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Short Communfcatfon dfversfty (Lepfdoptera: Rhophalocera) assocfated wfth nectar feedfng on Zfzfphus maurftfana Lamarck (Rosales: Rhamnaceae) flowers fn Chuadanga,

Tahsfnur Rahman Shfhan

26 Aprfl 2017 | Vol. 9| No. 4 | Pp. 10109–10114 10.11609/jot. 2515 .9. 4.10109-10114

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2017 | 9(4): 10109–10114

Butterfly diversity (: Rhophalocera) associated with nectar feeding on Ziziphus mauritiana Lamarck

(Rosales: Rhamnaceae) flowers in Chuadanga, Bangladesh ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Short Tahsinur Rahman Shihan OPEN ACCESS Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Present Address: Belgachi Railgate Para, Chuadanga, Bangladesh [email protected]

Abstract: A study was conducted during the flowering season of 2005). They choose plants as nectar sources depending Ziziphus mauritiana from September 2015 to October 2015 in Belgachi on various factors including colors and odors of flowers Railgate Para, Chuadanga, Bangladesh. The study recorded 265 individuals of 39 butterfly belonging to five families and32 (Jolivet 1986; Weiss 1997; DeVries et al. 1999; Dosa genera nectar feeding on Z. mauritiana flowers. Amongst the families, 1999; Sourakov et al. 2012). Odor sometimes acts as was dominant with 33.33% (n=13). Amongst the species bada (Moore, 1878) (Hesperiidae) was the most dominant a synergist with color as the important cue for foraging species followed by baldus (Fabricius, 1775) (). (Ômura & Honda 2005). The usefulness of butterfly Virachola isocrates (Fabricius, 1793) (Lycaenidae) spent the maximum foraging depends on corolla depth and proboscis length, time (60–120 sec) nectar feeding on Z. mauritiana amongst the 39 species sampled. which limits the range of flowers from which nectar can be extracted (Porter et al. 1992; Corbet 2000). Keywords: Chuadanga, Lycaenidae, , Virachola isocrates, The floral syndrome of Ziziphus mauritiana Lamarck Ziziphus mauritiana. ( Rhamnaceae) reflects its adaptation to as well as . Flower emergence and development lasts for one month from late September to late October Nectar is an important factor influencing the level in Bangladesh. Morphology: Inflorescence axillary and persistence of butterfly populations, but particular cymes, 01–02 cm long, with 07–20 flowers; peduncles sources of nectar may not be optimal for all species. In 02–03 mm long; flowers are small 02–03 mm across a homestead vegetation context, it is not always clear and inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, faintly fragrant; whether nectar sources used by butterflies are good pedicels 03–08 mm long; calyx with five deltoid lobes, quality species. They may be used opportunistically hairy outside, glabrous within; five petals, subspathulate, in the absence of true preferences, therefore possibly concave, reflexed (Orwa et al. 2009). Z. mauritiana is limiting maximal reproduction (Gillespie & Wratten a fruit tree well known for its nutritional and medicinal 2013). The nectar of flowers is the main source of adult benefits. It is a spiny, evergreen shrub or small tree nutrition and butterflies exhibit distinct differences for up to 15m high, with trunk 40cm or more in diameter; flower preference (Jennersten 1984; Ômura & Honda spreading crown; stipular spines and many drooping

DOI: http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2515.9.4.10109-10114 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:745ACBED-D7F2-4EE0-8646-202221158385

Editor: Sanjay Sondhi, Titli Trust, Dehradun, . Date of publication: 26 April 2017 (online & print)

Manuscript details: Ms # 2515 | Received 22 May 2016 | Final received 07 April 2017 | Finally accepted 10 April 2017

Citation: Shihan, T.R. (2017). Butterfly diversity (Lepidoptera: Rhophalocera) associated with nectar feeding onZiziphus mauritiana Lamarck (Rosales: Rhamnaceae) flowers in Chuadanga, Bangladesh Journal of Threatened Taxa 9(4): 10109–10114; http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2515.9.4.10109-10114

Copyright: © Shihan 2017. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

Funding: None.

