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CHAPTER 10 MOLLUSCS 10.1 a Significant Space A
PART file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ROBERT~1/Desktop/Z1010F~1/FINALS~1.HTM CHAPTER 10 MOLLUSCS 10.1 A Significant Space A. Evolved a fluid-filled space within the mesoderm, the coelom B. Efficient hydrostatic skeleton; room for networks of blood vessels, the alimentary canal, and associated organs. 10.2 Characteristics A. Phylum Mollusca 1. Contains nearly 75,000 living species and 35,000 fossil species. 2. They have a soft body. 3. They include chitons, tooth shells, snails, slugs, nudibranchs, sea butterflies, clams, mussels, oysters, squids, octopuses and nautiluses (Figure 10.1A-E). 4. Some may weigh 450 kg and some grow to 18 m long, but 80% are under 5 centimeters in size. 5. Shell collecting is a popular pastime. 6. Classes: Gastropoda (snails…), Bivalvia (clams, oysters…), Polyplacophora (chitons), Cephalopoda (squids, nautiluses, octopuses), Monoplacophora, Scaphopoda, Caudofoveata, and Solenogastres. B. Ecological Relationships 1. Molluscs are found from the tropics to the polar seas. 2. Most live in the sea as bottom feeders, burrowers, borers, grazers, carnivores, predators and filter feeders. 1. Fossil evidence indicates molluscs evolved in the sea; most have remained marine. 2. Some bivalves and gastropods moved to brackish and fresh water. 3. Only snails (gastropods) have successfully invaded the land; they are limited to moist, sheltered habitats with calcium in the soil. C. Economic Importance 1. Culturing of pearls and pearl buttons is an important industry. 2. Burrowing shipworms destroy wooden ships and wharves. 3. Snails and slugs are garden pests; some snails are intermediate hosts for parasites. D. Position in Animal Kingdom (see Inset, page 172) E. -
Mollusca, Archaeogastropoda) from the Northeastern Pacific
Zoologica Scripta, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 35-49, 1996 Pergamon Elsevier Science Ltd © 1996 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0300-3256(95)00015-1 0300-3256/96 $ 15.00 + 0.00 Anatomy and systematics of bathyphytophilid limpets (Mollusca, Archaeogastropoda) from the northeastern Pacific GERHARD HASZPRUNAR and JAMES H. McLEAN Accepted 28 September 1995 Haszprunar, G. & McLean, J. H. 1995. Anatomy and systematics of bathyphytophilid limpets (Mollusca, Archaeogastropoda) from the northeastern Pacific.—Zool. Scr. 25: 35^9. Bathyphytophilus diegensis sp. n. is described on basis of shell and radula characters. The radula of another species of Bathyphytophilus is illustrated, but the species is not described since the shell is unknown. Both species feed on detached blades of the surfgrass Phyllospadix carried by turbidity currents into continental slope depths in the San Diego Trough. The anatomy of B. diegensis was investigated by means of semithin serial sectioning and graphic reconstruction. The shell is limpet like; the protoconch resembles that of pseudococculinids and other lepetelloids. The radula is a distinctive, highly modified rhipidoglossate type with close similarities to the lepetellid radula. The anatomy falls well into the lepetelloid bauplan and is in general similar to that of Pseudococculini- dae and Pyropeltidae. Apomorphic features are the presence of gill-leaflets at both sides of the pallial roof (shared with certain pseudococculinids), the lack of jaws, and in particular many enigmatic pouches (bacterial chambers?) which open into the posterior oesophagus. Autapomor- phic characters of shell, radula and anatomy confirm the placement of Bathyphytophilus (with Aenigmabonus) in a distinct family, Bathyphytophilidae Moskalev, 1978. -
Nervous System in Gastropoda
Nervous System in Gastropoda The nervous system consists of ganglia, commissures, connectives and the nerves to different organs. (i) Ganglia: A small compact mass of nerve cells and connective tissue is called ganglion. The main ganglia are: (1) One pair of roughly traingular cerebral ganglia situated on the dorsolateral sides of the buccal mass, one on each side of the head. (2) One pair of pleuropedal ganglia placed below the buccal mass on the lateral side. Each pleuropedal ganglionic mass is more or less rectangular in outline and is formed by the fusion of pleural and pedal ganglia. The infraintestinal ganglion is also fused with the right pleuropedal mass. (3) Visceral ganglion is very large and appears to be unpaired. It is a bilobed structure and is formed by the fusion of two separate ganglia. The visceral ganglion is placed posteriorly very close to the heart. (4) A pair of buccal ganglia are situated on the buccal mass on the two sides of the oesophagus. (5) A single supraintestinal ganglion is located near the middle of the left pleurovisceral connectives (Fig. 16.18). ii) Commissures: The nerve connections between two similar ganglia are generally called commissures. The ganglia are placed on the opposite sides of the body. Two cerebral ganglia are connected by a thick nerve cord, called the cerebral commissure. The buccal ganglia are also connected by a delicate buccal commissure. The inner sides of the pleuropedal ganglia are connected by a broad nerve, called the pedal commissure. ( (iii) Connectives: The nerve connections between two dissimilar ganglia are usually called connectives. -
