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La Literatura Sobre Fenicios En El Territorio Brasileño: Orígenes Y Razones

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La Literatura Sobre Fenicios En El Territorio Brasileño: Orígenes Y Razones UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA ANTIGUA TESIS DOCTORAL La Literatura sobre fenicios en el territorio brasileño: orígenes y razones MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Diógenes Henrique Carvalho Veras da Silva DIRECTOR Carlos González Wagner Madrid, 2016 © Diógenes Henrique Carvalho Veras da Silva, 2016 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE MADRID La Literatura sobre fenicios en el territorio brasileño: orígenes y razones Autor: DIÓGENES HENRIQUE CARVALHO VERAS DA SILVA Director: CARLOS GONZÁLEZ WAGNER FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA 1 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA ANTIGUA La Literatura sobre fenicios en el territorio brasileño: orígenes y razones Autor: DIÓGENES HENRIQUE CARVALHO VERAS DA SILVA Director: CARLOS GONZÁLEZ WAGNER Madrid, octubre de 2015 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS Me gustaría recordar y agradecer inicialmente a mi tutor el Dr. Carlos González Wagner sin lo cual no habría existido ni siquiera la posibilidad de acometer este trabajo. A mis padres Alcir y Janice, que apostaron todo por mí. A mis hijos Rodrigo y Ana Laura y mi hijastro Víctor, que me animaron en este gran reto. A mis hermanas Karla, Karina y Alcir Jr. siempre animándome a concluir este trabajo durante estos años. Mi reconocimiento a la memoria de mi fallecida esposa Fernanda, madre de mis hijos, y con quien inicié este proyecto al venir a Madrid por vez primera. A mi excompañera Elizabete que durante algún tiempo estuvo navegando conmigo y me ha apoyado en lo que ha podido. Al Dr. Víctor Bermejo, catedrático de la Facultad de Educación de la UCM por su constante incentivo hacia mí; a los amigos Cipriano y Paulina; a las señoras Rose, Assunção, Nazaré Dutra y a sus hijos, y a Cristina Planet, porque todos ellos creyeron en mis posibilidades. A mis tíos Flavio y Aparecida por me ayudar desde el principio. Al profesor Andrés Piquer del Departamento de Estudios Arameos y Hebreos de la UCM, por alguna bibliografía indicada. Al Dr. Roberto Ayron de la Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte quien me ha apoyado en mi regreso a Brasil. A las bibliotecarias de esta misma universidad que me han facilitado tesis digitales. A la secretaria Marga Sánchez del Departamento de Historia Antigua de la UCM por atender mis peticiones durante estos años. A mis colegas Fadel, Ada (Gabón) y Mássimo (Italia), por haberme ayudado en algunas dificultades puntuales en textos franceses e italianos. Y al profesor brasileño Luis Galdino, de São Paulo, por autorizar algunas imágenes que ilustran la tesis. En particular quiero recordar cariñosamente la memoria de mi anterior tutor y amigo, el Dr. Fernando López Pardo, el cual me acogió al inicio de todo y me introdujo en el interesante mundo fenicio de la costa atlántica africana. Y a todos mis amigos y aquellos que directa o indirectamente han contribuido de la más mínima forma a la consecución de este pequeño trabajo. Mis más sinceros recuerdos y agradecimientos. 3 “Estudiad como si fuerais a vivir siempre; vivid como si fuerais a morir mañana.” San Isidoro de Sevilla (ca. 556-636 d.C.) 4 ÍNDICE RESUMEN ……………………………………………………………………….…… 09 ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………… 12 1ª PARTE ………………………………………………………………..…………… 15 1.1) FENICIOS ENTRE LOS SIGLOS XII-VI a.C. ………………………… 16 1.1.1) Aspectos generales ……………………………...…………… 16 Fuentes y marco cronológico y temático ……………..…… 16 Antecesores de los fenicios …..…………………………..… 22 Características fenicias …..……………………..…………… 25 Geografía y productos …..…………………….…………….. 30 El alfabeto y la escritura fenicia …………………………….. 33 Algunas inscripciones …..…………………………………… 47 Náutica …..………….……………………..…..……………… 48 Religión …..…………………………………...............……… 49 Fenicio – púnico …..…………………………..……………… 50 Diáspora …..…………………………….……..……………… 50 1.1.2) Expansión Mediterránea ………….……………..…………… 53 Rutas marítimas …..………………………………….……… 53 Procesos precolonial y colonial …..………………………… 64 1.1.3) Costas Atlánticas ………………….……………..…………… 74 1.2) BARCOS Y TECNOLOGÍA NAVAL FENICIO-PÚNICA …….……… 87 5 1.2.1) Tradiciones náuticas anteriores …………..…..…………..… 87 1.2.2) Astilleros y técnicas de construcción …………………..…… 90 1.3) CONDICIONES CLIMÁTICAS Y DE NAVEGABILIDAD EN LA COSTA ATLÁNTICA AFRICANA .…….……………..………………..………… 99 1.3.1) Personal a bordo, dieta y mercancías …………………….… 99 1.3.2) El derrotero: el sol, las estrellas y la tierra ………………… 102 1.3.3) Comportamiento de los vientos ………………….………….. 106 1.3.4) Corrientes oceánicas ………………….……………………… 108 1.4) PERIPLOS FENICIOS Y PÚNICOS EN EL OCÉANO ……………… 112 1.4.1) Viajes a Ofir ………………….………………………………… 112 1.4.2) El Periplo de Neco II ……………………………..