Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 1

Parwich Hall near Ashbourne, Derbyshire

Heritage Assessment

Fig. 1: Parwich Hall: South Front in 2017

Jeremy Milln FSA 18th May, 2017 10,944 words

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 2

CONTENTS

page

1. Brief for this Report 3

2. Planning Framework and Designations 4 2.1 Planing policy 2.2 Designation of Parwich Hall 2.3 Designation of Parwich Hall garden terraces, walls & entrance gates 2.4 Designation of Parwich Hall summerhouse

3. Family History 6

4. Development of the House 9 4.1 Phase 1, c.1600 (yellow) 4.2 Phase 2a, c.1730? (pink) 4.3 Parwich Hall roof and phase 2b, c. 1770? 4.4 Sub-phase 2c, undateable, but before 1844 4.5 Phase 3, c.1870 (or c.1900?) (green) 4.6 Phase 4, c.1905 (dark blue) 4.7 Phase 5, c.1935 (red) 4.8 Phase 6, c.2000 (pale blue)

5. Gardens and Grounds 24 5.1 Summary description 5.2 Map evidence for garden development 5.3 Brief History of the Gardens

6. Impact Assessment 31 6.1 For the fabric of the house 6.2 For the fabric and setting of the garden 6.3 For buried archaeological evidence

7. General References 37

8. Appendix: Phase Plans basement, ground, first & second floors 39

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 3

1. Brief for this report

This heritage assessment report was commissioned to accompany a proposal to modestly extend Parwich Hall, Derbyshire. It was researched, written and illustrated by Jeremy Milln.

The proposal would be to introduce a new room, to be used as a library, under the bottom or first garden terrace at the rear of the house. This room would be accessed via an underground link coming from the basement via a lift. A glazed link is also proposed at ground level above this underground link.

A further underground link would be made from the new library, via a second lift, to a new Garden Room, a detached summer house structure a short distance to the north-west. From here there would be external access both from the level of the dog kennel yard and, via the Garden Room, direct to the level of the third garden terrace.

Implementation of the proposal is likely to be technically challenging in view of the restricted nature of the site with its various levels dramatically expressed by terraces. It also calls for sensitivity of design and execution in view of the historic importance of Parwich Hall and the potential for archaeological discovery.

The purpose of the report is to set out, using archaeological, architectural and historical evidence, an account of the development of Parwich Hall so that is significances may be better understood and so that decisions affecting the fabric of the Hall and is grounds may be made in the light of best information available. The author is asked to assess the likely impact of the proposal on the heritage assets at Parwich Hall, weighing the relative merits of two options for the connection of the new build to the old at basement and ground levels.1

1 Darren Archer of Channel Design outlines the brief in an e-mail to Clare Henshaw dated 13th October 2016, following his meeting with Historic England's Inspector and Peak Park's Conservation officer

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2. Planning framework and designations

2.1 Planning Policy Core Strategy policy LD4 and Paragraph 128 of the National Planning Policy Framework requires that applicants describe the significance of any heritage assets that may be affected by the development including the contribution made by their setting. There is a also a statutory duty under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas Act 1990 to preserve a heritage asset, its setting or any features of special architectural or historical interest.

Three designated heritage assets are recognised at or within the curtilege of the application site, namely Parwich Hall (grade I* listed, no. 1281585), Parwich Hall garden terraces, walls and entrance gates (listed grade II, no.1109298) and Parwich Hall summerhouse (grade II, no. 1203681). Structures within the curtilege of the listed buildings or area of the garden are included in the designations. Undesignated structures adjoining the site may be deemed to be within the setting of the protected assets and, if affected, also merit consideration. The NPPF defines the setting of a heritage asset as meaning: the surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral

Paragraph 10 of the NPGG chapter titled 'Conserving and enhancing the historic environment' explains: heritage assets may be affected by direct physical change or by change in their setting. Being able to properly assess the nature, extent and importance of the significance of a heritage asset, and the contribution of its setting, is very important to understanding the potential impact and acceptability of development proposals.

2.2 Designation of Parwich Hall Listed grade II* on 5th February 1952, Parwich Hall was one of the first to be so recognised under the original post-War Town & Country Planning Act. It is now protected under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. The descriptor, which greatly simplifies the complex architectural history of the house, is given here in full2:

House. c1747, incorporating earlier fragments, c1910 and 1931. Rubble limestone and red brick with sandstone dressings. Hipped slate roofs, gabled to the north. Two brick ridge stacks, two gable end stacks and a brick external stack. Three storeys plus a basement. South elevation - brick with stone dressings, the main block above a stone basement. Main block of five bays, the centre bay advanced. Projecting quoins to central bay and to outer bays. Moulded stone eaves cornice. Basement with four 2-light square section flush mullion windows. Ground floor with central doorway with moulded stone surround, coving and rusticated pilasters and cornice. Six-panelled door, the top four panels raised and fielded. Rectangular overlight with fanlight tracery. Curved flight of nine stone steps with wrought iron railings. Flanked on each side by two windows with segmental heads and moulded stone surrounds. C19 casement. Five similar, but smaller, windows above and above again. The central first floor window with a pediment. Central pedimented gable

2 Historic England list entry number 1281585 for the Hall at OS grid reference SK 1863 5460, for the garden structures 1109298 at SK 1871 5464 and for the summerhouse 1203681 at SK 1871 5467

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flush with the main wall surface and slightly wider than the centre bay. Service wing to the west, of three bays. Ground and first floor c1905, three plain sashes to ground floor, segmental arched casement windows above. Top floor added in 1931 with three windows with flat heads, with stone lintels and sills. East elevation of four bays with windows similar to those on the south side. The windows to the two left hand bays are all blocked. North elevation - rubble limestone with two brick gables of low pitch. Irregular fenestration, including a tall round-arched glazing bar sash with moulded stone surround. Above, a glazing bar sash with stone surround, of which the upper half is the remains of a C17 2-light recessed chamfer mullion window. In the basement in what are now internal walls, are two 2-light recessed chamfer mullion windows; also a chimney lintel dated TS 1792. Interior mainly late C18 and early C19. Late C18 chimney-piece in the dining room. Very fine mid-C18 chimney-piece in hall, and a good contemporary staircase.

2.3 Designation of Parwich Hall Garden Terraces, Walls and Entrance Gates Listed grade II on 14th June 1984 the short descriptor reads: Terraces, walls and entrance gates c.1905 by Sir Walter Tapper. Rubble limestone with gritstone dressings. Drystone retaining walls with flat copings, to terraces and to road. Gate piers with ball finials. Cross walls. Wrought iron C18 style entrance gates

2.4 Designation of Parwich Hall Garden Summerhouse Listed grade II on 14th June 1984 the short descriptor reads: Summerhouse. c.1905 by Sir Walter Tapper. Rubble limestone with grit-stone dressings. Plain tile pyramidal roof. Single storey. West elevation with a doorway on the right and a 6-light square section flush mullion window with a major mullion.

