El Mitema De La Venganza En El Cine: El Mito De La Orestía

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El Mitema De La Venganza En El Cine: El Mito De La Orestía Facultad de Filosofía y Letras MÁSTER EN CULTURA Y PENSAMIENTO EUROPEO Y SU PROYECCIÓN TRABAJO DE FIN DE MÁSTER El mitema de la venganza en el cine: el mito de La Orestía The mytheme of revenge in films: the myth of The Oresteia Ana María López Saludes León, junio 2013 Facultad de Filosofía y Letras MÁSTER EN CULTURA Y PENSAMIENTO EUROPEO Y SU PROYECCIÓN TRABAJO DE FIN DE MÁSTER El mitema de la venganza en el cine: el mito de La Orestía The mytheme of revenge in films: the myth of The Oresteia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - V.B Dr. Jesús-Mª Nieto Ibáñez Ana María López Saludes León, junio 2013 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS A Amor López Jimeno y a Alejandro Valverde García, porque sin conocerme de nada, me han facilitado información sobre artículos, libros y enlaces de interés para el trabajo. Alejandro además ha sido una pieza clave en la visión global del proyecto, y su dedicación y esfuerzo enormes. A mis compañeras de máster Andrea Patricia Durán Cingerli y Esperanza de los Reyes Aguilar por escucharme, aconsejarme y brindarme también su ayuda. Por último a Erika Loreti, traductora en alguna de las películas y a las demás personas que me han escuchado y apoyado, sobre todo a mi madre. 3 ÍNDICE CAPÍTULO I.- INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................. 6 1.1.- Objeto de estudio .................................................................................................. 9 1.2.- Metodología y referentes .................................................................................... 10 1.3.- Estado de la cuestión .......................................................................................... 12 CAPÍTULO II.- LA ORESTÍA: MITO Y TRAGEDIA ............................................ 17 2.1.- Definición de mito y términos afines ................................................................. 17 2.2.- La Orestía ........................................................................................................... 31 2.2.1.- Antecedentes................................................................................................ 31 2.2.1.1.- Tántalo .................................................................................................. 31 2.2.1.2.- Pélope e Hipodamía ............................................................................. 33 2.2.1.3.- Los hijos de Pélope: Atreo, Tiestes y Piteo .......................................... 36 2.2.1.4.- Atreo y Tiestes ...................................................................................... 38 2.2.1.5.- Los Atridas ........................................................................................... 41 2.2.2.- Mito y mitema ............................................................................................. 44 2.2.2.1.- Mito ...................................................................................................... 44 2.2.2.2.- Mitema ................................................................................................. 50 2.3.- La tragedia .......................................................................................................... 52 2.3.1.- La Orestía y sus distintas representaciones trágicas.................................... 55 2.3.1.1.- De la Épica a la Lírica: Homero, Hesíodo, Estesícoro y Píndaro ....... 56 2.3.1.2.- Los trágicos: Esquilo, Sófocles y Eurípides ......................................... 60 2.3.1.2.1.- Personajes ...................................................................................... 61 2.3.1.2.2.- El sueño que atormenta a Clitemnestra ......................................... 73 2.3.1.2.3.- Reencuentro y reconocimiento entre los hermanos ...................... 74 2.3.1.2.4.- Plan y realización de la venganza ................................................. 75 2.3.1.2.5.- Acto de venganza y escenario del mismo...................................... 77 2.3.1.2.6.- Actitud de los protagonistas frente al acto que han cometido ....... 78 2.3.1.2.7.- Matricidio y oráculo ...................................................................... 79 2.3.1.2.8.- Castigo ........................................................................................... 80 2.3.1.2.9.- Areópago y Atenea ........................................................................ 82 2.3.1.2.10.- Lo divino, lo religioso y la justicia .............................................. 82 2.3.1.3.- Eurípides. Orestes ................................................................................ 83 2.3.1.4.- Otras fuentes mitográficas .................................................................... 86 2.3.1.5.