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L Jisi.orical, C!5t.O'grllllfiical a:n~ Statistical. S DTHERLll,'D . MENZIES, . ~ . .lU'rBoa 0' •••~ I'.a.VOO81Tl!B," "f'OLI'ftCAL WOIID," "IltlinI&T ", IaAlrC£," "lDInOay 0' ~." VOL. I. LONDON, W~ U. ALLEN & CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W.. I'OBLIlBBB8 'to mw IJ'DU OntOL 1880. v ~ I ' n1~ GO. I 2S-4( ....... , YOO»P.U.a. .AD m:nwsa, rar:nw ... III:U'CJIJI» ~ ~ W..(. 168 IN THE FORBIDDEN LAND whisper of death. The Rongba, crouched with teeth chattering, was moaning, and his sudden shudders bespoke great pain. It seemed only common charity to let him have the blanket, which was in any case too small for both, so I wI'apped it tightly l:ound his head and body.' He was doubled up with his chin on his knees. This small exertion was quite sufficient to make me lose the tug-of-war in which I was pulling against nature. Just like the subject who, undel' hypnotic influence, feels his own will and power suddenly going from him, so I felt the entire hopelessness of further struggle against the supernatural forces I was contendil!g with. FaIling backwards on the snow, I made a last desperate effort to gaze at the glittering stars ... my sight becanle dim and obscured.... For how long this semi-consciousness lasted, I do not know. /( God! how ghastly! Doctor! Kachi! " I tried to articulate. My voice seemed choked in my throat. Was what I saw before me real? . The two men, as if frozen to death by the side of each other, seemed lying on that vast white sheet of snow, motionless as statues of ice. In my dream I attempted to raise theIn. They were quite rigid. I knelt beside them, calling them and frantically strivi'ng to bring them back to consciousness and life. Bewildered, I turned round to look for Bijesing, and, as I di1 so, all - sense of vitality seeTned to freeze within me. I saw myself enclosed in a quickly contracting. tomb of transparent ice. It was easy to realise that I ~oo would shortly be nothing but a solid block of ice, like my companions. :My legs, my arms were already congealed. Horror-stricken as I was at the approach of such a hopeless, ghastly death, my sensations were accompanied by a languor and lassitude indescribable hut far from unpleasant. To some PREFACE. - THB momentous events recently occurring in the East of Europe were the sequel and consequence of revolutions which have agitated that part of the world for several centuries. To thoroughly understand the facts now being accomplished from day to day, it is necessary to follow in its principal features, general results, and most important revolutions, the history of the formation, grandeur, and , decadence of the OTTOMAN EMPIRE. In tracing the his­ torical development and ethnical peculiarities of the Turks, the author has endeavoured to give a clear idea of the institutions, manners, races, peoples, and religions of the Empire, composed of so many different elements; and also as far as practicable an accurate knowledge of the geography of those still imperfectly known countries. This last-named feature, it is hoped, will be of great. service to geography as well as history, and of the utmost interest to all who follow with serious attention the pro­ ~ess of events affecting what in this country is broadly and generally known as the EASTERN QUESTION. The statistics of the Ottoman Empire are .derived from , the most trustworthy sources. For these the Author has been greatly indebted to recent researches-notably those of M. Vladimir Jakschitj. Director of the Statistical vor. I. 6 VI PREFACE. Department of Servia, and of Mr. J. W. Redhonse, the well-known Tnrkish scholar; lIB also Herren Behm and Wagner. The sources to which recourse has been made in the historical portion of the work are too numerous to cite here, but which have been acknowledged either in the text or in the foot-notes. SUTHERLAND .MENZIES. COIlIllE. ALExA. liDBA. BoAD, SOUTH H.ul1'8TEAD. CONTENTS. -VOL. I. BOOK I. PAGII INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPrER I. IIBCTIO. I. Anta.goniam of the East and Weat . 