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Title Heritage Preservation Other Contributor(S)University of Hong Kong Author(S) Tsang, Wai-Yee; 曾惠怡 Citation Issued Date

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Title Heritage Preservation Other Contributor(S)University of Hong Kong Author(S) Tsang, Wai-Yee; 曾惠怡 Citation Issued Date Title Heritage preservation Other Contributor(s) University of Hong Kong Author(s) Tsang, Wai-yee; 曾惠怡 Citation Issued Date 2009 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/131001 Rights Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG HERITAGE PRESERVATION: THE AFTER-USE OF MILITARY STRUCTURES IN HONG KONG A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SURVEYING DEPARTMENT OF REAL ESTATE AND CONSTRUCTION BY TSANG WAI YEE HONG KONG APRIL 2009 DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation represents my own work, except where due acknowledgement is made, and that it has not been previously included in a thesis, dissertation or report submitted to this University or to any other institution for a degree, diploma or other qualification. Signed: _______________________ Named: _______________________ Date: _______________________ - i - CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ......................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................... xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................. xiii ABSTRACT............................................................................................ xiv INTRODUCTION...................................................................................1 Research Context .................................................................................1 Objectives.............................................................................................5 Organization.........................................................................................6 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................7 The History of World War II in Hong Kong........................................7 Background of Hong Kong as a British Colony ..............................7 Causes of the Battle ..........................................................................9 General Tactics of the War (Japan).................................................12 General Tactics and Defence Scheme (Hong Kong)......................12 The Battalions.................................................................................17 The Battle .......................................................................................21 Examples of Colonial Military Architectures Preserved ...................25 South-East Asia...............................................................................25 Hong Kong .....................................................................................35 Previous Work done on the Assessment of Military Architectures in Hong Kong.........................................................................................43 - ii - History and Features of Military Structures on Hong Kong Island...52 Bunkers Pillboxes Batteries METHODOLOGY................................................................................78 Existence and Location......................................................................78 Bunkers Pillboxes Batteries Evaluation for Preservation................................................................88 Suggestions on the Use ......................................................................90 FINDINGS, ASSESSMENTS AND......................................................92 PROPOSALS ON MILITARY STRUCUTES ......................................92 Findings on Existence and Location..................................................92 Bunkers Pillboxes Batteries Assessments, Evaluations and Proposals on Selected Existing Military Structures ...........................................................................114 Bunkers and Batteries Pillboxes CONCLUSION ...................................................................................155 Conclusion .......................................................................................155 Limitation and Further Study...........................................................156 - iii - APPENDICES 1. Map Indicating Key Areas on the Hong Kong Island of the Battle................................................................................................ 158 2. Map Indicating the Path of the Japanese Attack on the Mainland from 8th December to 13th December……………………………. 159 3. Map Indicating the Path of the Japanese Attack on the Mainland from 8th December to 13th December……………………………. 160 4. Photos of Preserved Military Sites in Singapore (Battle Box, Fort Siloso and Johore Battery)………………………………………... 