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HERZOG-THESIS-2020.Pdf (1.948Mb) A Parasite Survey of Passerine Birds and Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) in the Rolling Plains Ecoregion by Jessica Louise Herzog, B.S. A Thesis In Environmental Toxicology Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCES Approved Ronald J. Kendall, Ph.D. Chair of Committee Seshadri Ramkumar, Ph.D. Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School May, 2020 © 2020, Jessica L. Herzog Texas Tech University, Jessica L. Herzog, May 2020 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you, Dr. Ronald J. Kendall, for giving me the opportunity to obtain my Master’s Degree. I appreciate the resources and support you provided me throughout my time as a student in your lab. Thank you, Dr. Seshadri Ramkumar, for being a part of my thesis committee and supporting me along the way. Thank you, Dr. Steven Presley, for your continued support and guidance during my time at TIEHH. I would also like to thank the Texas Tech Graduate School, the Justin W. Robbe Memorial Scholarship Fund, Texas Tech University Student Housing, The AFO-WOS Travel Award Committee, and The AFO-WOS Student Travel Grant Committee for generously providing funding I needed to complete my research and degree. Thank you to Ribelin and the personnel at Matador Wildlife Management Area, Dalby Ranch, and Morrison Ranch for providing field sites and helping me with field work. I am deeply grateful to Dr. James Surles for advice concerning my statistics and Heath Garner, Joe Luksovsky, and Dr. Mike Kinsella for their assistance in identifying helminths. I thank the members of the Wildlife Toxicology Laboratory, both past and present, for their help and support, especially with field and molecular work. I thank Tammy Henricks for all that she has done to keep supplies at hand and my project running smoothly. Thank you to the students, faculty, and staff of the Institute of Environmental and Human Health for brightening my days and regularly checking up on and encouraging me. Your support was invaluable. Finally, thank you to my family, friends, and rabbits for being there, even on a daily basis. This list includes but is by no means limited to Joe, Maureen, Cindy, Jim, Taylor, Mary Anne, Joe, Laurie, Charlie, and Hailey Herzog, Kyle and Luke Harding, Judy Brogan, Mike Johnston, Kathy Hunko, Jennifer Olsen, Kendall Blanchard, Katy Shaw, Olivia Wright, Alyssa Hay, Regan Balko, Kalin Skinner, Maya Bastille, The Gammons Family, and Emery Hyden. To those of you listed and everyone else who truly believed in me: your love and encouragement are why I continued my pursuit of this degree and wrote this thesis. I am forever thankful for you all. ii Texas Tech University, Jessica L. Herzog, May 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ vii CHAPTER I: BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE ................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 The Rolling Plains Ecoregion ........................................................................... 3 General Ecology of Quail Studied .................................................................... 4 General Ecology of Passerines Studied............................................................. 6 Parasite Ecology ................................................................................................ 7 Helminths .................................................................................................... 8 Ectoparasites ............................................................................................. 13 Haemoparasites ......................................................................................... 14 Research Goals and Objectives ....................................................................... 16 Thesis Outline and Chapter Introductions....................................................... 17 References ....................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER II: HELMINTHS COMMON BETWEEN NORTHERN BOBWHITE QUAIL (COLINUS VIRGINIANUS) AND SELECT PASSERINES IN THE ROLLING PLAINS ECOREGION, TX ............................................ 29 Abstract ........................................................................................................... 29 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 30 Materials and Methods .................................................................................... 33 Ethics Statement ........................................................................................ 33 Study Area and Sample Collection ........................................................... 34 Helminth Extraction .................................................................................. 35 Helminth Processing and Identification .................................................... 35 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................... 36 Results ............................................................................................................. 36 Helminth Prevalence ................................................................................. 36 Eyeworm and Caecal Worm Infection ...................................................... 40 Infection with Other Helminths ................................................................ 42 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 45 iii Texas Tech University, Jessica L. Herzog, May 2020 References ....................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER III: ECTOPARASITES AND HAEMOPARASITES OF NORTHERN BOBWHITE QUAIL (COLINUS VIRGINIANUS) AND SELECT PASSERINES IN THE ROLLING PLAINS ECOREGION, TX .................. 58 Abstract ........................................................................................................... 58 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 59 Materials and Methods .................................................................................... 63 Ethics Statement ........................................................................................ 63 Sample Collection and Processing ............................................................ 63 Ectoparasite Extraction ............................................................................. 64 Ectoparasite Identification ........................................................................ 64 Blood Smear Preparation .......................................................................... 65 Smear Quality and Examination ............................................................... 65 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................... 66 Results ............................................................................................................. 67 Ectoparasite Prevalence .................................................................................. 67 Ectoparasite Counts ......................................................................................... 70 Haemoparasite Prevalence .............................................................................. 70 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 71 References ....................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ................. 82 Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 82 Future Directions ............................................................................................. 84 References ....................................................................................................... 96 APPENDIX A: HELMINTH PHOTOS .......................................................... 101 APPENDIX B: ECTOPARASITE PHOTOS ................................................. 107 APPENDIX C: HAEMOPARASITE PHOTOS ............................................ 110 iv Texas Tech University, Jessica L. Herzog, May 2020 ABSTRACT Eyeworms (Oxyspirura petrowi) and caecal worms (Aulonocephalus pennula) are heteroxenous nematodes being investigated as contributors to the decline of the Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter Bobwhite), an iconic game bird. Researchers have documented declines of over 4% annually across the range and declines in historic strongholds including the Rolling Plains of Texas. While climatic factors and habitat change were considered to be leading contributors, parasitic infection is gaining attention as a potentially important factor. Researchers have documented infection rates of eyeworms in Bobwhite as high as 90% and caecal worms as high as 100%. Furthermore,
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