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3. Family History

3.1 The family and architectural histories of Parwich Hall are by no means completely understood, but a brave attempt to bring together what is known about the place was made by the Parwich and District Local History Society in 20033. This report summarises the 2003 findings which draw upon many of the sources listed at the end of this report, adding the fruits of more recent and present observation. Archaeology has the potential to contribute to the story in the future, for which the present proposal provides an opportunity.

3.2 The Manor of Parwich was held from the King by one Colne at Domesday (1086), indeed it had been at the time of the Conquest so Colne was presumably Anglo-Saxon. Still held by the Crown into the early 13th century, it was granted by King John to William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby, but was later confiscated and by 1297 given to the Earl of Lancaster, subsequently becoming part of the Duchy of Lancaster.

3.3 It is suggested that Colne was ancestor to a number of local families including the Allsop and de Parwich (or de Peverwick) families. The de Parwich name occurs in the Rolls of Derbyshire Eyre in 1281 and in the Derbyshire Feet of Fines in 1338, and were presumably tenants. We hear that in 1288 one Jordanus de Sutton had left property at Parwich to his son John as in 1326 Stephen de Seagrave had to his son John. The Kniveton family also held land at Parwich, for Matthew de Kniveton forfeited it in 1265 in the wake of the de Montford Uprising. Matthew was pardoned and we find Nicholas de Kniveton leaving land here to his son in 1490.

3.4 The Cockayne family held the main part of the Manor from the 14th century, through the death of Sir John Cockayne of Ashbourne in 1438 until it was sold by Sir Edward Cockayne to Thomas Levinge II (1564-1640) in c.1603. The family of Thomas Levinge I, who came originally from Norfolk, claim to have been resident in Parwich since 1561 and may already have been tenants of Cockayne. They remained until around 1683 when Anne Levinge, widow of Thomas Levinge III (1601-1641), moved to Chester. Her son Richard I (1631-1667), who married Anne Parker, briefly held Parwich, being succeeded by his eldest son Thomas IV. However by 1675 this Thomas was before the King's Bench as a debtor. Anne and Thomas' younger brother Richard II (1656-1724) settled the debt, rescuing Parwich for the time being. However Richard II became MP in Chester and in Ireland in the 1690s, and by 1700 the Levinge family had moved to County Westmeath, quitting Parwich but retaining ownership. Sir Richard, 1st Baronet, as he became in 1704, was by then Solicitor General and Speaker in the Irish Parliament.

3.5 The Levinges retained ownership of Parwich Hall, renting it at some point to a branch of the Brownson family from Essex. By tradition a member of this family had been a servant of Mary, Queen of Scots and married a local girl, settling Derbyshire after Mary's execution in 1587. Although only landlords for (most of?) this period, the Levinges must have retained a considerable interest in Parwich for it was substantially rebuilt by Sir

3 Particular acknowledgement is made of Brian Foden, Robert Shields, Rosemary Shields, and Peter Trewhitt, 'Parwich Hall', Parwich & District LHS Newsletter no 14 (September 2003). Authorities are cited here against the sources at the end of this report.

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Richard Levinge, the 2nd Baronet (c.1690 - 1748) in or by 1747. The Levinges retained Parwich until 1814 when it was sold to William Evans of Allestree Hall and Darley Abbey. The present (12th) baronet, Sir Richard George Levinge, now resides at Clohamon House, Bunclody, County Wexford.

3.6 William Evans, descended from a Bonsall family and had a considerable fortune based on the Evans Bank in Derby and the Darley Abbey cotton mill. He was a local MP, and a philanthropist. He was followed in both of these by his son Thomas William Evans who was made a baronet in 1887. Thomas was responsible for building Parwich School in 1861 and the present church in 1873-4 to a design by Stevens & Robinson. In 1877 the Evans Bank merged with the older Derby based Compton’s Bank.

3.7 It is has been suggested that initially William Evans used the house for shooting parties, though from at least 1841 onwards it was used as the Vicarage. The vicar from 1823 to 1828 was the Rev. Carr, a relative of Evans. His wife was responsible for planting the cross-shaped wood on Parwich Hill. There is a curious carved stone in the wilderness part of the garden by the path going up to the large water tank on the hillside. It has the inscription FILIAE DILECTISSIMAE PATER MOERENS (father mourning for beloved daughter) AD 1869 with a cross. This father may be the Rev May, then vicar, and living at the Hall, whose daughter Fanny Elisabeth died aged 15, and was buried in Parwich churchyard on 17 February 1869.

3.8 At the death of Sir Thomas William Evans in 1892 the Parwich estate passed to his two cousins, Mrs. Lewis and Mrs. Curtis, daughters of the former vicar of Parwich the Rev Carr. Mrs. Lewis’ son the Rev. Claud Lewis lived in the Hall and was vicar of Parwich (1904-11). The Rev. Lewis commissioned Sir Walter Tapper in 1905 to lay out the gardens afresh, and it is largely these gardens we see today, though as photographs of the period indicate there has been extensive replanting. The Rev. Lewis was not popular in the village, and arguments about use of the School for the 1911 Coronation Celebrations culminated in villagers burning an effigy of him on the village Green.

3.9 The Estate was auctioned in 1915, when it was bought by Major Alfred John Gainsforth. There seems to be very little remembered locally about Major Gainsforth, though he was responsible for installing the carillon, with its eight chimes, in the church in 1919, as a memorial to the dead of the First World War.

3.10 Sir John Frederick Crompton-Inglefield (1904-1988) and Lady Rosemary Crompton- Inglefield moved to the Hall in 1931. Sir John’s mother was a Crompton of the Derby banking family and his father Admiral Sir Frederick Inglefield. The Crompton-Inglefields opened the gardens to the public during the 1930s and in 1938 Sir John was High Sheriff for Derbyshire. Some years later Great Western Railways took the Parwich name from a 1930s guide book listing gardens open to the public, and called a locomotive ‘Parwick Hall’, perpetuating a spelling error in the guide book. During the Second World War, the Hall was made available as overflow accommodation for convalescing soldiers at Parwich Hospital, then a Red Cross convalescent home. Although beds were set up in the drawing room, no one locally remembers them being used. Mrs. Bagshawe, the oldest daughter of the Crompton-Inglefields, remembers as a child they drank bottled water, only using the

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 8

running water from the mere for washing. The Crompton-Inglefields returned in 1945, and continued to develop the gardens, opening them to the public three or four times a year until 1975.

