Potencial Ornamental De Curcuma

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Potencial Ornamental De Curcuma POTENCIALA RTIGOORNAMENTAL DE DIVULGAÇÃO DE CURCUMA 99 Potencial ornamental de Curcuma ANA CHRISTINA ROSSINI PINTO1 e TAÍS TOSTES GRAZIANO2 RESUMO component of marketing strategy, developing competitivity and stimulating local and abroad trade. A introdução de novas espécies e de novos produ- This article consider the ornamental potential of the tos na indústria da floricultura brasileira é de grande genus Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceae) and, presents in- importância para o crescimento do setor, ampliando o formations about the botany, production and sortimento de produtos disponíveis, atendendo à neces- postharvest and postproduction technology of some sidade dos produtores e consumidores por novidade, curcuma species available nowadays at the interna- importante componente da estratégia de marketing, tional flower market and, as well as, of species with desenvolvendo competitividade e estimulando a potential for being used as ornamental. Thus, the tar- comercialização, tanto ao nível de mercado interno get is to focus researchers and producers attention to como externo. O presente artigo discorre sobre o po- the genus potential and to contribute for the estab- tencial ornamental de espécies do gênero Curcuma L. lishment and development of these species produc- (Zingiberaceae) e apresenta informações referentes à tion at Brazil. botânica, à produção e à tecnologia de pós-colheita e pós-produção de algumas espécies disponíveis atual- Key words: Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceae), botany, mente no mercado internacional de flores e plantas propagation, production, postharvest, postproduction, ornamentais, bem como de espécies com potencial de cut flower, potted plant. utilização como ornamental. Espera-se, assim, chamar a atenção de pesquisadores e produtores para o poten- 1. INTRODUÇÃO cial do gênero e contribuir para o estabelecimento e desenvolvimento da sua produção no Brasil. As espécies do gênero Curcuma L. são conhecidas Palavras-chave: Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceae), pela sua utilização nas áreas alimentícia, têxtil, medi- botânica, propagação, produção, pós-colheita, pós- cinal e de cosméticos e perfumaria, sendo os rizomas produção, flor de corte, planta envasada. fonte de pigmentos e de substâncias antioxidantes e antimicrobianas (CHRISTIE & NICHOLS, 1996; CECILIO FILHO et al., 2000; NAVARRO et al., 2002). ABSTRACT Entretanto, além desses usos, podem ser utilizadas Ornamental potential of Curcuma como flor de corte, florífera envasada (KUEHNY, 2001) The introduction of new species and new prod- e no paisagismo (CRILEY, 1999). Também são culti- ucts are of great importance to the growth and thrive vadas para a produção de material propagativo of the Brazilian floriculture industry, increasing the (KUEHNY et al., 2002), existindo um mercado pro- assortment of available products, attending produc- missor para a comercialização de rizomas das espécies ers and consumers demand for novelty, an important adotadas como ornamentais. 1 Engenheira Agrônoma, Doutora em Produção Vegetal, 14870-000 Jaboticabal (SP), [email protected] 2 Centro de Análise e Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio da Horticultura – IAC, Caixa Postal 28, 13001-970 Campinas (SP), [email protected] Rev. Bras. Hortic. Ornam., Campinas, v.9, n.2, p.99-109, 2003 100 ANA CHRISTINA ROSSINI PINTO & TAÍS TOSTES GRAZIANO Inúmeras espécies do gênero apresentam grande Conforme WOOD (1995), há uma boa oportuni- potencial ornamental em vista do caráter altamente dade para o desenvolvimento da produção de flores de decorativo e exótico de suas inflorescências e folha- corte de cúrcuma, tanto em áreas tropicais com ocor- gens, longa durabilidade das inflorescências cortadas, rência de seca sazonal, como em áreas temperadas ciclo de produção entre 90 e 100 dias e facilidade de quentes com inverno curto e moderado e verão úmido produção (KUEHNY, 2001; KUEHNY et al., 2002; PAZ e quente. Segundo CHRISTIE & NICHOLS (1996), as et al., 2003). Ademais, quando se usam como plantas ornamentais são consideradas culturas de importância envasadas, tanto em ambientes interiores como ex- recente, que podem ser cultivadas com êxito nas re- teriores, a inflorescência apresenta excelente dura- bilidade de pós-produção, em torno de, aproxima- giões da América. damente, quatro semanas e meia, ocorrendo variações A folhagem de Curcuma também pode ser usada nesse período conforme a espécie (SARMIENTO & cortada, compondo arranjos florais, tanto como fundo KUEHNY, 2003). verde como colorido, através de folhagem variegada O mercado internacional para as cúrcumas orna- (C. petiolata ‘Emperor’) ou listrada de marrom ou ver- mentais tem apresentado crescimento ano após ano melho (CHAPMAN, 1995). (SARMIENTO & KUEHNY, 2003). Na