Structure and Function of the Digestive System in Molluscs
Cell and Tissue Research (2019) 377:475–503 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-019-03085-9 REVIEW Structure and function of the digestive system in molluscs Alexandre Lobo-da-Cunha1,2 Received: 21 February 2019 /Accepted: 26 July 2019 /Published online: 2 September 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The phylum Mollusca is one of the largest and more diversified among metazoan phyla, comprising many thousand species living in ocean, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Mollusc-feeding biology is highly diverse, including omnivorous grazers, herbivores, carnivorous scavengers and predators, and even some parasitic species. Consequently, their digestive system presents many adaptive variations. The digestive tract starting in the mouth consists of the buccal cavity, oesophagus, stomach and intestine ending in the anus. Several types of glands are associated, namely, oral and salivary glands, oesophageal glands, digestive gland and, in some cases, anal glands. The digestive gland is the largest and more important for digestion and nutrient absorption. The digestive system of each of the eight extant molluscan classes is reviewed, highlighting the most recent data available on histological, ultrastructural and functional aspects of tissues and cells involved in nutrient absorption, intracellular and extracellular digestion, with emphasis on glandular tissues. Keywords Digestive tract . Digestive gland . Salivary glands . Mollusca . Ultrastructure Introduction and visceral mass. The visceral mass is dorsally covered by the mantle tissues that frequently extend outwards to create a The phylum Mollusca is considered the second largest among flap around the body forming a space in between known as metazoans, surpassed only by the arthropods in a number of pallial or mantle cavity. -
The Morphology of Ismaila Monstrosa Bergh (Copepoda)
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF FRANCIS PETER BELCIK for the M. S. inZoology (Name) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented l'/ Ak I Title THE MORPHOLOGY OF ISMAILA MONSTROSA BERGH (COPEPODA) Abstract approvedRedacted for Privacy The morphology of a rather rare parasitic copepod was studied.Ismaila monstrosa Bergh, an endoparasitic copepod was found in the nudibranch, Antiopella fusca,at Coos Bay, Oregon. Many anatomical features were found, which were different from previous descriptions.Males were described for the first time. Young males lacked the gonadal lobes found on the dorsal sides of adult males.Both sexes had similar mouthparts, differing only in size.These mouthparts consisted, like those of Splanchnotrophus, of a bifid lab rum, a pair of simple mandibles, a pair of maxillae and a triangular labium with side processes.There was only a single pair of maxillae and they are unusual in that they were found to be setigerous and two-jointed.The distal portion of this characteristic maxilla was biramous, the smaller member often obscure.Because of this and other anatomical factors, I proposed a new variety Ismaila monstrosa var. pacifica and a newsubfamily, the Ismailinae. Although the female possessed three pairs of lateral appendages, the male lacked these, having only the two pairs of ventral appendages. In the female specimens there were two pairs of ventral appendages or !?stomach_armsh?.The first pair was bifurcate, the second pair trifurcate.In the male specimens the first pair was uniramous and the second pair unequally biramous. The dige.stive system was found to be incomplete in both sexes. -
The Opisthobranchs of Cape Arago. Oregon. with Notes
THE OPISTHOBRANCHS OF CAPE ARAGO. OREGON. WITH NOTES ON THEIR NATURAL HISTORY AND A SUMMARY OF BENTHIC OPISTHOBRANCHS KNOWN FROM OREGON by JEFFREY HAROLD RYAN GODDARD A THESIS Presented to the Department of Biology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science December 1983 !tIl. ii I :'" APPROVED: -------:n:pe:;-;t::;e:;:-rt;l;1T:-.JF~r:aaD:inkk--- i I-I 1 iii An Abstract of the Thesis of Jeffrey Harold Ryan Goddard for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Biology to be taken December 1983 TITLE: THE OPISTHOBRANCHS OF CAPE ARAGO, OREGON, WITH NOTES ON THEIR NATURAL HISTORY AND A SUM}~Y OF BENTHIC OPISTHOBRANCHS KNOWN FROM OREGON Approved: Peter W. Frank The opisthobranch molluscs of Oregon have been little studied, and little is known about the biology of many species. The present study consisted of field and laboratory observations of Cape Arago opistho- branchs. Forty-six species were found, extending the range of six north- ward and two southward. New food records are presented for nine species; an additional 20 species were observed feeding on previously recorded prey. Development data are given for 21 species. Twenty produce plank- totrophic larvae, and Doto amyra produces lecithotrophic larvae, the first such example known from Eastern Pacific opisthobranchs. Hallaxa chani appears to be the first eudoridacean nudibranch known to have a subannual life cycle. Development, life cycles, food and competition, iv ranges, and the ecological role of nudibranchs are discussed. Nudi- branchs appear to significantly affect the diversity of the Cape Arago encrusting community. -
An Annotated Checklist of the Marine Macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T
NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 19 An annotated checklist of the marine macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T. Drumm • Katherine P. Maslenikov Robert Van Syoc • James W. Orr • Robert R. Lauth Duane E. Stevenson • Theodore W. Pietsch November 2016 U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Professional Penny Pritzker Secretary of Commerce National Oceanic Papers NMFS and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan Scientific Editor* Administrator Richard Langton National Marine National Marine Fisheries Service Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center Maine Field Station Eileen Sobeck 17 Godfrey Drive, Suite 1 Assistant Administrator Orono, Maine 04473 for Fisheries Associate Editor Kathryn Dennis National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Science and Technology Economics and Social Analysis Division 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 178 Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 Managing Editor Shelley Arenas National Marine Fisheries Service Scientific Publications Office 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, Washington 98115 Editorial Committee Ann C. Matarese National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Orr National Marine Fisheries Service The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS (ISSN 1931-4590) series is pub- lished by the Scientific Publications Of- *Bruce Mundy (PIFSC) was Scientific Editor during the fice, National Marine Fisheries Service, scientific editing and preparation of this report. NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115. The Secretary of Commerce has The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series carries peer-reviewed, lengthy original determined that the publication of research reports, taxonomic keys, species synopses, flora and fauna studies, and data- this series is necessary in the transac- intensive reports on investigations in fishery science, engineering, and economics. tion of the public business required by law of this Department. -
Taxonomic Revision of Tritonia Species (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Weddell Sea and Bouvet Island
Rossi, M. E. , Avila, C., & Moles, J. (2021). Orange is the new white: taxonomic revision of Tritonia species (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Weddell Sea and Bouvet Island. Polar Biology, 44(3), 559- 573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02813-8 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY Link to published version (if available): 10.1007/s00300-021-02813-8 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via Springer at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02813-8 .Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Polar Biology (2021) 44:559–573 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02813-8 ORIGINAL PAPER Orange is the new white: taxonomic revision of Tritonia species (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Weddell Sea and Bouvet Island Maria Eleonora Rossi1,2 · Conxita Avila3 · Juan Moles4,5 Received: 9 December 2019 / Revised: 22 January 2021 / Accepted: 27 January 2021 / Published online: 22 February 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Among nudibranch molluscs, the family Tritoniidae gathers taxa with an uncertain phylogenetic position, such as some species of the genus Tritonia Cuvier, 1798. Currently, 37 valid species belong to this genus and only three of them are found in the Southern Ocean, namely T. -
Torsion & Detorsion in Gastropoda
BYJU'S INSTALL Torsion & Detorsion In Gastropoda Home (https://www.iaszoology.com) / Torsion & Detorsion In Gastropoda BYJU'S BYJU'S Live | Learn From Home INSTALL In freshwater and terrestrial molluscs, there is no free swimming larval stage. Both trochophore and veliger stages are passed inside the egg and a tiny snail hatches out of the egg. Early larva is symmetrical with anterior mouth and posterior anus and gills lie on the posterior side. As the larva develops shell its visceral mass starts twisting in anticlockwise direction to rearrange the visceral organs so that they are accommodated inside the coils of the shell and openings of organs are shifted to the anterior side where the shell opening lies. During torsion visceral and pallial organs change their position by twisting through 180°. Posterior mantle cavity is brought to the front position. Gills and kidney move from left to right side and in front which helps in breathing. In nervous system the two pleurovisceral connectives cross themselves into a figure of 8, one passing above the intestine and the other below it. Alimentary canal twists in the visceral mass and opens by anus on the side of the head on the anterior side. After torsion the foot can be withdrawn after the head. ^ Top During torsion head and foot remain fixed and rotation takes place in the visceral mass only behind the neck so that the visceral organs of the right side come to occupy the left side and vice versa. BYJU'S INSTALL Before torsion the visceral mass points forward and the mantle cavity is posterior in position. -
NUDIBRANCH CARE SOP# = Echi4 PURPOSE: to Describe Methods of Care for Nudibranchs. POLICY: to Provide Optimum Care for All Anim