3.11 In 1975 Parwich Hall was bought by Donald Alexander Gillies Shields DL (1924- 2012) and his wife Rosemary Shields. Donald's grandfather, Alderman John Gillies Shields JP (c.1875-1943), of Isley Walton, Leics had, with Fred Craner, been instrumental in setting up the famous motor racing circuit at Donington Park in 1931. He also founded the Longcliffe Quarrying Company in 1927 which owned the limestone quarries at Breedon-on- the-Hill. Donald's father Major John Shields, who lived at Breedon Hall and at Isley, also ran the Longcliffe Company which to this day remains in the family. Donald himself, who was born at Breedon Hall, joined Longcliffe Quarries in 1946 and rose to become High Sheriff (1989-90) and was for many years a Deputy Lieutenant for the County of Derbyshire.

3.12 Parwich Hall is now held by Donald and Rosemary's son Robert John Gillies Shields DL and Alice Shields. Robert is the current director at Longcliffe Quarries Ltd, High Sheriff for Derbyshire during 2005-6 and has been Deputy Lieutenant for Derbyshire since 2006. Robert and Alice Shields have continued to cherish the house and grounds at Parwich to the present day.

Fig. 2a-d: Four generation of the Shields family as Directors of Longcliffe Quarries, the last two at Parwich

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 9

4. Development of the House

4.1 Phase 1, c.1600 (yellow on phase plan, see appendix)

We do not know where the medieval manor house was, though if it existed it is likely to have been timber-framed and in the same area as the present house. At some time during the Tudor period any such early house was rebuilt in stone so that today no part of it is likely to be detectable, even perhaps with archaeological excavation. This occurred, I suggest, around the year1600, perhaps in the context of Thomas Levinge's purchase of Parwich. Pevsner, writing in 1953, perpetuates a suggestion the limestone rubble-walled basement with mullioned windows of the present house are its remains. There are two early 2-light mullioned windows in the basement: one in the west wall of the former (phase 2) kitchen, which was external before the addition of the present kitchen (phase 3). The other mullion exists in the south wall of the eastern vaulted basement, where it would seem to have been external before the addition of the phase 2 house. Both these mullions are double- chamfered, unlike the clumpy plain mullions of the phase 2 house, and are clearly Tudor in terms of their style, workmanship and in the case of the latter, evidence of glazing rebate.

Fig. 3: Mullion window of c.1600 in the E basement

The question is: are they in situ and, if so, how much of the fabric with which they are associated is phase I? The kitchen mullion can be readily dismissed for it is made from non-matching parts; its lintel and sill are double-chamfered and c.1600, but its jambs are plain single chamfered and probably later. This window has clearly been made from reused parts and belongs to the phase 2 build. The eastern basement mullion, on the other hand, is correctly articulated and while we cannot exclude the possibility of reuse, its situation does strongly suggest the wall here, at least, belongs to phase 1. If it was reused, it can only have been an act of conscious antiquarianism, for it is of little use, other than marginally as a borrowed light.

It is reasonable therefore to agree that some phase 1 fabric survives in the basement and a look at the plan would suggest this extends to three bays equalling the 15.4m length of the phase 2 house, the latter having been planted onto the front of it, doubling the depth of the accommodation. If this was the case we would expect to see evidence for hearths and perhaps a matching mullion to the south wall of the north-western basement which may yet be found hidden behind plaster. The plan suggests that the centre bay broke forward (as it does of the phase 2 house) and we may imagine this as a house with a centre gable over a hall with services to left and parlour/chamber to right.

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 10

4.2 Phase 2a (claimed 1747, but more plausibly c.1730) (pink on phase plans)

The phase 2a build comprises nearly all the present house with the exception of the wing to the west. Of this build are (almost certainly) the vaults which support the ground floor, which may be sprung from what was left of the phase 1 house. Fashionable brick done in Flemish bond was used for the main south front and the garden elevation to the east, while the north and west service elevations were done in limestone rubble, perhaps reused from the phase 1 building and intended originally to be plastered. The basement windows are stone two-light mullions but done very plain, as are the sandstone reveals to the windows above with their gently arched lintels. Stone has been used for quoins, chamfered to the SW, SE and NE corners and to the break-front, but plain to the NW.

Fig. 4: Original door to phase 2 kitchen and recycled phase 1 c.1600 mullion, left

Fig. 5: Old basement kitchen with early 18th cent mullions and the recycled c.1600 mullion, right

Fig. 6: Early 18th cent mullion, the only one with its original glazing in the house, below

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All the windows of the main phase 2a elevations are replacements, mostly timber 6-pane casements of the early 20th century, so what were the frames originally? Their proportions are good for double- hung sashes, divided perhaps to 12 panes of good crown glass, but a single phase 2a window survives in the W elevation at 2nd floor level which has small panes of hand-made glass set to leaded lights. It would be very archaic even in a back room for a country house in 1747 and alone argues for an earlier date for the phase 2a build. It tentatively suggests the phase 2a windows throughout were casements, perhaps set to timber mullion and transom frames, with the main elevations leaded too. If this was so the 1747 date of received wisdom (the original citation is lost) would be infeasibly late. Such windows would be fine in the reign of Queen Anne, but would be decidedly passé in a country house of the reign of George II, by when sashes were de rigueur.

It is pure speculation but one wonders if in fact the house had not been ordered by Sir Richard Levinge I who after all knew Parwich in his youth and had the means, rather than Sir Richard II whose life was entirely in Ireland? This may also explain why six of the twelve embrasures in the east elevation are (and possibly always were) blind – his Lordship did not feel inclined to go to the added expense of fully glazing a tenanted house, especially following the introduction of window tax in 1696, and certainly not with sashes à la mode. Although the brick used in the blocking is the same as seen in the walls, the outlines of these windows are detectable internally, so they are not purely decorative and the option of glazing them one day was left open. If they had been glazed it can only have been briefly for they were not lengthened as the other ground floor windows were early on.

Fig. 7: East Front: blind windows to l; early 20th cent casements to r

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Fig. 8a & b: details showing how the sill to the glazed windows of the ground floor S & E fronts has been carefully dropped. The level of weathering to the extension pieces of the stone surround suggest this occurred quite early.

Fig. 9: Rear (N) elevation. Chiefly phase 2, but gables are 2a and the red brick wing phases 3, 4 & 5. Many of the windows altered in phases 3 and 4, frames even later.

Other anomalies which hint at a date for phase 2a earlier than 1747 include a lead hopper head at the back (but which came from the E front) dated 1738 and the big basement kitchen. A glory of

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 13 this house is this early kitchen with its multi-flued east wall. Here there is the grit-stone lintelled fireplace for an open fire, perhaps with a spit, another for a range, a third for some kind of warming oven and a fourth, with surviving iron door, for a brick-domed bread oven. The initials 'TS' and the date '1792' has later been scratched on one of the stone lintels. Opposite the fire wall is the recycled two-light mullion and a wide doorway, now blocked, but originally external.