Competing interests: The author declares no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: Author is grateful to the reviewers and editors. LOGOs

10109 Buterlfes assocfated wfth Zfzfphus maurffana Shfhan branches. The plant fs nafve to Afghanfstan, Algerfa, Methods Australfa, Bangladesh, Chfna, Egypt, Indfa, Indonesfa, The author monftored three Z. maurffana lowerfng Iran, Kenya, Lfbyan Arab Jamahfrfya, Malaysfa, , trees dafly, fn the mornfng from 08:00–11:00 hr and fn Pakfstan, Thafland, Tunfsfa, Uganda, Vfetnam fn southern the aternoon 15:30–17:00 hr from September 2015 to Asfa and eastern Afrfca (Mfshra et al. 2004; Sellers 2014; October 2015. Dfgftal photographs of adult buterlfes Ashraf et al. 2015). that were nectar feedfng on lowers were taken wfth a Earlfer Mfshra et al. (2004) studfed the dfversfty of zoom lens. Specfes were fdenffed wfth help of lfterature lower-vfsffng fnsects fn relafon to plant densfty of Z. (Kunte 2000; Kehfmkar 2008) and classffcafons follow maurffana fn Awadhesh Pratap Sfngh Unfversfty campus by lfterature Varshney & Smetacek (2015). (24 033’59.88”N & 81 019’49.21”E), Rewa, Madhya Pradesh fn Indfa and reported 18 specfes of buterlfes as Result and Dfscussfon vfsftors to thfs lower. On the other hand, fn Bangladesh, Two-hundred-and-sfxty-fve fndfvfduals of 39 studfes have been carrfed out on the morphology and buterly specfes belongfng to fve famflfes and 32 genera of dfferent buterly specfes but data on the were recorded. Among the famflfes, Lycaenfdae was nectar feedfng behavfor of adult buterlfes are scanty domfnant wfth 33.33% (n=13) representafon followed (Begum et al. 2014). Therefore, the objecfve of the by the Nymphalfdae 28.20% (n=11), Hesperffdae 23.07% present fnvesfgafon was to study the buterly dfversfty (n=09) and both Pferfdae and Papflfonfdae at 7.69% assocfafon wfth Z. maurffana lowers and nectar (n=03) (Ffg. 2). The detafls of the number of fndfvfduals feedfng behavfor of buterly specfes. vfsffng lowers and range of feedfng fme of each specfes Study Area: Belgachf Raflgate Para (23 037’53.90”N & are gfven fn Table 1. 88 051’0.53”E) was the study sfte whfch fs 1.79km away Lycaenfdae: emolus was the most abundant from the mafn town named Chuadanga. It fs sftuated fn (n=17) vfsftor followed by Rathfnda amor (n=13), the southwestern part of Bangladesh (Ffg. 1). Thfs area respecfvely. Vfrachola fsocrates (60-120 sec) and fs covered wfth culfvated land, wetland and homestead Tajurfa cfppus (45 –60) spent the maxfmum fme on vegetafon fnclude trees, herbs, shrubs, grasses and nectar feedfng. clfmbers whfch support buterlfes specfes for thefr Nymphalfdae: Ypthfma baldus (n=22) and Junonfa larval food, nectar feedfng and resfng (Shfhan 2016). almana (n=19) were the domfnant specfes. Agafn Y. baldus (40–45 sec) spent the hfghest fme on nectar feedfng. Pferfdae: Catopsflfa pomona (n=05) was the domfnant specfes and spent the hfghest fme (30–35 sec) on nectar feedfng. Papflfonfdae: Graphfum agamemnon (n=06) was the domfnant vfsftors of thfs famfly and spent the hfghest INDIA fme (10–20 sec) on nectar feedfng.

Ffgure 2. Buterly famflfes compared among subfamfly, specfes and Ffgure 1. Locafon of the study sfte fn Chuadanga Dfstrfct, Bangladesh genera.

10110 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 Aprfl 2017 | 9(4): 10109–10114 Butterflies associated with Ziziphus mauritiana Shihan

Table 1. List of butterflies recorded nectar feeding on Ziziphus mauritiana flowers in Chuadanga, Bangladesh (September–October 2015).

