Cruel Crimes and Painful Punishments PDF Book
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How Did the Romans Really Crucify Jesus? Richard Binder, September 27, 2020 (Edited March 14, 2021)
How Did the Romans Really Crucify Jesus? Richard Binder, September 27, 2020 (edited March 14, 2021) This article is the conclusion of a secular exploration of an event that some people devoutly believe happened, while others deny the very existence of its central character. That event, or non-event, was the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth. You can find the complete series of articles at this Web address: http://www.richardspens.com/?crux= For nearly two millennia, the method by which Jesus of Nazareth was crucified has been a subject of speculation by Christians, archaeologists, historians, and others whose interest might be based on little or nothing more than curiosity. There exist countless religious paintings, sculptures, and corpora on crucifixes, and there exist also many ancient writings describing crucifixion as practiced by the Romans. This article is an attempt to pull together several applicable threads of information with the purpose of describing without religious bias just how Jesus’ crucifixion was carried out. One thing we can be sure of is that Jesus’ death on the cross did not appear as it is portrayed in depictions intended for veneration by the faithful, typified by the three images shown here—for it was horrifyingly unsuited to that purpose. In this article, I shall refer to works of this type as “traditional” depictions. The Ancona Crucifixion, by Crucifixion from an English A modern Roman Catholic crucifix Titian, 1558 psalter, c. 1225 All three of the above images show nails through Jesus’ palms, one nail holding both feet to the front of the cross, and Jesus wearing a loincloth and hung on a Latin cross. -
Sarah Kane's Post-Christian Spirituality in Cleansed
Central Washington University ScholarWorks@CWU All Master's Theses Master's Theses Winter 2020 Sarah Kane's Post-Christian Spirituality in Cleansed Elba Sanchez Central Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd Part of the Performance Studies Commons, Playwriting Commons, and the Theatre History Commons Recommended Citation Sanchez, Elba, "Sarah Kane's Post-Christian Spirituality in Cleansed" (2020). All Master's Theses. 1347. https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/1347 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses at ScholarWorks@CWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@CWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SARAH KANE’S POST-CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALITY IN CLEANSED __________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty Central Washington University __________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Theatre Studies __________________________________________ by Elba Marie Sanchez Baez March 2020 CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Graduate Studies We hereby approve the thesis of Elba Marie Sanchez Baez Candidate for the degree of Master of Arts APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE FACULTY _____________ __________________________________________ Dr. Emily Rollie, Committee Chair _____________ _________________________________________ Christina Barrigan M.F.A _____________ _________________________________________ Dr. Lily Vuong _____________ _________________________________________ Dean of Graduate Studies ii ABSTRACT SARAH KANE’S POST-CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALITY IN CLEANSED by Elba Marie Sanchez Baez March 2020 The existing scholarship on the work of British playwright Sarah Kane mostly focuses on exploring the use of extreme acts of violence in her plays. -
Criminal Justice: Capital Punishment Focus
Criminal Justice: Capital Punishment Focus Background The formal execution of criminals has been used in nearly all societies since the beginning of recorded history. Before the beginning of humane capital punishment used in today’s society, penalties included boiling to death, flaying, slow slicing, crucifixion, impalement, crushing, disembowelment, stoning, burning, decapitation, dismemberment and scaphism. In earlier times, the death penalty was used for a variety of reasons that today would seem barbaric. Today, execution in the US is used primarily for murder, espionage and treason. The Death Debate Those in support of capital punishment believe it deters crimes and, more often than not believe that certain crimes eliminate one’s right to life. Those who oppose capital punishment believe, first and foremost, that any person, including the government, has no right to take a life for any reason. They often believe that living with one’s crimes is a worse punishment than dying for them, and that the threat of capital punishment will not deter a person from committing a crime. Costs and Procedures On average, it costs $620,932 per trial in federal death cases, which is 8x higher than that of a case where the death penalty is not sought. When including appeals, incarceration times and the execution in a death penalty case, the cost is closer to $3 million per inmate. However, court costs, attorney fees and incarceration for life only totals a little over $1 million. Recent studies have also found that the higher the cost of legal counsel in a death penalty case the less likely the defendant is to receive the death penalty, which calls the fairness of the process into question. -