Fig. 10: Old kitchen, view of the range and oven niches in its E wall

Fig. 11: Wrought iron door to bread oven. Fig 12: detail of brickwork inside the oven

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4.3 Parwich Hall roof and phase 2b, c. 1770?

4.3.1 Description Access to the main roof was obtained on 25th April 2017, and the visit was accompanied by Darren Archer of Channel Design and Clare Henshaw. The present roof is pitched to the south, east and west with hips at the angles between. To the north (rear) the roof resolves to a pair of brick gables with a valley between. To the south a short extension of the roof extends to meet the rear of a parapet pediment. There are four chimney stacks, two five-flued stacks from the main E-W ridge and one from each of the rear gables, having three flues apiece.

Internally the rafters of this roof are supported from side purlins bearing upon six timber trusses and the masonry of the rear gables and stacks. There are two trusses of each of three types:

 Type 'A', based upon a short (c.5m) tie4 has a king post and angled struts starting from close to the base of the king post. Its rafters are slightly steeper pitched than those of truss types B and C.  Type 'B' is based upon a long (c.7.2m) tie and has only raked struts between tie and rafter.  Type 'C', also with a long (c.7.2m) tie, has a king post with raked struts springing from near its mid point. It also has short raked struts between tie and rafter.

Trusses of types B and C are made from softwood, probably redwood pine (Pinus sylvestris) and oak (Quercus robur), the softwood being reserved for the longer components, namely the ties and rafters; while the oak is generally used for the shorter ones, namely the king posts and struts. The oak components all have redundant mortices, trenches or notches while the softwood ones have no such character. Trusses of type A would seem to be entirely oak, but here also the components all have redundant mortices etc.

The two type A trusses are used in the main front range aligned N-S and here their purpose is each to support a principal rafter running at right angles for the purlins to the E & W sides. They also serve to hold the base of this rafter, and thus the wall plate, via a horizontal tie tenoned and pegged into the face of the king post close to its base. The two Type B trusses located close to the type A trusses and also aligned N-S, serve the purpose of supporting purlins to the south side roof. The two type C trusses which are located at the rear of the house and aligned E-W, support the roof at it approaches the gable ends of the rear (N) elevation.

4.3.2 Discussion These trusses are most interesting, both for their varied form and for the abundant evidence of earlier use of all the oak components. It is tempting to speculate that therefore Parwich Hall had an earlier roof, but while there is evidence, such as redundant purlin trenches, for use of some of them in a roof, just as many of these components came from other parts of a timber-framed building or buildings. And what would the date of these reused components be? Perhaps early 17th century for

4The length of the type 'A' trusses ties cannot be measured from the roof space as they have been covered by an introduced loft floor. If, as it may be fairly assumed is the case, these ties also serve as bearers to the ceiling joists in the second floor rooms below, they may in fact be around 6m long to span the rooms

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 15 the majority although there is a member with a close-spaced row of mortices for studding which could well be earlier5.

Tenon from tie pegged Steeper pitched against face of kingpost type 'A' truss to restrain spread of the rafter probably of phase 2a roof

Type 'B' truss with raked struts belonging to phase 2b roof

Fig 13: Type 'A' and type 'B' trusses, SE angle of the roof, top

Fig 14: Detail of strut/ tie/ kingpost joint to type 'A' truss, below

Phase 2b softwood tie added to phase 2a type 'A' oak truss out to principal rafter at right angles to the truss

5 Tree ring dating (dendrochronology) has not been attempted at Parwich, nor would there be advantage in doing so. Given the presence of so much reused timber, the results would probably be very misleading.

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There is indeed evidence Parwich Hall had an earlier roof, but it is not provided by the reused timber (which may have come from anywhere), but by the masonry fabric of the house itself. Seen in the roof are two sections of stone walling which extend from the cross walls below to the level of the present purlins. They are today completely redundant, but were clearly built to support some central trusses and/or purlins at a higher level. The walls are less than 5m apart so such centre trusses needed shorter ties than the present type C trusses which extend well beyond these walls in to the area of the present centre valley.

Fig 15: Type 'C' largely softwood phase 2b truss, view to N, top Fig 16: View to N beyond the type 'C' truss showing the relic wall which supported the phase 2a roof, below

Inside face of phase 2a chimney stack to phase 2b rear gable

Relic internal stone wall which had for the phase 2a roof supported the purlins Line of flashing for phase 2a leaded roof gutter behind parapet

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The most likely explanation is that the original (ie phase 2a) early 18th century roof was of 'Queen Anne' form, very plain and tall above the cornice and with just four faces (the present roof has eight faces) and a short apex ridge. The present (phase 2b) roof, with its fashionably reduced profile, is in style much later 18th century, by which time the longer lengths of imported softwood required for the enlarged span, were available. So the two apparently shorter span trusses of type A may be relict of the phase 2a roof in modified form, whereas the four longer trusses are of the phase 2b roof. The later roof is a much more ambitious affair than its predecessor, with more ridge elements, a new valley and with its gables and pediment built atop the earlier cornice.

Fig 17: Valley of the phase 2b roof, view to S. Note the long quoins of the main stacks

This understanding of the structure of the roof resolves the question of the oddly proportioned pediment at the centre of the front elevation with its blank cartouche, which Craven & Stanley (1991) curiously considered to be a remnant of an imagined William & Mary phase. Philip Heath suggested (e-mail of 5th Oct 2016) that 'the house formerly had a parapet around the top, and that the blind oval in the front elevation is a remnant of it'. It is a view shared by Robert Shields on the strength of the stone plat bands evident in the two chimneys at the rear which certainly look relict of a parapet. 'One can understand how such a parapet might be removed as a maintenance liability' (Shields, pers comm 23 Feb 2017).

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Fig. 18: Detail of the blind oval in the pediment, added perhaps to record a date, never inscribed

The level of these bands is consistent with what might be expected of such a parapet and the Flemish brickwork is a good match to the brickwork of the front and east elevations, so it is reasonable to assume that a parapet existed in phase 2a, which was removed in phase 2b with the exception of a fragment at the front converted to a pediment and two fragments associated with chimneys at the back, converted to gable ends.

The conclusion therefore is that it is likely the pediment, with its stone cartouche, are all that remains of a phase 2a parapet at the front. Of phase 2b is its coping and the structure of the roof behind which it has primary association with the phase 2b roof. The evidence at the back is consistent, and in phase 2b brickwork has been added in straight joints either side of the stacks above the putative line of this parapet to form the gables. Some rebuilding of the chimneys above the line of the reassembled roof is also likely to have occurred in phase 2b, for example the long quoins of the main chimneys.