6 2. Mahomet, the Koran, its Dogm.. and Precepts 7 3. Errore of the Koran . • .' 11 oj,. Death of Mahomet. A ....h Conqnest. 15 5. The First KbaJifes, the Ommiades and Ahb... sides . 19 CHAPTER II. Fao. THB ADVENT or TllB S.ELlUKIDU TO THAT or TIlE OTTOHAN8. 1. Origin of the Turks. Deeadence of the Kheli1'ats • 25 2. Invasion of the Mongols . 37 8. Sequel of the Mongol Conquests. Destruction of the KbaJifats of Bagdnd. Summary of the sO: preceding centuries 89 CHAPTERID. THB OTTOllWl TuB"" .0 THB RBIG" O. AHUIlATH L (1231-1360). 1. Origio of the Ottomans. Orthognel "" 2. Reign of Othoman . 51 3. Reign of Orohan 56 4. Early Contests of the Turks and Greeks in Europe. 62 5: HiBtory of Servia, Bosnia, Albania, &0. • 66 CHAPTER IV. ,RBIG"B O. AHUIlATH L .urn BAlAZET L (136()"1402). 1: Amurath L Organization of the Janissariea . 71 2. Acquisitions in Asia Minor. Feuda! organization of the Sipahis 77 8. N ... Conqnesta in Europe and Asia. Battle of Iconium 79 Vlll CONTENTS. IIICITIn PH • .... Battle of Kaasova. Death of Amurath . 81 5. Bajazet I. Abasement of tho <hook Emperors. AequiJitiollI in .Asia Minor. Conquest of Wallachia and Bulgaria • 83 6. Submission of .Asia Minor. Battle of Nioopo1ia. Conquoot 01 Greece • " 86 7. Conq1U!8ta of Tamerlane • 91 8. Wor between Timour ....d Bajazet. Battle of Angora. Death of Bajazet. ~ CHAPl'ER V. I RBlon or lIlAIrouT I .• or Alro&m n. AJlo or ~(J)[ft n TO TIlB CAl'T1JJlB or COIIlI'UlITIlIoPLB (1403-1~3). 1. Interregnum. War between the lIOD&of Bajazot (1403-1413) • 98 2. Reign of Mahomet L (1413-1421) • 101 S. Amurath n (1421-1450). Civil War. Siege of COIlItantinop\e. Submission of the Turkish States of .Asia Minor • 105 .... Wora in Albmia, W ..na.hi... and Sonia. Bnnyado Corrin.... D. feat of tho Ottomon. • 100 5. Battle of V....... Sca.nderbeg. Battle of Kaooova 112 6. Reign of Mahomet n. Siege and Capture of COIlItantinople 115 BOOK II. FBDx ,.,.. CAl'T1JU or COIIl'!AJ/'IIlIoru ft TIlB Pun or CnunrID (1~1699). CHAPJ.'ER L RUG. 0' ~ n ftOJl TIlB CAl'T1JU or ConrAJITDOPLII (1~1481). L ConditioD 01 the Greeb after the Ccmqueot • 125 2. Tho Ccmqueot of Bema • • 128 S. Subjection of tho llozo&. Wor againd s-derbeg. Coaqn..u ia Asia • 131 .... Conquest 01 Wallaebi&. CPno1tieo of WJad 1M Do..a • 133 5. Ccmqueat 01 Boaoia. W ... with the Voneliano ad in A1bani& • 136 6. Conqneat of Kammania • 139 7. Wor in:Moldavia. Conqneat 01 tho on- . 142 8. Captano of CnDa.. Siege of Bcntari. Peace with tho Venetiau. 144 9. Expoditione into Bnnguy and Italy. Siege at JIhodea 1~ 10. CIwaeteIr of vobmn ... n. 1Iia ~ • 148 CONTENTS. IX .CHAPTER n. H.BIGX 0. BAlAZM ll. AliD OP SBLUl (1481-1520). 1. Revolt and Adventares of Djem • 159 2. ExpeditiOll8 in Hnngary, Moldavia, and Asia Minor 163 8. Firat RelatiOllB with H.IlBIlia. War with the Venetians . 165 ~ Revolt of the Sons of Bajazet. His death • 167 o. Salim L (1512-1520). War with Persia • 168 6. Conqnest of Egypt. Death and Charactar of Selim 178 CHAPTER m. REIGX o. SOLYIWII L 1520 ~o T1IE YBAB 1535. 1. Firat Acts of Solyman. Capture of Belgrade and of Rhodes 179 2. The Gnmd Vizier Ibra.bim. Tronb1es in Egypt, in the Crimea, in W~. 1~ 3. Now Policy of Franoe with Relation to the Ottoman Empire. Francis L asks aid from Solyma.n. The Snltan's Letter. 