Time Time No. of spent on No. of spent on Common name Scientific name individuals nectar Common name Scientific name individuals nectar recorded feeding recorded feeding (seconds) (seconds) Family: Lycaenidae, Subfamily: Family: Nymphalidae, Subfamily: Nymphalinae Hypolimnas bolina 1 Ciliate Blue 17 05–12 21 Great Eggfly 04 07–12 (Godart, 1824) (Linnaeus, 1758) almana 2 Pointed Ciliate Blue 01 05 22 Peacock Pansy 19 30–34 (Felder, 1868) (Linnaeus, 1758) Castalius rosimon Junonia atlites 3 Common Pierrot 05 20–25 23 Grey Pansy 07 28–32 (Fabricius, 1775) (Linnaeus, 1763) lajus 4 Lime Blue 02 05–07 Family: Nymphalidae, Subfamily: (Stoll, [1780]) Phalanta cnejus 5 Gram Blue 01 25–30 24 Common Leopard phalantha (Drury, 06 05–07 (Fabricius, 1798) [1773]) Neopithecops 6 Quaker zalmora (Butler, 01 20–25 Family: Pieridae, Subfamily: Coliadinae [1870]) Catopsilia pomona 25 Common Emigrant 05 30–35 dubiosa (Fabricius, 1775) 7 Tailless Lineblue 01 10 (Semper, [1879]) Catopsilia pyranthe 26 Mottled Emigrant 04 27–30 8 Pierrot spp Tarucus spp. 03 10–14 (Linnaeus 1758) Family: Pieridae, Subfamily: Pierinae Family: Lycaenidae, Subfamily: Delias eucharis manea 27 Common Jezebel 07 40–45 9 Slate Flash 07 20–40 (Drury, 1773) (Hewitson, 1863) Rathinda amor Family: Papilionidae, Subfamily: Papilioninae 10 Monkey Puzzle 13 18–30 (Fabricius, 1775) Graphium Spindasis vulcanus 28 Tailed Jay agamemnon 06 10–20 11 Common Silverline 05 10–13 (Fabricius, 1775) (Linnaeus, 1758) cippus Pachliopta 12 Peacock Royal 07 45–60 (Fabricius, 1798) 29 Common Rose aristolochiae 04 10–12 (Fabricius, 1775) Common Guava Virachola isocrates 13 05 60–120 Papilio polytes Blue (Fabricius, 1793) 30 Common Mormon 02 05–07 Linnaeus, 1758 Family: Nymphalidae, Subfamily: Family: Hesperiidae, Subfamily: Hesperiinae ariadne 14 Angled Castor 04 03–05 salsala (Linnaeus, 1763) 31 Chestnut Bob 15 07–30 (Moore, [1866]) Family: Nymphalidae, Subfamily: Obscure Branded agna 32 18 20–22 Elymnias Swift (Moore, [1866]) hypermnestra 15 Common Pamfly 03 20–21 Parnara bada 33 Ceylon Swift 32 20–30 (Linnaeus, 1763) (Moore, 1878) Ypthima baldus Parnara ganga 16 Common Fivering 22 40–45 34 Evans’ Swift 01 15 (Fabricius, 1775) Evans, 1937 Ypthima huebneri Pelopidas 17 Common Fourring 04 30–31 Large Branded Kirby, 1871 35 subochracea 03 45–110 Swift Family: Nymphalidae, Subfamily: Danainae (Moore, 1878) Euploea core gremius 18 Common Crow 01 05–08 36 Indian Palm Bob 02 30–32 (Cramer, [1780]) (Fabricius, 1798) bambusae Family: Nymphalidae, Subfamily: 37 Dark Palm Dart 05 18–19 (Moore, 1878) aconthea Common Palm 19 Common Baron 10 35–45 38 08 22–34 (Cramer, [1777]) Dart (Fabricius 1775) procris 20 Commander 03 07–09 Family: Hesperiidae, Subfamily: Pyrginae (Cramer, [1777]) japetus 39 Common Snow Flat 02 26–40 (Stoll, [1781])

Hesperiidae: Parnara bada was the most dominant from the small flower. Orwa et al. (2009) mentioned (n=32) species and Pelopidas subochracea spent the that Z. mauritiana flowers were protandrous. Hence, highest time (45–110 sec) on nectar feeding. the fruit set depends on crosspollination by insects Members of the Lycaenidae family were dominant in attracted by the fragrance and nectar. The pollen of the the study area because most of the species were small in flower is described as ‘heavy and thick’. In India, different size with short proboscis length and easily fed on nectar species of honeybees, Apis spp. and house flies Musca

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2017 | 9(4): 10109–10114 10111 Butterflies associated with Ziziphus mauritiana Shihan

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

10 11 12

13 14 15

Images 1–15. 1 - Anthene emolus; 2 - Anthene lycaenina; 3 - Castalius rosimon; 4 - ; 5 - Euchrysops cnejus; 6 - ; 7 - Prosotas dubiosa; 8 - Tarucus spp; 9 - ; 10 - Rathinda amor; 11 - Spindasis vulcanus; 12 - ; 13 - ; 14 - Elymnias hypermnestra; 15 - Ypthima baldus. © Tahsinur Rahman Shihan

domestica are reported to be important pollinators; the some cultivars produce good crops parthenocarpically wasps Polistes hebraceus and Physiphora spp. have also (Orwa et al. 2009). Mishra et al. (2004) recorded been observed on flowers. Cross-incompatibility occurs, butterfly visiting flowers namely Zizula hylax, Tarucus and cultivars have to be matched for good fruit set; theophrastus indica, Eurema hecabe, Junonia almana,

10112 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2017 | 9(4): 10109–10114 Butterflies associated with Ziziphus mauritiana Shihan

16 17 18

19 20 21

22 23 24

25 26 27

28 29 30

Images 16–30. 16 - Ypthima huebneri; 17 - Euthalia aconthea; 18 - ; 19 - Hypolimnas bolina; 20 - Junonia almana; 21 - Junonia atlites; 22 - ; 23 - Catopsilia pomona; 24- Catopsilia pyranthe; 25 - Delias eucharis, 26 - Graphium agamemnon; 27 - Pachliopta aristolochiae; 28 - Papilio polytes; 29 - ; 30 - Pelopidas agna. © Tahsinur Rahman Shihan

