Complexity Through Interaction
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Complexity Through Interaction An investigation into the spontaneous development of collective musical ideas from simple thematic materials Nicholas Tasman Haywood M.Music Performance, The University of Melbourne (Victorian College of the Arts) Submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania Hobart (June 2014) ii DECLARATION This exegesis contains the results of research carried out at the University of Tasmania, Conservatorium of Music between 2010 and 2013. It contains no material that, to my knowledge, has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information that is duly acknowledged in the exegesis. I declare that this exegesis is my own work and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where clear acknowledgement or reference has been made in the text. This exegesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Nicholas Tasman Haywood Date ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................ v Abstract ................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction and Literature Review ............................................................................ 1 Author’s related professional experience ............................................................................. 4 What is (Jazz) Improvisation? .............................................................................................. 5 Common problems with skill acquisition studies ................................................................ 6 Practice-Room – Performance-Stage Dichotomy ................................................................ 9 Inhibiting Factors ............................................................................................................... 11 Intuition and Creativity ...................................................................................................... 16 The Concept of Jazz Improvisation .................................................................................... 17 Jazz Improvisation – Instructional Texts ............................................................................ 21 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................ 24 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................ 30 The Recordings ................................................................................................................ 30 Process ............................................................................................................................... 30 First Recording of the Ensemble .................................................................................................. 30 The Pieces .......................................................................................................................... 33 Second Recording of the Ensemble ................................................................................... 52 Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................ 54 Identifying the Key Concepts ........................................................................................... 54 Materials ............................................................................................................................ 54 Aural and Visual Awareness .............................................................................................. 58 Trust and Respect .............................................................................................................. 62 Intuition ............................................................................................................................. 71 Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................ 81 An application of the key concepts ................................................................................... 81 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 89 Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................. 93 List of Recordings ............................................................................................................ 93 CD 1: Nick Haywood Quartet 1234 .................................................................................... 93 CD 2: Live at Bennett’s Lane Jazz Club, Melbourne, Australia. Set 1 ................................ 93 iii CD 3: Live at Bennett’s Lane Jazz Club, Melbourne, Australia. Set 2 ................................ 94 DVD 1 ................................................................................................................................. 94 DVD 2 ................................................................................................................................. 94 Appendix 2 ............................................................................................................. 95 Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 100 iv Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family: in Australia - Nellie, Ella and Ruby-Rose and in Germany - Che and Eva. I am eternally grateful to you all for your love and encouragement. I would especially like to thank my supervisors, Dr Glen Hodges and Associate Professor Andrew Legg for your insights and invaluable guidance in completing this work. I can’t thank you enough. I am forever indebted to Allan Browne, Colin Hopkins and Stephen Magnusson for their musical contributions, candid interview contributions and especially their friendship. I would also like to thank Mal Stanley and Tony Norris for making the recording sessions happen and to Stewart Long and Caleb Miller at UTAS for their work with the CDs and DVDs. This work could not have been done without you all. v List of Figures Figure 1 John Coltrane's solo on Giant Steps (first chorus). 13 Figure 2 John Coltrane's Giant Steps (Lead Sheet) 14 Figure 3 G.P. 33 Figure 4 The Moon's a Harsh Mistress 35 Figure 5 Tahdon 38 Figure 6 Round Trip 40 Figure 7 Detention river 42 Figure 8 4 x 4 45 Figure 9 Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain 47 Figure 10 Slow Tune 50 Figure 11 The Key Concepts 71 Figure 12 When I Grow Too Old to Dream 74 vi Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate and describe the optimum conditions under which collaborative improvised musical expression in performance can be established. This study is an exhaustive examination of selected performances of an ensemble in which I perform. This ensemble was newly formed, specifically for this research study. The research investigates the impact of the ensemble dynamic on the improvisations of each individual within the ensemble and the way in which this affects and informs my own playing. Performances and recordings by this ensemble are used as the basis of the research presented in the accompanying exegesis. The weighting of this project is 80% folio and 20% exegesis. The recordings have not been analysed in the traditional harmonic, melodic and rhythmic manner as the focus of this study is on the way in which musicians connect at an intuitive level. The manner in which each participant’s contributions affect their co-performers has been analysed and discussed. Aural perception and the collective and individual musical history of the participants are seen as significant factors and as such have been investigated through interviews. It is proposed that a musician’s familiarity with repertoire should be such that conscious decision making in performance becomes redundant. In fact, it is felt that the need to deliberately think about both physical and material requirements of music making, when playing, is a hindrance to high quality musical performance, both during improvisation and interpretation of pre-composed materials. To this end, there is a need to separate the manner in which a musician accumulates musical knowledge via practice, from the way they present music, as a performer. The study explores this important relationship in the context of the case study of the project album. These issues have also been examined with a view to offering some insight into the mindset and methods that best support the development of high-level improvisation and interpretive skills. 1 Chapter 1 Introduction and Literature Review The purpose of this research is to investigate and describe the optimum conditions under which collaborative improvised musical expression can be established. This investigation will seek to identify the essential contextual elements that underpin