184. ~ The Battle of Mohscz 190 o. Revolte in Asia 192 6. Now Relations of Francis Land Solyman 193 7. Seoond Expedition into Hnngary. Siege of Vienna 195 8. Third Expedition into Hnngary. Emhas.y of Francie L Siege of Qji..... P ..... with Au.tria • 199 9. War with Persia. Capture of Bagdad. ChaireddiD·Barbaro ..... Capture of Tunie by Charlo. V. 204 10. Firoj; Capitn1ation of the Porte ·with Franoe . 207 CHAPTER IV. REIG. 0' BOL!1IA1i 7BOH ~H11 CAPlroLA~IO". WITH FlWI'CB ~ HIS D""~H (1586-1566). 1. Sequel of the Franco-Turkish Alliance. War with Vomoe 212 2. AEa.irs of Hnngary. Cap""" of Bnda • 21~ 8. New Allianoe betWeeD Turkey and Franoe 216 40. War in Asia • 221 5. AEa.irs of Hungary. Siege of Erlau. Sequel of the Franco- Turkish Allianoe 223 6. W lOr with Persia. The Snltans Roxale.na. Dsath of Mnstapha. 226 7. Mairs of Hungary. Revolt and Death of Bajazet 228 8. Peaoe with Austria. NavnlMairs. Siege of Malta • 229 9. Renewa1 of the War in Hungary. Siege af Szigeth. Dsath of Solyman . 231 x cOl'lTENTi. CHAPTER V. REIGII8 O. SELD< n. AIID AII1lIlATH ilL (1566-1595). DerlO. ,.&01: 1. Selim il. surnamed !h.Drrmkwrd (1566-1574). Revolt of the J auiaaaries. Peace with AuRtria 241 2. Relations with France 243 3. Erpedition to Arabia 245 4. Conquest of Cyprus 246 5. Battle of Lepanto . 249 6. Embassy from France. Peace with Venioe 251 7. Capture of Tunia. Affairs of Poland and Moldavia. Death of &ilim. 2W 8. Amurath m. (1574-1595). First Aets of his Reign • 255 9. War with Hnngary. Relations with France. 257 10. War with Persia ' 262 11. Relations with France, England, Venioe, &co Peace with Persia. 264 '12. Revolts of the J aniaaariee and troubl.. in the Prov'.JICeI. War reDewed in Hungary. Death of Amurath IlL 268 CHAPTER VL RElGII8 O.
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    The Image of States, Nations and Religions in Medieval and Early Modern East Central Europe THE IMAGE OF STATES, NATIONS AND RELIGIONS IN MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN EAST CENTRAL EUROPE Edited by Attila Bárány and Réka Bozzay, in co-operation with Balázs Antal Bacsa Debrecen 2018 MEMORIA HUNGARIAE 2 SeriesMEMORIA Editor: HUNGARIAEAttila Bárány 5 Series Editor: Attila Bárány Published by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences - University of Debrecen “Lendület” PublishedHungary by the Hungarian in Medieval Academy Europe ofResearch Sciences Group - University (LP-2014-13/2014) of Debrecen “Lendület” Hungary in Medieval Europe Research Group (LP-2014-13/2014) Editor-in-Chief: Attila Bárány Editor-in-Chief: Attila Bárány Sponsord by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Office for Research Groups Sponsored by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Office for Research Groups Copy-editor: Copy-editor: Balázs Balázs Antal Antal Bacsa Bacsa Desktop editing, layout and cover design by Desktop editing, layout and cover design by Anett Lapis-Lovas – Járom Kulturális Egyesület Anett Lapis-Lovas – Járom Kulturális Egyesület ISBN 978-963-508-881-2 ISBNISSN 978-963-508-833-1 2498-7794 ISSN 2498-7794 © “Lendület” Hungary in Medieval Europe Research Group, 2018 © “Lendület” Hungary ©in TheMedieval Authors, Europe 2018 Research Group, 2016 © The Authors, 2016 All rights reserved. No part of thisAll publication rights reserved. may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalNo part system,of this publication or transmitted may in be any reproduced, form or by any means, storedelectronic, in a retrieval mechanical, system, or photocopying, transmitted in recording, any form oror otherwise,by any means, electronic,without mechanical, the prior writtenphotocopying, permission recording, of the orPublisher.