The decision to change in phase 2b to a gabled form at the rear may have been out of a desire to create more space in the attic or to improve access to the roof via a hatch to the new valley. Whatever the reason the builder made the best of it architecturally; the red brick contrasting with a lime-plastered stone wall below.

4.4 Sub-phase 2c, undateable, but before 1844

The Tithe Map of 1844 tantalisingly shows a narrow extension to the rear which occupies about half of the length of the house. By the time of the 1st edition OS map of 1880 it had vanished, replaced by what looks like a small porch over a back door. We can only guess as to its date and purpose; however a flashing line, apparently relict of a roof which once abutted the main back wall, can be

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 19 seen in the rear elevation. This extends up from a blocked opening close to the NE corner which has an arch formed of early 19th century segmental brick.

A second extension is shown on the Tithe map to the west in the location now occupied by the West Wing, but occupying only about half the footprint of its successor. Indeed the West Wing structure shown on the early editions of the OS 25” mapping may be of this early structure, leading to the suggestion the Wing may be c.1900, rather than c.1870, see phase 3, below. Nothing of the existing fabric seems to belong to this phase, known only from map evidence, and we may suppose these structures to have been lightly built, even of timber.

4.5 Phase 3, c.1870 (or c.1900?) (green on phase plans)

Thomas William Evans was an enthusiastic builder who, as we have seen, built Parwich school and church in, respectively 1861 and 1873. At the Hall his main contribution seems to have been to add the present ground floor kitchen and breakfast room in a new extension over basement going west. The limestone rubble used is competently employed with gritstone quoins and window surrounds but curiously contrasting of the fine ashlar and brick of the adjacent phase 2 work. In a late 19th century photograph of the house (fig. 11), its central stack rises to a tall chimney as though anticipating a first floor (which came in phase 4). At the same time and against the NW corner of the house a back-stairs extension was added, also in limestone rubble with projecting gritstone quoins as though stuccoed originally.

Fig. 19: Late 19th century photo of the front of the house showing the phase 3 kitchen wing to the left

The c.1870 back-stairs and back door extension was lit with a tall round-headed window. It is suggested Evans also re-ordered some of the other windows at the back of the house including that over the main stairs which has a very similar round-headed window. The Tithe Map of 1844 shows an extension at the back (see phase 2b) which had disappeared by the time of the 1st edition 25” map of 1880; it seems highly likely Evans removed this so as to introduce better light at the back, which may explain the odd configuration of mismatched windows in this elevation. At the front three horned double-hung sash frames of this work survive; their style and mouldings all contributing to a date close to 1870 when the house was used as a vicarage, although it has to be said that the map evidence is slightly ambiguous and a date of c.1900 cannot be ruled out for this phase.

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Fig. 20: Phase 3 back stair extension with tall round headed window, top left

Fig. 21: Detail of phase 3 front sash window to the breakfast room, top right

Fig. 22 Junction of phase 3 back stair and kitchen wing, the stack on the right is phase 4, below

4.6 Phase 4, c.1905 (dark blue on phase plans)

The Rev Claud Lewis, whose mother had inherited Parwich from Sir Thomas Evans in 1903, became vicar of Parwich in 1904. As we shall see Lewis commissioned a major reordering of the gardens to designs by Sir Walter Tapper (1861-1935) in 1905 and it is probably in this context we

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 21 find the c.1870 kitchen extension heightened by addition of a first floor. This was carefully done, first by lifting the roof, together with the projecting stone cornice, and building using a narrow red brick in Flemish bond, again using chamfered gritstone quoins. The windows with their plain stone surrounds and arched tops were also carefully executed to match the phase 2 house. The stone eaves course was left behind to become a plat band to mark the new first floor level.

In the event, the tall Victorian kitchen chimney of the phase 3 build, which seemed to anticipate another floor, was truncated and the flue directed to a new chimney stack set against the north wall of the extension providing a fireplace at this level, a flue for a boiler in the basement and a large single room which could be used for billiards.

The phase may also have included improvements to the domestic water supply. A circular mere at the top of Parwich Hill had existed by 1844 and this may have supplied water by gravity, but an agreement with Hallcliffe House dated 1908 granted access to the field between Hallclffe and Kiln Lane for domestic water for the Hall. Large iron tanks were often installed to the roof spaces of country houses at around this time.

It was in this phase and not, I think, phase 5, that the majority of the phase 2 windows were changed to their present form.

Fig. 23: Phase 4 stack, extended in phase 5, top

Fig. 24: Phase 3 kitchen range, its flue presumably redirected in phase 4 to cross over the door to the new stack

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4.7 Phase 5, c.1935 (red on phase plans)

Sir John and Lady Crompton-Inglefield, who moved to the Hall in 1931, made some alterations both in the House and the garden. In the 1930s the wing to the left of the house was further altered, by the addition of its top storey. This was done in a hard shiny red brick without quoins and with a much feebler attention to the detailing of the window surrounds. Even so it is apparent that the original phase 3 cornice was again carefully reused, and the stone eaves course of the phase 4 build left as a band to denote the level of the second floor.

A couple of bedrooms and a bathroom, perhaps for servants, occupied the new space; indeed the original 1930s bath fittings are still there. A dumb waiter was installed to connect the Victorian (phase 3) kitchen to the first floor (phase 4) which the Crompton-Inglefields used as a dining room rather than for billiards. There was also a service lift to all floors in the centre of the house to the left of the main stairs that may also have been installed at this time. The Crompton-Inglefields also reinforced the drawing room floor to allow dancing.

At the front a grand new entrance was made from the lane. Set between stone piers with ball finials are a pair of gates in scrolly iron fashioned in Bakewell in 1937 and emblazoned with the Crompton-Inglefield (now the Shields') armorials. Hitherto the entrance had been from the east across what is today the Lower Lawn. The new gates lead to a flight of stone steps flanked by low walls with urns either side. Flagstone pavements arrived both in front of the house and on the top terrace at the back. The flagstones used probably came from the basement areas, when floors were dug up and replaced by concrete.

Figs 25 & 26: West and south elevs of the W Wing with the phase 5 addition to the top completing the composition.

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4.8 Phase 6, c.2000 (pale blue on phase plan)

The Shields family, who arrived at the Hall in 1975 have continued the careful stewardship and gradual restoration of the house and grounds, rebuilding limestone walls and greenhouses to a high standard. In terms of building, perhaps their chief contribution to the house has been a carefully designed top-lit outer hallway, incorporating a small pre-existing wash-room. This provides a convenient point of arrival for the visitor at the back door without impacting the setting or appearance of the main house in any way.

