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Report Template KØBENHAVNS MUSEUM ARKÆOLOGISK RAPPORT 2012 KBM 3928 Vester Voldgade m.fl. Vestervold Kvarter, Københavns Sogn, Sokkelund Herred, Københavns Amt KUAS j.nr. 2010-7.24.02/KBM-0011 Karen Green Therkelsen Københavns Museum Vesterbrogade 59 1620 København V Telefon: +45 33 21 07 72 Fax: +45 33 25 07 72 E-mail: [email protected] www.copenhagen.dk © Københavns Museum 2011 2 Indholdsfortegnelse 1 Abstract 7 1.1 På dansk 7 1.2 In English 7 2 Undersøgelsens forhistorie 9 3 Den kulturhistoriske baggrund for undersøgelsen 10 3.1 Baggrund 10 3.1.1 De tidligste tegn på mennesker i København 10 3.1.2 Havn og Købenahvns ældste befæstning - begyndelsen af 1100-tallet 11-12 3.1.3 Den højmiddelalderlige befæstning fra ca. 1200 til 1600 12-17 3.1.4 1600-tallets befæstning og anlæggelsen af Frederiksholm 17-21 3.1.5 1700-tallet - befæstningen udvides 21-22 3.1.6 1800-tallets nedrivning af befæstningen 22-23 4 Tidligere udgravninger 24 5 Administrative data 25 6 Øvrige data 26 7 Topografi, terræn og undergrund 27 7.1 Landskabets dannelse, aflejringsforhold og topografi 27 7.2 Kystlinien 27 7.3 Undergrund 27 8 Målesystem 28 8.1 Manuel og digital opmåling 28 8.1.1 Nummerering af anlæg, fotos, tegninger og prøver i Intrasis 28-29 9 Udgravningsmetode 30 9.1 Udgravnings- og dokumentationsmetode 30 9.1.1 Arkæologisk tilsyn 30 9.1.2 Udgravningen 30 9.1.3 Registeringsmetode i felten 31 9.1.4 Intrasisregistrering 31-32 9.1.5 Fotos 32 9.2 Fundindsamling og registreringsparameter 32 9.2.1 Indsamling 32 9.2.2 Registrering 32-34 9.3 Prøveindsamlingsmetode 35 9.3.1 Dendrokronologiske prøver 35 9.3.2 Jordprøver 35-36 9.3.3 AMS-datering 36 10 Resultater 37 10.1 Lag, anlæg og konstruktioner 37 10.2 Gruppering af materialet 37-38 10.2.1 Befæstning (200018) 38-39 10.2.1.1 Voldlag og trækonstruktioner 39-40 10.2.1.2 Voldgravsfyld 40-41 3 10.2.1.3 Kampestenskonstruktioner 41-42 10.2.14 Voldgade 42-43 10.2.15 Opsummering på gruppen Befæstning 43-44 10.2.2 Vandledningssystem (200016) 44-46 10.2.2.1 Trævandrør 46-48 10.2.2.2 Sten- og plankebyggede render 48-50 10.2.2.3 Murstensbygget vandledning 50-52 10.2.3 Opfyldning af Frederiksholm (200436) 52-53 10.2.3.1 Opfyldningslag 53-54 10.2.3.2 "Bolværk" 54-55 10.2.3.3 Fundamenter 55 10.2.4 Moderne anlæg og forstyrrelser (200358) 55-56 10.2.5 Geologiske lag (200425) 57 10.2.6 Hus (200015) 57-58 10.2.7 Pæle, enkeltstående (200620) 58-59 10.3 Fundmaterialet 59 10.3.1 Generelle iagttagelser i fundmaterialet 60 10.3.1.1 Datering 60-62 10.3.1.2 Spor efter lokal lertøjsproduktion 62 10.3.1.3 Kakler 62-64 10.3.1.4 Mursten med reliefdekoration 64 10.3.2 Fundgennemgang 65 10.3.2.1 Keramik 65 10.3.2.1.1 Keramik fra højmiddelalderen og senmiddelalderen (1250-1550) 65-66 10.3.2.1.2 Renæssancekeramikken (1550-1650) 67 10.3.2.1.3 Keramikken fra enevælden (1650-1850) 67-69 10.3.2.2 Keramik fra renæssance/enevælden 69-72 10.3.2.3 Kridtpiber 72-73 10.3.2.4 Glas 73 10.3.2.5 Bygningsmateriale 73-74 10.3.2.6 Læderfund 74-77 10.3.2.7 Flint 77 10.3.2.8 Trægenstande 78 10.3.2.9 Tekstil 78 10.3.2.10 Husholdningsgenstande 78 10.3.2.11 Redskaber 79 10.3.2.12 Krigsrelaterede fund 79 10.4 