161 5. Photos of Preserved Military Sites in Malaysia (Fort Cornwallis).. 162 6. Photos of Preserved Military Sites in the Philippines (Fort San Pedro and Fort San Tiago)………………………………………… 163 7. Photos of Preserved Military Sites in Macau (Mount Fortress, Mong- Ha Fort and St. Francisco Barracks)………………………. 164 8. Photos of Preserved Military Sites in Macau (Guia Fortress and Barra Fort)………………………………………………………… 165 9. Photos of the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defense (Lei Yue Mun Fort)…………………………………………………………. 166 10. Photos of Hong Kong Park (Victoria Barracks)…………………... 167 11. Photo of Murray House…………………………………………… 168 12. Locations of Fortifications on Hong Kong Island on 18th December 1941……………………………………………………. 169 13. Survey Map Index (1:5000: HP5C Series)……………………....... 170 14. Survey Maps (1:5000: HP5C Series) Examined………………….. 171 REFERENCES……………………………………………………….. 172 - iv - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1 An Entrance of a Underground Magazine……………... 53 2 A Underground Magazine with a Battery nearby…….... 53 3 A Close-Up of a Door of a Bunker…………………….. 55 4 A Door of a Bunker…………………………………….. 55 5 A Bunker on the Ground……………………………….. 57 6 Underground Bunkers with an Open Area……………... 58 7 An Opening of a Ventilation Shaft inside an OP………. 59 8 The Remains of a Ventilation Shaft of an OP above Ground…………………………………………………. 59 9 Dr. Connie Hung Standing behind a Retaining Wall of the DD Access after the Site is Evacuated……………... 60 10 A Real Pillbox for Medicine Compared with an Observation Tower of a Military Pillbox………………. 61 11 Loopholes of a Pillbox…………………………………. 63 12 A Close-Up of a Loophole with Steel Shutters………… 64 13 Top of a Pillbox………………………………………... 65 14 A Close-Up of an Observation Tower………………….. 65 15 A Close-Up of an Air Shaft…………………………….. 66 16 A Slanted Roof of a Pillbox……………………………. 66 17 A Steel-Made Entrance of a Pillbox…………………… 67 18 Illustration of Mud and Plantings on the Top of a Pillbox…………………………………………………... 68 - v - 19 Internal Air Duct Openings inside the Air Shaft……….. 69 20 A Plan of a Typical Pillbox……………………………... 70 21 Machine Gun Posts of a Pillbox………………………... 71 22 The Ceiling of a Pillbox………………………………... 71 23 A Battery for a 6-inch Gun……………………………... 76 24 A Battery with a Gun…………………………………. 77 25 A Survey Map Showing Bunkers near Pinewood Battery…………………………………………………... 80 26 A Map by Ko (2001) Showing Bunkers near Pinewood Battery in 2001…………………………………………. 80 27 A Drawing of the Major Characteristics of a Pillbox Found from Aerial Photos………………………………. 82 28 A Drawing of a Typical Search Light Shelter Seen from Aerial Photos…………………………………………… 83 29 Steps for Investigating the Locations of Some Existing Pillboxes………………………………………………... 84 30 Aerial Photo Showing a Battery on Mount Davis……… 86 31 Shape of a Battery Observed from Aerial Photos………. 86 32 Steps for Investigating the Existence and Locations of Batteries………………………………………………… 87 33 General Pattern of the Locations of Bunkers on Hong Kong Island…………………………………………….. 96 34 Old Aerial Photo Showing JLO1 and JLO2……………. 101 35 Old Aerial Photo Showing JLO3……………………….. 102 - vi - 36 Old Aerial Photo Showing LCR2 and LCR3…………… 103 37 Old Aerial Photo Showing PB30 and the SL nearby…… 104 38 Old Aerial Photo Showing PB34 and the SL nearby…… 105 39 Old Aerial Photo Showing Batteries on Mount Davis….. 108 40 Recent Aerial Photo Showing Batteries on Mount Davies…………………………………………………... 109 41 Old Aerial Photo Showing Pinewood Battery………….. 110 42 Old Aerial Photo Showing Bokhara Battery……………. 111 43 General Pattern of Locations of Some Batteries on Hong Kong Island…………………………………………….. 112 44 The Location of the OP at Jardine’s Lookout…………... 117 45 The Door of the OP at Jardine’s Lookout………………. 117 46 Inside the OP at Jardine’s Lookout……………………... 118 47 Pebbles on the Surface of the OP at Jardine’s Lookout… 118 48 Inside the Bunker near Wilson Trail……………………. 121 49 The door of the Bunker near Wilson Trail……………… 121 50 The Bunker near Wilson Trail…………………………... 122 51 The Location of the Headquarters……………………… 125 52 Inside a Bunker of the Headquarters…………………… 125 53 A Bunker of the Headquarters………………………….. 126 54 Another Bunker of the Headquarters…………………… 126 55 The Location of the two Batteries Visited in Mount Davis……………………………………………………. 129 56 An Above-Ground Bunker on Mount Davis…………… 129 - vii - 57 Another Above-Ground Bunker on Mount Davis……… 130 58 An Underground Bunker on Mount Davis……………... 130 59 Graffiti on the Ruins of a Gun Emplacement on Mount Davis……………………………………………………. 131 60 A Gun Battery Emplacement on Mount Davis…………. 131 61 Another Battery on Mount Davis………………………. 132 62 OZP of Mount Davis………………………………….... 132 63 Satellite Photo Showing the Location of JLO1 & JLO2.. 137 64 Satellite Photo Showing the Location of JLO3……….... 137 65 JLO1……………………………………………………. 138 66 JLO2…………………………………………………….
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