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5. Gardens and grounds

5.1 Summary description

The gardens at Parwich Hall extend to the north and east and occupy the south-facing flank of Parwich Hill. Successive owners have adapted the site largely to terraces, subdivided by walls to 'garden rooms', making abundant advantage of this thrilling site. From the south approach, one arrives first at the Front (Lower) Lawn, which extends to a flagstone pavement immediately to the south of the house and a large grassed area to the east, at the far end of which is a discreet brick- built wash-house. A long flight of steps leads past the east front of the house via an archway to a series of four intimate terraces on the north side of the house interconnected by short flights of steps. The lower and middle terraces are presently laid to lawn with narrow planting borders, while the top terrace is also laid with flagstones (probably relocated from inside the house). Above this are informal areas including a rockery and paths leading up a steep bank.

Fig. 27: Walter Tapper's c.1905 flights of steps past the intimate terraces N of the house

To the east of the terraces, back through the archway, is a large formal space known as the Fish Pond Garden, enclosed by walls of 18th century brick, originally for trained fruit. Beyond this, going further east, is another walled space with new traditional span-roofed glasshouses used for kitchen garden production. To the north of the main walled garden, accessed by a series of six flights of steps, is a rose garden, long walk and tennis court. Walter Tapper's delightful summerhouse is located at the far NE corner of the garden where it enjoys a panoramic view.

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Fig. 28: Main Walled (now known as Fishpond) Garden looking east

Fig. 29: Tapper's dramatic formal steps of c.1905 to the Summerhouse Terrace

Fig: 30 The Rose Garden in late winter, looking east with the summerhouse top left

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5.2 Map evidence for garden development

The map evidence for the development of the grounds is not particularly useful. The Tithe map apportionment (1844) lumps Parwich Hall together under entry 665 as 'house, lawn, gardens, plantation, mere etc'. The map shows the circular mere to the north, the main walled garden to east of the house and a further enclosed space beyond which connects to Kiln Lane. The front lawn to the south is undifferentiated; neither is there detail to the north where are today the terraces although it does show a pair of small buildings adjacent to the boundary perhaps best interpreted as potting sheds or the like and a single building adjacent to the SW corner of the walled garden.

Fig. 31: Extracts from Tithe Map of 1844, above. Fig. 32: OS 25” 1st edn map 1880, below

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The 1st edition 25” Ordnance Survey map (1880), generally regarded as the finest 19th century map, confirms the accuracy of the Tithe and demonstrates that few changes had been made in those 36 years. The main walled garden is still shown without internal arrangement, but a path is now shown dotted across the centre of the Front (Lower) Lawn running across in front of the house where is now the flagstone pavement; such a path is likely to have been made of self-bound stone with a gravel topping. The steps leading from the Lower Lawn past the east side of the house are shown, but the space they lead to, north of the house, is still blank, apart from the garden support buildings. Another of these has been constructed against the west side of the main walled garden close to its NW corner. The space looks utilitarian as though a garden yard or drying ground.

Fig. 33: Extracts from OS 25” 2nd edn map 1899, above. Fig. 34: OS 25” 3rd edn map 1922, below

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The 2nd edition Ordnance Survey map (1899) shows no change from the 1st edition, save the arrival of a small lean-to glasshouse against the rear wall of the main walled garden and a second dotted path to the Lower Lawn against the high south wall of the walled garden. However the 3rd edition of 1922 depicts the Tapper work. By this time the old drying ground/ garden yard north of the house has been enclosed, most of its support structures cleared and terraces formed, albeit the use of earthwork hachures suggests these were sloping banks initially. In the NW corner of the main walled garden there is what may be a glazed corridor leading to new gardens to the north which were to become the rose garden/ tennis court area of today.

More modern OS maps lack the detail of the earlier ones, but the latest does show the fish pond and paths which have been introduced to the old walled garden.

Fig. 35: Modern OS landline data map at 1:2,500 scale

5.3 Brief History of the Gardens

The gardens at Parwich Hall are a combination of Georgian and Edwardian terracing and the work of owners and gardeners over some 250 years. The earliest fabric of the gardens which can be ascribed some sort of date is the main walled area which is constructed from 2½” hand made red brick of a character typical of the first half of the 18th century. Malcolm Burrows has speculated that the bricks are older than those used in the house and that the Lower Lawn and Walled Garden are of the William & Mary period. Given that the site will first have had to be extensively levelled, the

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 29 walled garden represents a considerable investment and it seems improbable such an investment will have been made for what was then still a modest Tudor house.

The map evidence discussed above covers a period when the house was largely tenanted and by tenants who evinced no great interest in the gardens employing few, if any, staff in them to judge from the 19th century census returns. Given the size of the gardens and in particular the extent of the walled and productive areas, we would expect a staff of four or five at this period. However the first mention so far found of a professional gardener in the village is of George Twigge in the 1881 Census (aged 24 yrs), where he is listed as a “groom and gardener”. He was living with his parents and we do not know where he was employed, although obviously the Hall is the main candidate. By the 1891 census George is working as a carrier with his father. There was a Wright Greatorix, listed as “groom and gardener” in the 1891 Census. He was living with his wife and children in a house possibly on the Green, but again there is no definite indication of where he worked.

So until the beginning of the 20th century the early Georgian outline (perhaps even Tudor in origin) remained substantially unaltered; the passage of the Victorian period marked only by change in horticultural fashion as for example the arrival of the glasshouse made possible the propagation of colourful bedding plants There were apparently two ancient yews at the front which were cut down before the 1939-45 War; these may have been relict of a formal, perhaps even topiary, scheme of the 17th century.

The Rev. Claud Lewis commissioned Sir Walter Tapper (1861-1935) in 1905 to lay out the gardens afresh and design the summerhouse. Aesthetic, Ruskinian Tapper, a church architect more used to working in the Gothic Revival, was a curious choice and although he had done some domestic work (including at Shipley Hall, Derbys) we must suppose had been a personal friend of the Rev. Lewis. Anyway it is largely these gardens we see today, though as photographs of the period indicate there has been extensive replanting. It is likely that the belt of lime trees that run along the north side of the gardens were planted at this time. As mentioned above the glasshouse in what is now the Fishpond (walled) Garden probably dates from this period; traces of it can be seen on the brick work of the north-west wall.

In the garden Sir John and Lady Crompton-Inglefield (fl.1931-74) developed the Rockery with the limestone bedrock exposed. They planted the beech hedge at the front and made the splendid new entrance with its iron gates. Before the 1939-45 War they had begun to open the gardens to the public. During the War, while the Hall was made available to Red Cross convalescent soldiers, the walled garden – by then a rose garden – was pressed into service for vegetables and the front lawn for a games pitch.