Ásia as cúrcumas têm sido selecionadas para a produção co- mercial de flores de corte (HUANG, 1995) e, na Nova Gênero Curcuma L. Zelândia, alguns produtores já as estão produzindo pela O gênero Curcuma L. pertencente à família técnica da hidroponia (CHRISTIE & NICHOLS, 1996). Zingiberaceae e à tribo Hedychieae, apresenta cerca de Em 1999, a Tailândia exportou 15 milhões de 70 espécies (PURSEGLOVE, 1974), verificando-se rizomas de cúrcumas ornamentais, avaliados em 3 mi- ampla variação morfológica intra e interespecífica lhões de dólares, sendo o Japão e a Holanda os merca- (APAVATJRUT et al., 1999). dos principais, seguidos pelos Estados Unidos e pela A distribuição natural do gênero ocorre nas zonas Nova Zelândia, onde são cultivadas para produção de tropicais e subtropicais, com distribuição geográfica flores de corte e de plantas envasadas (LEKAWATANA desde a Índia até a Tailândia, Indochina, Malásia, & PITUCK, 1998). Indonésia e Norte da Austrália (APAVATJRUT et al., Mundialmente, Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep., C. 1999). Existem mais de 40 espécies em cultivo, porém amada Roxb., C. domestica Valeton, C. parviflora Wall., poucas são comercialmente viáveis. C. petiolata Roxb., C. roscoeana Wall., C. thorelii Gagnep., C. zedoaria Roscoe, entre outras espécies, são As plantas são herbáceas, perenes, com rizomas e consideradas ornamentais ou com potencial ornamen- raízes tuberosas que atuam como reservatório adicio- tal, sendo algumas delas já exploradas comercialmen- nal de reservas e água (CASTRO, 1995) e apresentam te, encontrando-se disponíveis vários cultivares no altura desde 30,0 cm até 2,2 m (CRILEY, 1999). A mercado (LEKAWATANA & PITUCK, 1998; inflorescência do tipo espiga compacta apresenta de KUEHNY et al., 2002; MACIEL & CRILEY, 2003). duas a dez flores protegidas por brácteas inferiores, Na Tailândia, C. alismatifolia, C. parviflora, C. thorelii geralmente verdes. Brácteas superiores, chamadas de e C. roscoeana são produzidas comercialmente para “coma”, são usualmente mais longas que as inferiores, exportação (LEKAWATANA & PITUCK, 1998). diferindo na coloração e podendo ser estéreis CHAPMAN (1995) ainda cita C. australasica Hook. f., (APAVATJRUT et al., 1999). As brácteas superiores C. elata Roxb., C. gracillima Gagnep. e C. sumatrana podem apresentar coloração rósea-lilás, branca, laran- Miq., como plantas com potencial para flor de corte. ja (CRILEY, 1999) e vermelha (LEKAWATANA & No Brasil são relatadas como ornamentais Curcuma PITUCK, 1998). alismatifolia Gagnep., C. zedoaria Roscoe, C. roscoeana Wall. e C. domestica Valeton (LORENZI & Conforme a espécie, a inflorescência pode apre- SOUZA, 1999). A produção de cúrcumas ornamentais sentar-se terminal, surgindo no pseudocaule formado no Brasil é muito pequena, tendo-se conhecimento de pelas folhas, ou emergir diretamente do rizoma, for- produtores de flores cortadas em São Paulo (Holambra), mando uma haste única. Nesse caso, a inflorescência Minas Gerais e Rio Grande do Sul e de produtores de pode emergir antes das folhas ou juntamente com elas, rizoma de algumas espécies nos Estados de São Paulo, podendo ou não ficar escondida pela folhagem Goiás e Pernambuco. (CRILEY, 1999). Rev. Bras. Hortic. Ornam., Campinas, v.9, n.2, p.99-109, 2003 POTENCIAL ORNAMENTAL DE CURCUMA 101 Até recentemente todas as espécies cultivadas de O estabelecimento de técnicas de micropropagação Curcuma eram estéreis, não produzindo sementes. de cúrcuma in vitro tem como objetivo a obtenção rá- Entretanto, novas introduções podem produzi-las e duas pida e em larga escala de mudas de qualidade, uni- delas têm sido hibridizadas (CHAPMAN, 1995). formes e sadias, livres de nematóides e patógenos (CRILEY, 1995a, 1999). Estudos foram realizados para As cúrcumas desenvolvem-se em áreas onde a obtenção de protocolos para multiplicação in vitro de umidade relativa é sempre alta e a temperatura rara- ° Curcuma alismatifolia (WANNAKRAIROJ, 1997), C. mente alcança valores menores do que 15 a 18 C amada (DEKKERS et al., 1991), C. aromatica (CHRISTIE & NICHOLS, 1996). Há desde espécies (YASUDA et al., 1988), C. domestica (MUKHRI & que requerem pleno sol até as que necessitam de YAMAGUCHI, 1986; YASUDA et al., 1988; sombreamento (CRILEY, 1999). As condições BALACHANDRAN et al., 1990; DEKKERS et al., ambientais ótimas e as práticas culturais adequadas 1991), C. roscoeana (SOTTHIKUL & APAVATJRUT, variam conforme a espécie cultivada (SARMIENTO 1996, 1997) e C. zedoaria (YASUDA et al., 1988; & KUEHNY, 2003). MELLO et al., 2000, 2001a, 2001b). A propagação é realizada, normalmente, pela divi- Atualmente, empresas privadas disponibilizam no são dos rizomas, quando se encontram no estádio de mercado internacional mudas de diversos cultivares de dormência (inverno), efetuando-se o plantio no início cúrcuma ornamental obtidas por micropropagação. da primavera, com formação
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