Naturvidenskabelige analyser 80 11 Sammenfatning 81 11.1 Fundmaterialet 81 11.2 Lag, anlæg og konstruktioner 81 12 Fremtidigt arbejde 82 13 Referencer 83 13.1 Litteraturliste 83-84 4 13.2 Københavns Museums dokumenter for strategi 84 13.3 Internet referencer 84 14 Administrative data 85-86 15 Appendix 87 15.1 Figurliste 87-88 15.2 Tabelliste 88-89 15.3 Skemaliste 89 15.4 Naturvidenskabelige rapporter 89 15.4.1 Makrofossilrapport 89-90 15.5 Lister 90 15.5.1 Stratigrafiske objekter 90-93 15.5.2 Fotos 93-102 15.5.3 Tegninger 102-106 15.5.4 Prøver 106 15.5.5 Fundtabeller 107 15.5.5.5.1 Tabel 12. Alle registrerede fundoplysninger med stratigrafisk objekt. 107-112 15.5.5.1.2 Tabel 15. Alt registreret keramik på subclass niveau 112-116 15.5.5.1.3 Tabel 18. Keramik fra renæssancen og enevælden 116-119 5 Figur 1. Oversigtskort over København; den røde stjerne angiver undersøgelsesområdet. 6 1 Abstract 1.1 På dansk I forbindelse med etableringen af fjernvarmeforsyning i Vester Voldgade samt langs Ny Vestergade og ud for Frederiksholms Kanal nr. 12 og Ny Kongensgade nr. 4-8 og nr. 18-20 blev der foretaget et arkæologisk tilsyn i 2010 og 2011. Herved fremkom levn fra flere perioder af Københavns historie. De ældste spor, der kommer fra den nordlige del af undersøgelsesområdet, stammer fra den højmiddelalderlige befæstning, som har omkrandset København. Spor efter de efterfølgende ombygningsfaser af befæstningen er også fremkommet i form af voldlag, voldgravsfyld og nedbrydningslag samt en brolægning fra en vej anlagt langs indersiden af volden. De forskellige faser af befæstningen strækker sig tidsmæssigt fra den anlæggelse i 1200-tallet til dens nedrivning i 1870’erne. Endvidere er der fundet rester af en muret vandledning, som dateres til Renæssancen. En stor del af de arkæologiske levn hidrører desuden fra det såkaldte Frederiksholm Kvarter, som dækker den sydlige del af undersøgelsesområdet. Dette område stod indtil 1660’erne under vand og udgjorde således en del af Københavns havn, men bliver i sidste halvdel af 1600-tallet opfyldt og inddraget til beboelsesområdet Frederiksholm. Herfra er der fundet bolværk og opfyldslag samt et omfattende vandledningssystem af trævandrør. Perioder: Middelalder, Renæssance (1550-1660) og Nyere tid (1660-1848) Kontekster:Vold, Voldgrav, Opfyldslag, Bolværk, Trævandrør Nøgleord: Befæstning, Dannelsen af Frederiksholm, Vandledningssystem 1.2 In English In connection with intrusive groundworks associated with the excavation of a service trench from Vester Voldgade and along Ny Vestergade, outside Frederiksholm Kanal no. 12 and Ny Kongensgade no. 4-8 and no. 18-20, an archaeological recording and watching brief was undertaken in 2010 and 2011. Remains from several periods of the history of Copenhagen were uncovered. The oldest remains, which are from the northern part of the area of investigation, derives from the high medieval fortification which has surrounded Copenhagen. Traces of the subsequent stages of rebuilding of the fortification is also obtained in the form of fill from the moat and rampart, demolition layers and a paved road running along the inner side of the rampart. The different phases of the