  • Let's Sue Them All! the Byzantine Disaster. Grade 7 Lesson. Schools of California Online Resources

    Let's Sue Them All! the Byzantine Disaster. Grade 7 Lesson. Schools of California Online Resources

    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 457 064 SO 031 525 AUTHOR Otto, Gina TITLE Let's Sue Them All! The Byzantine Disaster. Grade 7 Lesson. Schools of California Online Resources for Education (SCORE): Connecting California's Classrooms to the World. INSTITUTION San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools, CA. PUB DATE 1998-00-00 NOTE 38p. AVAILABLE FROM Schools of California Online Resources for Education, San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools, 601 North East Street, San Bernardino, CA 92410-3093. E-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://score.rims.k12.ca.us. For full text: http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/activity/academy/index.htm. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Learner (051) Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Case Method (Teaching Technique); *Cultural Context; Curriculum Enrichment; *European History; Foreign Countries; Grade 7; Interdisciplinary Approach; Junior High Schools; *Middle Eastern History; Non Western Civilization; *Role Playing; Social Studies; Writing Assignments IDENTIFIERS *Ottoman Empire; *Roman Empire ABSTRACT Who is responsible for loss of life and property when one empire is conquered by another? It is the year 1473 A.D., 20 years after the fall of Constantinople. On May 29, 1453, the Eastern Roman Empire came to an end with the military takeover of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks. How could an empire cease to exist? What were the people in and around the area doing in its final days? History does not occur in a vacuum. What occurs in one place effects others and can be partially caused by the actions or non-actions of neighbors.
  • The Outline of the Turkish-Hungarian War Between 1520 and 1526

    The Outline of the Turkish-Hungarian War Between 1520 and 1526

    The Outline of the Turkish-Hungarian War between 1520 and 1526 FERENC SEBŐK After the death of King Mathias (1458-1490) the Turkish-Hungarian frontier re- mained generally peaceful. But the word "peaceful" should not be taken literally. This only meant that large-scale military operations led by the sultan himself did not take place. János Hunyadi dealt an annihilating defeat to the Turkish army, which had been engaged in the siege of Belgrade in 1456, and since then the Turks had been reluctant to launch large-scale military operations against the Hungarian Kingdom. King Mathias had kept the situation along the border firmly in his hands, and Turkish raids aimed at the realm or her frontiers were heavily defeated at the hands of the king's captains. During the reign of king Wladyslaw II (1490-1516) nothing seemed to have changed, Turkish raids were answered by similar Hungarian incursions into the territory of the Turkish Em- pire. In fact, the situation was steadily worsening for the Hungarians, the upkeep of the border fortresses and the salary of soldiers took up two-thirds of the king's revenue.1 Following the death of Wladyslaw II, his son, the young king Louis II (1516- 1526) sought to keep up the peace with the Turks. On 1 April 1519, the last Hun- garian-Turkish cease-fire agreement was signed for the duration of three years with sultan Selim, who was engaged with the pacification of his empire after his large-scale conquests in the East. The situation changed fundamentally in September 1520, when sultan Selim I died, and was succeeded by his son, Suleyman I (the Magnificent).