The Crompton-Inglefields returned in 1945, and, with the help of their head gardener, a Mr Shields, set about clearing the weeds and restoring the gardens. The Rose Garden was paved and Frensham roses, then a very modern floribunda variety, were planted by the lane in front of the Hall. They also restored the lawns that had been dug up to provide war time vegetables, and later created the fish pond. Harry Hopkinson, the head gardener after Mr. Shields, enlisted his brother-in-law to help dig this pond when he was visiting Parwich on holiday. The Crompton-Inglefields also carried out an extensive planting programme and in the 1960s had the wooden summerhouse, overlooking the pond, built. In 1966 they had the stone well made to commemorate their fortieth wedding

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 30 anniversary. In the days before garden centres, the villagers would often buy their bedding plants and young vegetables from Harry Hopkinson at the Hall. The Crompton-Inglefields continued the tradition of opening the gardens three or four times each year.

Since 1975 the Shields family, first Donald and Rosemary and now Robert and Alice, have continued this gardening tradition. The Long Walk below the tennis court has been replanted with shrubs, the Rose Garden has been replanted, the greenhouses have been restored and renewed, trees have been planted on the hillside above the tennis court, a new avenue of walnuts has gone in by the summerhouse along the top of the tennis court and rose garden.

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6. Impact Assessment

Given our understanding of the architectural and garden history of Parwich Hall, it remains to consider the nature and extent of impact of the proposed new library, its link structures and garden room. This is examined in three parts:

6.1 Potential affects on the fabric of the house

Two links are proposed with the rear of the main house close to its NW corner. One is intended to enter it at basement level, the other at ground floor. Ideally the links should be in line with one another, ie not dramatically off-set.

Basement connection The junction of the phase 2 and phase 3 builds is evident here as a straight joint. To the E of the joint is the earlier fabric, to the W is the later. This presents two options for the basement link: 1) Made to the W of the straight joint from the base of the back stairs. 2) Made to the E of the straight joint penetrating the wall into a vaulted space currently used as a wine cellar.

Option 1 would penetrate thinner walled phase 3 nineteenth century fabric of less importance than the earlier vault-bearing fabric further E and could be argued as preferable in terms of minimising impact upon historic fabric. However it would be rather tight, with only about 900mm space available at the bottom of the back stairs. Additionally the presence of the back stairs would render a ground floor connection above it impossible necessitating an off-set route. Option 2 would take the connection through phase 1 walling. However there is already an opening here for a former basement light, blocked probably in the nineteenth century. Its position is betrayed by an air brick externally set close to the ground. The advantage of this option is that it lies almost directly beneath preferred option 2 for the ground floor connection (see below)

Position of air brick in blocked basement light, visible externally

Fig 36: Existing blocked basement light inside

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Back of former fireplace to Flower Room stained with soot

Air brick at top of blocked basement light visible externally

Fig 37: Blocked basement light and fireplace back outside

Ground level connection At ground floor level where it is proposed to create a glazed link across the narrow rear yard, the point at which it enters the house is not entirely straightforward. It clearly cannot go in the position relative to basement option 1because the back stairs are in the way. Alternatives for consideration of where the link goes are twofold: 1) through the phase 2 stone mullion window (seen in fig 31 above) into the Flower Room (probably formerly a butler's or housekeeper's pantry), involving removal of a late 19th century Belfast sink and associated cupboard and drainer. 2) through the phase 2 wall slightly further E and into the Flower Room where is now a glass- fronted cabinet set to a recess which had been a fireplace.

Option 1 would result in irreversible harm and loss of character to this area of the house as it would destroy the original window to the Butler's Pantry and a number of good, workmanlike fittings inside. Option 2 is much less injurious. Behind the glass-fronted cabinet is a void in the masonry already heavily damaged by removal of a fireplace probably in the mid 20th century. Indeed although the chimney stack is right overhead, some of the masonry has been left in an unsupported condition. The option of admitting a new entry at this point would, it is felt, result in a minimal loss of fabric and give an opportunity for proper support to be introduced.

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Fig. 38: Sink and drainer in the Butler's Pantry, top left Fig. 39: Detail of mullion window in the Butler's Pantry, top right Fig. 40: Glass-fronted silverware cabinet fitted to a former hearth recess in the Butler's Pantry , below left Fig. 41: View behind the cabinet looking up inside old flue and poorly supported masonry.

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6.2 Potential affects on the fabric and setting of the garden

The proposed library would go under the lawned Lower Terrace occupying most, if not all the space between its north and south walls and having an internal plan dimension of very approximately 10 x 5 metres. When complete the surface would be returned to lawn but having a glazed top light which would stand slightly proud of the reinstated ground. Its tunnel link to a proposed Garden Room to the NW would run under the Middle Terrace and cut into the W end of the Upper Terrace. A lift is intended to form the connection between the tunnel link and the Middle Terrace, while the Garden Room, with a glazed E front, would open to the level of the Upper Terrace.

It can be seen from the sketch section (fig 43) that the works will necessitate deep excavation mostly through limestone bedrock which outcrops locally. Whether it will be possible to retain the stone terrace walls during this excavation would be a matter for advice from a structural engineer following test excavation, but a scenario whereby these walls have to be taken down and rebuilt must be considered. The bottom wall (fig 42), which retains the Lower Terrace, would seem to be the earliest if the map evidence can be relied upon, but it can also be seen to have been partly rebuilt or at least heavily repaired and repointed in recent years. The Middle and Upper Terrace walls are known to have been built in, or soon after, 1905 as part of the Tapper work, but they are unlikely to be deeply founded as they are low walls retaining very little.

So it is likely the fabric of these terraces would be quite severely impacted by the proposal, but it is the case that the proposal is to finish with the terraces much as they are. The masonry is largely rubble work which can perfectly well be taken down, set aside and rebuilt like-for-like.

Only the proposed Garden Room has the potential to impact upon the setting but if this is designed in a manner, of materials and of a scale which complement the existing buildings, the Garden Room may agreeably enhance the setting. One might look to Tapper's Summer House at Parwich for inspiration.

Fig. 42: Retaining stone wall to Lower Terrace at the point where a glazed link is proposed

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Fig. 43: Indicative sketch section through the terraces where the library and link are proposed, top Fig.44: View of the Lower Terrace today with skylight position shown, below

Position of proposed glazed lantern roof to underground library

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6.3 Potential affects on buried archaeological evidence

Although the excavation required for this proposal would be extensive, the vast majority of it would be through limestone bedrock which is known to be close to the surface and can be seen out- cropping, eg in the area of the small tool shed just outside the doorway into the corridor that goes along the back of the house, at the top of the succession of steps which pass through the terraces and under the small game larder which is built on outcrop6.

The impact upon the terrace walls has been considered in section 6.2. Although the steps are shown in the 1922 OS map, the terraces are shown simply as earth banks so we must assume these were added later, perhaps by the Inglefields in the 1960s and so are unlikely to be part of Tapper's c.1905 work.