Negative Affect Does Not Impact Semantic Retrieval Failure Monitoring
This is a repository copy of Negative affect does not impact semantic retrieval failure monitoring. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/89131/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Jersakova, R, Souchay, C and Allen, RJ (2015) Negative affect does not impact semantic retrieval failure monitoring. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69 (4). pp. 314-326. ISSN 1196-1961 https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000065 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Negative affect does not impact semantic retrieval failure monitoring Radka Jersakova a, Celine Souchay b, * Richard J. Allen a a School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK b LEAD CNRS UMR 5022, Pole AAFE, Université de Bourgogne, Esplanade Erasme, 21065 Dijon, France Corresponding author at: Celine Souchay LEAD CNRS UMR 5022 Pole AAFE Université de Bourgogne Esplanade Erasme 21065 Dijon France [email protected] +33 (0)3 80 39 90 25 Abstract This study investigated the effect of the emotional nature of to-be-retrieved material on semantic retrieval monitoring. -
The Argei: Sex, War, and Crucifixion in Rome
THE ARGEI: SEX, WAR, AND CRUCIFIXION IN ROME AND THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Kristan Foust Ewin, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2012 APPROVED: Christopher J. Fuhrmann, Major Professor Ken Johnson, Committee Member Walt Roberts, Committee Member Richard B. McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History James D. Meernik, Acting Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Ewin, Kristan Foust. The Argei: Sex, War, and Crucifixion in Rome and the Ancient Near East. Master of Arts (History), May 2012, 119 pp., 2 tables, 18 illustrations, bibliography, 150 titles. The purpose of the Roman Argei ceremony, during which the Vestal Virgins harvested made and paraded rush puppets only to throw them into the Tiber, is widely debated. Modern historians supply three main reasons for the purpose of the Argei: an agrarian act, a scapegoat, and finally as an offering averting deceased spirits or Lares. I suggest that the ceremony also related to war and the spectacle of displaying war casualties. I compare the ancient Near East and Rome and connect the element of war and husbandry and claim that the Argei paralleled the sacred marriage. In addition to an agricultural and purification rite, these rituals may have served as sympathetic magic for pre- and inter-war periods. As of yet, no author has proposed the Argei as a ceremony related to war. By looking at the Argei holistically I open the door for a new direction of inquiry on the Argei ceremony, fertility cults in the Near East and in Rome, and on the execution of war criminals. -
MISCELLANEA DEATH by FIRE in ANCIENT EGYPT in a Recent Survey Entitled
MISCELLANEA DEATH BY FIRE IN ANCIENT EGYPT In a recent survey entitled "The Treatment of Criminals in Ancient Egypt through the New Kingdom"' ), David Lorton has argued that "the only form of death penalty that we know of was impalement" (p. 51). In reaching this conclu- sion, he considers, inter alia, a number of passages which seem to refer to death by fire. In his discussion of the fate of the adulterous woman in Pap. Westcar, he diverges significantly from the traditional view that the woman was burnt2) by translating rdi ht m as a reference to "branding ... or, less likely perhaps, torture" (p. 15). In support of this, Lorton adduces a passage in a stela from Abydos, which bears the cartouches of Neferhotep 1 3) ,as proof of the existence of branding as part of a punishment for crime in ancient Egypt4). The stela forbids burial, or even trespass, in a sacred part of the necropolis5), specifying as the penalty for anyone committing the latter offence wbd. which Lorton translates as "one shall brand him", adding that " the mention of branding ... clearly implies reduc- tion to unfree status" (p. 18). His translation and conclusion both invite comment since, having thus disposed of two apparently explicit references to death by fire as a capital punishment, Lorton is able to dismiss a Ramesside ostracon of similar im- port (O. Nash 2) with the words "The text seems to state literally that they will be thrown into the fire, but such a penalty would fall entirely outside the bounds of the patterns of criminal punishment established by a study of the entire corpus" 6). -
Prosecuting Gender-Based Persecution: the Islamic State at the ICC Abstract