NUDIBRANCH CARE SOP# = Echi4 PURPOSE: To describe methods of care for nudibranchs. POLICY: To provide optimum care for all animals. RESPONSIBILITY: Collector and user of the animals. If these are not the same person, the user takes over responsibility of the animals as soon as the animals have arrived on station. IDENTIFICATION: Common Name Scientific Name Identifying Characteristics Noble sea slug Peltodoris nobilis -Can be 25cm long. -Clear pale yellow to bright orange-yellow in color. - Paler yellow tubercles always show through dark patches. Monterey sea lemon Doris montereyensis - Commonly found on floats and in the intertidal. - Dingy yellow in colour, though varies in shade. - Change colour with their food source (esp. Halichondria). - Patches of black may be found on the tubercles and body. - At very least, a few tubercles are tipped with black. - It can reach 15cm in length. White nudibranch Doris odhneri - Can be up to 20cm long. - Completely white; look like an albino version of Peltodoris nobilis or Doris montereyensis White-spotted sea Doriopsilla - Can be up to 6 cm. goddess albopunctata - Distinguished by the white spots only on the tips of the small tubercles. Heath’s dorid Geitodoris heathi - Colour is yellow, yellow-brown or white. - Identifiable by a sprinkling of minute black or brown specks over the dorsal surface and the white branchial plume. - In some animals, the black specks are concentrated into a dark blotch just anterior to the gills. - Can be up to 4 cm in length. Leopard dorid Diaulula sandiegensis - Distinct colour variations between individuals are colour morphs. - Usually pale gray with several conspicuous rings or blotches of blackish brown. -
The Essential Bronchoscopist© Learning Bronchoscopy-Related Theory in the World Today
The Essential Bronchoscopist© Learning bronchoscopy-related theory in the world today Henri Colt MD, FCCP University of California, Irvine Irvine, California [email protected] http://www.bronchoscopy.org/education This page intentionally left blank. The Essential Bronchoscopist© Learning bronchoscopy-related theory in the world today Contents Module I ……………………………………………………………………………… Page 3 Module II ……………………………………………………………………………..Page 41 Module III …………………………………………………………………………….Page 77 Module IV …………………………………………………………………………….Page 113 Module V ……………………………………………………………………………..Page 149 Module VI …………………………………………………………………………….Page 187 Conclusion with Post-Tests .………………………………………………….Page 233 1 This page intentionally left blank. 2 The Essential Bronchoscopist© Learning bronchoscopy-related theory in the world today MODULE 1 http://www.bronchoscopy.org/education 3 This page intentionally left blank. 4 ESSENTIAL BRONCHOSCOPIST MODULE I LEARNING OBJECTIVES TO MODULE I Welcome to Module I of The Essential Bronchoscopist©, a core reading element of the Introduction to Flexible Bronchoscopy Curriculum of the Bronchoscopy Education Project. Readers of the EB should not consider this module a test. In order to most benefit from the information contained in this module, every response should be read regardless of your answer to the question. You may find that not every question has only one “correct” answer. This should not be viewed as a trick, but rather, as a way to help readers think about a certain problem. Expect to devote approximately 2 hours of continuous study completing the 30 question-answer sets contained in this module. Do not hesitate to discuss elements of the EB with your colleagues and instructors, as they may have different perspectives regarding techniques and opinions expressed in the EB. While the EB was designed with input from numerous international experts, it is written in such a way as to promote debate and discussion. -
Common Sea Life of Southeastern Alaska a Field Guide by Aaron Baldwin & Paul Norwood
Common Sea Life of Southeastern Alaska A field guide by Aaron Baldwin & Paul Norwood All pictures taken by Aaron Baldwin Last update 08/15/2015 unless otherwise noted. [email protected] Table of Contents Introduction ….............................................................…...2 Acknowledgements Exploring SE Beaches …………………………….….. …...3 It would be next to impossible to thanks everyone who has helped with Sponges ………………………………………….…….. …...4 this project. Probably the single-most important contribution that has been made comes from the people who have encouraged it along throughout Cnidarians (Jellyfish, hydroids, corals, the process. That is why new editions keep being completed! sea pens, and sea anemones) ……..........................…....8 First and foremost I want to thanks Rich Mattson of the DIPAC Macaulay Flatworms ………………………….………………….. …..21 salmon hatchery. He has made this project possible through assistance in obtaining specimens for photographs and for offering encouragement from Parasitic worms …………………………………………….22 the very beginning. Dr. David Cowles of Walla Walla University has Nemertea (Ribbon worms) ………………….………... ….23 generously donated many photos to this project. Dr. William Bechtol read Annelid (Segmented worms) …………………………. ….25 through the previous version of this, and made several important suggestions that have vastly improved this book. Dr. Robert Armstrong Mollusks ………………………………..………………. ….38 hosts the most recent edition on his website so it would be available to a Polyplacophora (Chitons) …………………….