…………… 123 1.4.3) El Periplo de Hannón ………………….….……..………….… 128 2ª PARTE ………………….……………………………………………..…………… 137 2.1) OFIR ASOCIADA A SUDAMÉRICA ……….……………..…………… 141 Consideraciones iniciales ……….……………..………………….. 141 El origen del hombre americano ……….…………………….…… 146 Implicaciones religiosas y económicas ……….………………..… 151 2.2) TEORIAS EUROPEAS ………………….………………..…………… 159 Tras el viaje de Colón ……….……………..…………………...…… 159 El papel del mito ……….……………..……………………………… 167 Los Textos Sagrados y Montano ……….……………..…………… 171 Los Jesuitas y la Catequesis ……….……………..……………..… 177 Nuevas ideas ……….……………..………………………….……… 179 Atlántida ……….……………..……………………………….……… 184 6 2.3) EL NUEVO MUNDO: El caso de Brasil …………..……..………….… 186 2.3.1) Colonia: inscripciones, monumentos y lingüística ….……… 186 El Dorado americano ……….……………..………………… 186 Las ideas sobre el poblamiento del territorio ……….…..… 188 Amazonas como concepción mítica ……….…………….… 197 Impresiones paradisíacas y bárbaras ……….…………..… 199 Una “arqueología religiosa” ……….……………..……….… 200 Decadencia americana versus Superioridad europea …… 208 Estudios lingüísticos ……….……………..……………….… 211 Algunos contenidos ideológicos de un nuevo país ………. 214 Colonialismo interno ……….……………..…………….…… 221 2.3.2) Imperio: una arqueología diferente ……………..…………… 223 Viajeros Naturalistas ……….……………..……………….… 223 Monogenismo versus Poligenismo ……….…………...…… 230 La teoría de Martius para el Brasil ……….…..………..…… 231 Café y galardones ……….……………..……………….…… 238 La fundación del IHGB y sus varios papeles ……………… 240 La pseudo inscripción de la Pedra da Gávea ……………... 242 Ciudades Olvidadas o Abandonadas ……….………..…… 251 El papel del indígena ……….……………..………………… 261 La Amazonia “fenicia” ……….……………..……………..… 265 ¿Eran barcos fenicios? ……….……………..……………… 277 Cuestión de fronteras ……….……………..………………… 279 El ambiente imperialista y científico ……….…..…………… 281 Encuadre religioso ……….……………..…………………… 287 Antecedentes teóricos del surgimiento de la Inscripción de Paraíba ……….……………..………………………………… 290 2.3.3) La Inscripción “fenicia” de Paraíba ……….…………….…… 294 Origen y divulgación ……….……………..……………….… 294 7 Inscripción apócrifa ……….……………..………………..… 306 Consecuencias de la carta enviada al IHGB …..….……… 312 Reaparece el debate sobre la Inscripción de Paraíba …… 315 Siglo XIX: un ambiente “fenicio” ……….……..…..………… 323 Los sospechosos de la falsificación ……….…..…………… 326 2.4) LA PERVIVENCIA DEL TEMA FENICIO …..……………..………….… 333 Final del siglo XIX: los efectos de la teoría fenícia …..…………… 333 Siglo XX: reanudan las expediciones …..……………..…………… 340 Otras propuestas “fenicias” para Brasil ……………..……..……… 344 Barcos del siglo XX, desde África a Sudamérica ………………… 357 Otras referencias sobre fenicios en Brasil …………..…….……… 358 CONCLUSIONES ………………….……..……..……………………….……….… 362 BIBLIOGRAFÍAS ………………………………….……..……….……….………… 368 Fuentes ……………….…………………….……..……….……….………… 368 Referencias ………….…………………….……..……….……….………… 380 Dicionarios y manuales ………….…………………….….……….………… 415 ANEXOS ………………………………..…………..…………………..….………… 417 Sitios electrónicos ………….………………………….….……….………… 417 Acervos consultados ………….……………………….….……….………… 418 8 RESUMEN Se analiza el origen y pervivencia de la teoría de supuestos fenicios en el Nuevo Mundo, particularmente en Brasil, y las imágenes que esa idea proyectó a lo largo del tiempo. Una hipótesis generada entre la intelectualidad europea a partir de la llegada de los primeros navegantes europeos a finales del siglo XV, y alimentada por los relatos de los primeros cronistas y Viajeros Naturalistas del continente americano, considerados sus primeros historiadores, y que intentaron explicar el origen de sus gentes. Una teoría que se fue difundiendo a lo largo de los siglos siguientes, y que posteriormente fue defendida por intelectuales brasileños, dando origen a una polémica atestiguada por una extensa bibliografía. Dicha hipótesis, aunque defendida por religiosos europeos, fue sostenida por exploradores coloniales con intereses económicos en América. Durante el período de unificación de las coronas Ibéricas (1580 a 1640) bajo mando español, se acentuó la defensa de sus premisas. En Brasil, será asumida por representantes de su nueva élite tras la independencia política del país en 1822. A finales del siglo XIX, a partir del presunto hallazgo de cierta epigrafía en su territorio, se producirá el cenit de la creencia de navegantes semitas en el país, convirtiéndose en un tema a la orden del día en el mundo académico. La propagación de dicha teoría parece haber acompañado de forma intermitente varias etapas de la historia de Brasil, empezando por el periodo colonial caracterizado por la expropiación de la tierra al autóctono y el acopio de sus beneficios en manos portuguesas, generados por el comercio de sus productos. Utilizándose mano de obra esclava sobre todo procedente de África, y con base en un gran sistema de tenencia
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