EMILY CHERTOFF Prosecuting Gender-Based Persecution: The Islamic State at the ICC abstract. Reports suggest that Islamic State, the terrorist “caliphate,” has enslaved and brutalized thousands of women from the Yazidi ethnic minority of Syria and Northern Iraq. In- ternational criminal law has a name for what Islamic State has done to these women: gender- based persecution. This crime, which appears in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), has only been charged once, and unsuccessfully, in the Court’s two decades of ex- istence. The case of the Yazidi women presents a promising opportunity to charge it again—and, potentially, to shift the latelyunpromising trajectory of the Court, which has been weakened in recent months by a wave of defections by former member states. This Note uses heretofore unexamined jurisprudence of the ICC’s Pre-Trial Chamber to elaborate—element by element—how the Prosecutor of the Court could charge gender-based persecution against members of Islamic State. I argue that the prosecution of Islamic State would not just vindicate the rights of Yazidi survivors of Islamic State violence. It would help to consol- idate an international norm against gender-based persecution in armed conflict—a norm that, until now, international law has only incompletely realized. This Note argues that only by prose- cuting the crime of gender-based persecution can international criminal law cognize violence, like the attacks on Yazidi women, that is motivated not just by race, ethnicity, or gender, but by the victims’ intersecting gender and ethnic or racial identities. I conclude by reflecting on the role that a series of prosecutions against perpetrators of gender-based persecution might have in re- storing the legitimacy of the ailing ICC. -
History of Death Penalty Laws
#1 Free Legal Website FindLaw.com is the leading and largest online resource for legal information. For basic legal issues to more complex ones, you’ll find thousands of helpful articles, a legal community to get answers to your specific questions, an attorney directory, blogs, news, DIY forms, and much more. Histor y of Death Penalty Laws The first recognized death penalty laws date backtoeighteenth centuryB.C.and can be found in the Code of King Ham- maurabi of Babylon. The Hammurabi Code prescribed the death penalty for overtwenty different offenses.The death penalty was also partofthe Hittite Code in the four teenth centur y B.C. The Draconian Code of Athens,insev enth century B.C.,made death the lone punishment for all crimes.Inthe fifth centuryB.C., the Roman Lawofthe TwelveTablets also contained the death penalty.Death sentences were carried out bysuch means as beheading, boiling in oil, bur ying alive, burning, crucifixion, disembowelment, drowning, flaying alive, hanging, impalement, stoning, strangling, being thrown to wild animals,and quarter ing (being tornapar t). In Britain, hanging became the usual method of execution in the tenth centuryA.D.Inthe eleventh century, William the Conqueror would not allowpersons to be hanged or otherwise executed for anycrime,except in times of war.How ever, this trend did not last long. As manyas72,000 people were executed in the sixteenth centurydur ing the reign of Henry VIII. Common execution methods used during this time included boiling, bur ning at the stake, hanging, beheading, and drawing and quarter ing. Various capital offenses included marrying a Jew, not confessing to a crime,and treason. -
Voiceless Victims, Memorable Deaths in Herodotus
Classical Quarterly 56.2 393–403 (2006) Printed in Great Britain 393 doi:10.1017/S0009838806000401 MEMORABLE DEATHS IN HERODOTUSO. STRID VOICELESS VICTIMS, MEMORABLE DEATHS IN HERODOTUS Herodotus covers a vast repertoire of atrocities. When Apollo, in Aeschylus’ Eumenides (179–90), tells the Erinyes to leave his temple, he says that other places are fitting for them, places where there are beheadings, gouging out of eyes, castration of boys, mutilation, stoning, impalement. The atrocities mentioned by the god are all to be found in Herodotus, and more besides. In this article, I shall review Herodotean examples of the items in Apollo’s list. Sections I.1–6 correspond to the items of the list, with the modification that impalement is replaced by a more illustrative case of crucifixion.1 There is a basic pattern here: the victims are not represented as lamenting or complaining but remain silent, while Herodotus himself wastes no words of empathy on them. Obviously, we can look upon and construe this in different ways, and we can try to find specific reasons for each case of silence. My approach to these cases will be to bring out what Herodotus prefers to focus on. In section II, I will consider some further cases, including deaths in combat, and discuss Boedeker’s and Darbo-Peschanski’s explanations of Herodotus’ reticence concerning the subjective aspect of death.2 I.1 Herodotus relates how after the defeat at Salamis Xerxes marched to the Hellespont and then proceeded to Sardis (8.113ff.). But there is also another report, he says (8.118), according to which Xerxes crossed from Eion on the Strymon to Asia in a Phoenician ship. -
The Abolition of the Death Penalty in the United Kingdom