fortification extends temporally from 1200 to the 1870’s where the fortification is removed. Furthermore remains of a brick built water channel were found, the dating to the Renaissance. Much of the archaeological remains originates also from the so-called Frederiksholm area, which covers the southern part of the area of investigation. This area stood under water until 1660 and was thus part of the Copenhagen port, but in the late1600s the area was filled and used for settlement. From Frederiksholm there are finds of bulwark and fill layers and an extensive aqueduct system of wooden waterpipes. Periods: Medieval, Renaissance and Present time Features:Moat, Rampart, Fill layers, Bulwark, Wooden Waterpipes Keywords: Fortification, Construction of the Frederiksholm area, Water supply system 7 Figur 2. Oversigtskort med angivelse af udgravningens seks etaper. Skraveringen angiver det område, som blev undersøgt under KBM 3827 Rådhuspladsen. 8 2 Undersøgelsens forhistorie Københavns Museum blev af Københavns Energi den 3. maj 2010 oplyst om, at der skulle etableres fjernvarme i en stor del af Vester Voldgade og over en strækning fra Frederiksholm Kanal nr. 12 og ned langs Ny Vestergade samt i dele af Ny Kongensgade. Der var tale om, at et tracé med en længde af ca. 1300 m med en gennemsnitlig bredde à 2 m og dybe à 3 m skulle graves. Da anlægsarbejdet ville omfatte opgravning af cirka 7800 m³ jord og formodes at berøre vigtige spor af den københavnske fortid, blev der foretaget et arkæologisk tilsyn. Arealet er desuden beliggende indenfor et af Kulturarvsstyrelsen udpeget kulturarvsareal, hvilket blot understreger områdets historiske og arkæologiske interesse og potentiale. Det i undersøgelsen berørte areal kan geografisk set deles i to separate områder, som indtil 1660’erne rummede hver sin historie. Den nordvestlige del, som strækker sig fra Jarmes Plads i nord indtil Løngangsstræde i syd, omfatter det ældst kendte København, mens den sydøstlige del, strækkende sig fra Løngangsstræde ud til Christians Brygge, lå under vand indtil 1660’erne. Herefter blev området opfyldt og inddraget til bebyggelse, det såkaldte Frederiksholm. Udgravningen forløb over seks etaper (se fig. 2); 1. Jarmers Plads til Vestergade. Udgravningsperiode ultimo september til medio december 2010. 2. Vestergade til Farvergade. Udgravningsperiode primo april til medio august 2011. Den på fig. 2 skraverede del blev varetaget af KBM 3827 Rådhuspladsen. 3. Farvergade til Dantes Plads. Udgravningsperiode juni til medio december 2010. 4. Dantes Plads til Christians Brygge. Udgravningsperiode ultimo juli til medio oktober 2010. 5. Ny Vestergade til Frederiksholms Kanal. Udgravningsperiode primo december 2010 til primo oktober 2011. 6. Ny Kongsgade til H.C. Andersens Boulevard. Udgravningsperiode medio december 2010. Som det fremgår af ovenstående, var der ikke tale om kontinuerligt arbejde fra etape 1 til etape 6, derimod foregik arbejdet i forskellige perioder på de enkelte etaper og med forskelligt mandskab. Hvem der deltog i de forskellige perioder/etaper fremgår af gravebøger, tegninger og lagark (se desuden afsnit 14).
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