Pieris brassiceae, Spindasis spp., Euploea core and butterflies choose Z. mauritiana flowers as a source of Phalanta phalanta. nectar in the study area. In the flowering season, a large In the late monsoon (September–October), the numbers of flowers bloom together in a single tree and numbers of plants producing nectar are few, so provide nectar for butterflies.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2017 | 9(4): 10109–10114 10113 Butterflies associated with Ziziphus mauritiana Shihan

31 32 33

34 35 36

Images 31–36. 31 - Parnara bada; 32 - ; 33 - ; 34 - Telicota colon; 35 - ; 36 - Virachola isocrates. © Tahsinur Rahman Shihan

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10114 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2017 | 9(4): 10109–10114

OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally by publishing peer-reviewed articles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate atwww.threatenedtaxa.org . All articles published in JoTT are registered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License unless otherwise mentioned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of articles in any medium, reproduction, and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) April 2017 | Vol. 9 | No. 4 | Pages: 10021–10140 Date of Publication: 26 April 2017 (Online & Print) DOI: 10.11609/jott.2017.9.4.10021-10140 www.threatenedtaxa.org

Articles New records of social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespinae: Vespa and Provespa) from Distribution and population status assessment of the -- Phurpa Dorji, Thinley Gyeltshen, Wim Klein & endemic grass-like palm Butia marmorii(Arecales: Tshering Nidup, Pp. 10102–10108 ) in Paraguay -- Irene Gauto, Fernando Palacios, Pamela Marchi, Butterfly diversity (Lepidoptera: Rhophalocera) associated Nelson Silva & Gloria Céspedes, Pp. 10021–10034 with nectar feeding on Ziziphus mauritiana Lamarck (Rosales: Rhamnaceae) flowers in Chuadanga, Bangladesh Conservation of the Southern River TerrapinBatagur affinis -- Tahsinur Rahman Shihan, Pp. 10109–10114 (Reptilia: Testudines: Geoemydidae) in : a case study involving local community participation First record of a Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat -- Pelf Nyok Chen, Pp. 10035–10046 Chaerephon plicatus Buchannan, 1800 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Molossidae) colony in , with notes on Butterflies associated with major forest types in echolocation calls and taxonomy (eastern Himalaya), India: -- Tharaka Kusuminda & Wipula B. Yapa, Pp. 10115–10120 implications for ecotourism and conservation planning -- Arun P. Singh, Pp. 10047–10075 Density and obligatory feeding habits of an isolated Golden Jackal Canis aureus L. (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) population in Pirotan Island, Gulf of Kachchh, India Communication -- Kamaraj Ramkumaran, Rethnaraj Chandran, Chowdula Satyanarayana, Kailash Chandra & Tikadar Shyamal, Traditional home garden agroforestry systems: habitat Pp. 10121–10124 for conservation of Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus (Passeriformes: Ploceidae) in , India -- Yashmita-Ulman, Awadhesh Kumar & Madhubala Sharma, Notes Pp. 10076–10083 The seasonal occurrence of the Whale Shark Rhincodon Peer Commentary typus (Smith, 1828) (Orectolobiformes: Rhincodontidae) along the Odisha coast, India Livestock and wild herbivores in the western Himalaya: -- Shesdev Patro, Biraja Kumar Sahu, Chandanlal Parida, competition or co-existence? Madhusmita Dash & K.C. Sahu, Pp. 10125–10129 -- Zarreen Syed & Mohd Shahnawaz Khan, Pp. 10084–10088 A new record of Gunther’s Waspfish Snyderina guentheri (Boulenger, 1889) (Scorpaeniformes: Tetrarogidae) from Short Communications Visakhapatnam, India -- Muddula Krishna Naranji & Sujatha Kandula, Pp. 10130– Conservation status assessment and new population record 10132 of the threatened Golden Himalayan Spike Phlomoides superba (Royle ex Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm. First record of Neojurtina typica from India (Hemiptera: from Jammu & Kashmir, India Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) -- Amber Srivastava, Yash Pal Sharma, O.P. Sharma Vidyarthi -- S. Salini, Pp. 10133–10137 & Sunil Kumar Srivastava, Pp. 10089–10095 Xenomerus orientalis Walker (Hymenoptera: Host specificity of some wood-decaying fungi in moist Platygastridae): a new distribution record for India deciduous forests of , India -- Kalmesh Managanvi, A.K. Karnatak & M.A. Khan, -- A. Muhammed Iqbal, Kattany Vidyasagaran & Pp. 10138–10140 Narayan Ganesh, Pp. 10096–10101

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