The Abolition of the Death Penalty in the United Kingdom How it Happened and Why it Still Matters Julian B. Knowles QC Acknowledgements This monograph was made possible by grants awarded to The Death Penalty Project from the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, the United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Sigrid Rausing Trust, the Oak Foundation, the Open Society Foundation, Simons Muirhead & Burton and the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture. Dedication The author would like to dedicate this monograph to Scott W. Braden, in respectful recognition of his life’s work on behalf of the condemned in the United States. © 2015 Julian B. Knowles QC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Copies of this monograph may be obtained from: The Death Penalty Project 8/9 Frith Street Soho London W1D 3JB or via our website: www.deathpenaltyproject.org ISBN: 978-0-9576785-6-9 Cover image: Anti-death penalty demonstrators in the UK in 1959. MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY 2 Contents Foreword .....................................................................................................................................................4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................5 A brief -
Dying in Full Detail: Mortality and Digital Documentary
DYING IN FULL DETAIL This page intentionally left blank DYING IN FULL DETAIL mortality and digital documentary Jennifer Malkowski Duke University Press • Durham and London • 2017 © 2017 duke university press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ∞ Text designed by Courtney Leigh Baker Typeset in Whitman and Futura by Graphic Composition, Inc., Bogart, GA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Malkowski, Jennifer, [date]– author. Title: Dying in full detail : mortality and digital documentary / Jennifer Malkowski. Description: Durham : Duke University Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2016034893 isbn 9780822363002 (hardcover : alk. paper) isbn 9780822363156 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn 9780822373414 (ebook) Subjects: lcsh: Documentary films—Production and direction—Moral and ethical aspects. | Documentary mass media. | Death in motion pictures. | Digital cinematography—Technique. Classification: lcc pn1995.9.d6 m33 2017 | ddc 070.1/ 8—dc23 lc record available at https:// lccn.loc .gov/ 2016034893 Cover art: ap Photo/Richard Drew FOR JOY, my grandmother, who died a good death This page intentionally left blank contents Acknowledgments • ix Introduction • 1 1 3 CAPTURING THE “MOMENT” “A NEGATIVE PLEASURE” photography, film, and suicide’s digital death’s elusive duration sublimity 23 109 2 4 THE ART OF DYING, ON VIDEO STREAMING DEATH deathbed the politics of dying documentaries on youtube 67 155 Conclusion The Nearest Cameras Can Go • 201 Notes • 207 Bibliography • 231 Index • 241 This page intentionally left blank acknowledgments Many people have supported me through my writing of this project, starting in its infancy at Oberlin College, where Geoff Pingree and Pat Day supervised my honors thesis on death in documentary film and gave me the confidence to pursue an academic career. -
Scripture for His Purpose”: a Study of Robert Browning's Use of Biblical Allusions in the Ring and the Book
This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 68-3016 LOUCKS, n, James Frederick, 1936- "SCRIPTURE FOR HIS PURPOSE”: A STUDY OF ROBERT BROWNING'S USE OF BIBLICAL ALLUSIONS IN THE RING AND THE BOOK. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1967 Language and Literature, modem University Microfilms, Inc.. Ann Arbor, Michigan "SCRIPTURE FOR HIS PURPOSE": A STUDY OF ROBERT BROWNING*S USE OF BIBLICAL ALLUSIONS IN THE RING AND THE BOOK DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University er By James F.c Loucks, II, B.A. , M.A. ****#*• The Ohio State University 1967 Approved by Adviser Department of English Antonio: Mark you this, Bassanio, The dlvel can cite Scripture for his purpose, An evil soul producing holy witness, Is like a villain with a smiling cheek, A goodly apple rotten at the heart, O what a goodly outside falsehood hath. Merchant of Venice (1.3,97-102) ii PREFACE To Browning*s readers it is perhaps a commonplace that the poet makes extraordinarily frequent use of Scriptural allusion, even when considered in the context of his own Bible-quoting age. But few modern readers understand how Browning used these allusions for rhetorical effect; this lack has "been partially remedied by a few sketchy critical studies, presided over by Mrs, Minnie Machen*s The Bible in Browning» which shows commendable knowledge of the Bible, but little of the poet*s use thereof. It was my desire to elucidate some of the obscurer The Ring and the Book pas sages containing Biblical allusions that led me to the pre sent subject; but as I began to collect examples, I became aware that Browning*s manipulation of Scripture raised a larger question, that of the poet*s attitudes toward lan guage itself— its protean, elusive, impermanent and decep tive character.