de manera analítica lo que estamos llamando ficción “de índole especulativa/ fantástica” porque caben en varias categorías actuales de la crítica: hemos seleccionado a propósito textos que alguien en alguna parte ha !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 Ya que estamos analizando textos literarios nos gustaría agregar las aportaciones del novelista estadounidense Orson Card sobre la ficción “de índole especulativa/ fantástica.” Según Card: “La ficción especulativa engloba todas las historias que tienen lugar en un escenario opuesto a la realidad conocida” (7). Véase Card, Orson Scott. Cómo escribir ciencia ficción y fantasía. Madrid: Alamut, 2013. Print. 1 denominado como ficción especulativa, ficción fantástica, ficción moderna, ciencia ficción y/o realismo-mágico. Como punto de partida rechazamos el término “realismo-mágico,” ya que en varias esquinas del mundo (especialmente en departamentos de inglés en los Estados Unidos) este término ha sido usado para aplicar a casi toda la narrativa latinoamericana que no sea de la tradición realista, incluso incluyendo algunos escritores bien cercanos al realismo- naturalismo, como Horacio Quiroga, que sí producen anécdotas algo fuera de lo común o lo cotidiano. Al contrario, una base fundamental de este estudio es el concepto de “lo fantástico” y usamos la definición de Todorov. Quisiéramos establecer desde el principio, entonces, que aceptamos y hasta abrazamos el término de “lo fantástico” de Todorov cuando usamos el término “lo fantástico.” Novelas con puntos de partida en el mundo de lo empírico que saltan a otro nivel de lo irracional o inexplicable, como dice Todorov, están dentro del marco de “lo fantástico.” En el siguiente capítulo discutiremos varios textos como manera de repasar las ideas teóricas y críticas en textos específicos. Los consideramos, por ejemplo, imprescindible tener en cuenta a Borges, aunque el enfoque central de este proyecto no es la narrativa
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