- Séneca. Agamenón ............................................................................... 87 CAPÍTULO III.- EL SÉPTIMO ARTE Y LA VENGANZA .................................... 91 3.1.- Orígenes del Séptimo arte .................................................................................. 91 3.2.- Los géneros cinematográficos ............................................................................ 94 3.3.- Cómo analizar un film ...................................................................................... 100 3.4.- La venganza desde la Antigüedad .................................................................... 105 3.5.- El tema de la venganza en el cine ..................................................................... 114 CAPÍTULO IV.- EL CINE Y SU APLICACIÓN DIDÁCTICA EN EL AULA .... 119 4.1.- Educación en valores: educación para la no violencia .................................... 128 4.2.- El complejo de Electra y la psicología evolutiva del niño ............................... 132 4 CAPÍTULO V.- PELÍCULAS................................................................................... 135 5.1.- Versión actualización de los antecedentes: Los Atridas ................................... 137 5.2.- Versión mítica ................................................................................................... 144 5.3.- Versión moderna del mito ................................................................................ 149 5.4.- Versión mitema en la familia ............................................................................ 176 5.5.- Versión mitema amplio: la venganza ............................................................... 196 CONCLUSIONES ...................................................................................................... 224 FUENTES DOCUMENTALES ................................................................................. 229 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .............................................................................................. 239 5 CAPÍTULO I.- INTRODUCCIÓN La pervivencia de los mitos en el devenir histórico y en las diversas artes pone de manifiesto la relevancia de continuar profundizando en una de las expresiones más interesantes de la cultura occidental. Es así que el tema elegido para este trabajo, -que guarda una estrecha relación con la asignatura “De la mitología griega a los mitemas universales” del máster Cultura y Pensamiento Europeo y su Proyección-, pretende indagar en el valor del mitema como elemento constitutivo de los aspectos sociales y culturales de los grupos humanos. La razón que ha motivado la elección de este proyecto es doble. Por una parte, para aportar algo más de luz sobre la incidencia de los mitos dentro del Séptimo Arte. La escasez de estudios al respecto hace por un lado difícil encontrar material suficiente para apoyarse en la investigación, pero por otro lado, deja abierto un abanico de posibilidades en la contribución a la materia. Y por otra parte, por una motivación personal, al ser el mundo de los mitos clásicos un tema que siempre nos ha resultado fascinante. Una selección de películas, que compondrán el corpus metodológico, permitirá identificar en ellas el mitema en el cine. Los distintos films mostrarán en su argumento, sino es el mismo, una estrecha relación con el mitema de La Orestía, más concretamente, de la venganza dentro de la familia. Esta cuestión será tratada en el presente volumen de acuerdo con el orden que se especifica a continuación. El trabajo consta de cinco capítulos y las conclusiones, alguno de los cuales conlleva subdivisiones. Se propondrá un recorrido por los principales puntos sin ahondar en particularidades que profundicen en demasía, ya que 6 se trata de temas amplios, sobre los que hay infinidad de trabajos y no son el objeto de estudio de este proyecto realmente. El primer apartado del trabajo se dedica a la introducción, al objeto de estudio del presente proyecto, a la metodología y las fuentes utilizadas para llevarlo a cabo y al estudio de caso. El capítulo II denominado La Orestía: mito y tragedia, que está formado por tres partes. La primera parte, Definición de mito y términos afines, en la que se ha intentado identificar lo que se entiende por mito y sus palabras vinculadas. La segunda, La Orestía constituida por antecedentes y mito y mitema. En el primero se ha hecho un recorrido por las generaciones de esta familia, que como se comentará, están marcadas por mentiras, tramas, asesinatos, venganzas y una serie de acciones que hacen comprensible entender el contexto de odio en el que está enmarcado el mito. En el segundo -no resulta sencillo como en otros mitos- se narra el mito de La Orestía, aunque se ha vuelto imposible describirlo de una única forma, pues no solo un autor trágico lo ha escrito,
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