Some ground will have been made up behind these walls when they were built and this will have been regularly disturbed by modern gardening activity, so it is unlikely to be of interest. However there is a good chance there will be a relatively thin deposit sealed beneath the made up ground which may contain an archaeological record. Given its context as a service area or open drying ground, we are most unlikely to expect evidence of early structures. Rather a scatter of ordinary domestic pottery with a date range mainly of the 18th and 19th centuries, representative of the occupation of the Hall.

It is felt that an archaeological evaluation of the site of the proposed library involving a simple test trench across the lower terraces at the site of the proposed library, would be an appropriate response.

Fig.45: Suggested position of test trench across lower terraces

6 I am grateful to Robert Shields DL for this information about the limestone outcrops in the area of the terraces to N of the house. E-mail of 28th February 2017 sent at 16:57

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7. General References

Bagshaw, S. (1846) History, Gazetteer and Directory of Derbyshire. Sheffield. Banks, F.R. (1975) The Peak District. Robert Hale & Co. London. Barnatt, John (2003) A Landscape Through Time: The Historic Character of the Peak District National Park Landscape, Aims, Methods and User Manual. Peak District National Park Authority. Barnatt, John. & Smith, K. (2004) The Peak District: Landscapes Through Time. Windgather Press Ltd. Cheshire. Black, J. (2006) 'Parwich Lake'. In Parwich and District Local History Society, Newsletter No. 27, December 2006. Boisset, Caroline (1992) 'The hard face of the Peak, tamed when a garden smiles', Country Week, April 30th--May 6th 1992 p. 46-51 Brunskill, Ronald W. (2000) Vernacular Architecture. London: Faber and Faber Limited. Bulmer (1895) Bulmer’s Directory of Derbyshire. Burrows, Malcolm (2003) Architecture Section Derbyshire Archaeological Society, pers comm to Foden et al Cameron, K. (1959) The Place Names of Derbyshire. Cambridge University Press. Christian, Roy (1963/64) 'Parwich Hall', Derbyshire Life & Countryside Vol. 26 no. 1 pp 26-30 Craven, Maxwell & Stanley, Michael (1991) The Derbyshire Country House. Breedon Books. Derby. Derbyshire Federation of Women’s Institutes (1991) The Derbyshire Village Book. Countryside Books, Newbury. Dodd, A. E. and Dodd, E. M. (1990) Peakland Roads and Trackways. Ashbourne. Moorland Publishing Co. Ltd. Edwards, David G. (ed.,1982), Derbyshire Hearth Tax Assessments 1662-70, The Derbyshire Record Society, Chesterfield Edwards, David G. (ed.,1998), Derbyshire Wills proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1393-1574, The Derbyshire Record Society, Chesterfield Enderton, Col. Herbert Brownson (1969) Brownson Families: some descendants of John, Richard and Mary Brownson of Hartford Connecticut. California Foden, Brian (1999) Some Notes on the Parish Church of St. Peter’s Parwich. Parwich and District Local History Society. Foden, Brian (2000) 'Sir Richard Levinge of Parwich 1656-1724' Parwich & District Local History Society Newsletter October 2000 no. 3 pp. 6-7 Foden, Brian (2001) 'Early Land Use in Parwich'. In Parwich and District Local History Society, Newsletter No. 7, November 2001. Foden, Brian & Robinson, Andrew (2002) A History of Parwich Church, Parwich & District Local History Society Foden, Brian, Shields, Robert, Shields, Rosemary and Trewhitt, Peter, 'Parwich Hall', Parwich & District LHS Newsletter no 14 (September 2003) Francis, R. (2000) 'The Parwich Tympanum: An Echo from a pre-Norman Past?' In Parwich and District Local History Society, Newsletter No. 2, June 2000. Francis, R. (2001) 'Parwich Trackways; Roots to the Past'. In Parwich and District Local History Society, Newsletter No. 4, January 2001. Garratt, H.J.H & Rawcliffe, Carole (1985), Derbyshire Feet of Fines 1323-1546, The Derbyshire Record Society, Chesterfield Glover Catherine & Riden, Philip, Editors (1981), William Woolley’s History of Derbyshire, The Derbyshire Record Society, Chesterfield Heath, J. (1993) An Illustrated History of Derbyshire. Breedon Books. Derby. Heath, Philip (5th Oct 2016) e-mail from conservation officer at Peak Park to Darren Archer at Channel Design (copied to Eilis Scott at Historic England) Hopkinson, Aileen M, (ed., 2000), The Rolls of the 1281 Derbyshire Eyre, The Derbyshire Record Society, Chesterfield Kelly (1887) Kelly’s Directory of Derbyshire. Levinge, Sir Richard Charles Augustus (1853), Historical notices of the Levinge Family Baronets of Ireland from the Saxon Chronicles AD 1005-1853 Lyson, (1817), History of Derbyshire, Vol. 2, p.14 Merril, John N. (1981), Historic Buildings of Derbyshire, Walking Boot Publications, Winster McMeeken, L.G. (1991) A Companion to the Peak Villages….and beyond. Louis McMeeken, Buxton. Mercer, E. (1975) English Vernacular Houses. Royal Commission on Historic Monuments 21 Morris, J. in Morgan, Philip (ed. 1978), Domesday Book: Derbyshire, Phillimore & Co, Chichester

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Parsons, K. and Bostrom, A. (2001) 'A History of Fernlea House'. In Parwich and District Local History Society, Newsletter No. 5, May 2001. Parwich & District Local History Society 'Parwich One Thousand Years Ago'. Newsletter No. 1, February 2000. Pevsner, Nikolaus (1953) The Buildings of England: Derbyshire. Revised by Elizabeth Williamson. Yale University Press, 2002 Sibley, Harriet Bronson (1929), The Brownsons of Derbyshire, England: the family of John & Richard of Hartford, Connecticut, Oregon Spray, M. (1989) Peak District Names. J.N.M. Publication. Tarn, J.N. (1971) The Peak District and its Architecture. R.B. Macmillan Ltd, Derby. 40-1 Tilley, J. (1984) 'Parwich Hall'. In J. Tilley, Old Halls, Manors and Families of Derbyshire, Volume 2, pp. 18-19. Trewitt, Peter (2001) 'The Buildings of Parwich'. In Parwich and District Local History Society, Newsletter No. 5, May 2001. Trewhitt, Peter (2002), 'The Fold', Parwich & District Local History Society Newsletter February 2002 no. 8 pp. 4-8 Trewitt, Peter (2006) 'A Short History of Monsdale Lane'. In Parwich and District Local History Society, Newsletter No. 27, December 2006 Trewhitt, Peter (in prep), 'An A to Z of Parwich Families in the Nineteenth Century: Brownson', to appear in Parwich & District Local History Society Newsletter Trewhitt, Peter & Beasley, Patti (2002), A Parwich Walk, Parwich & District Local History Society Trewhitt, Peter & McCormick, Barbara (2002), Gardening in Parwich: A celebration of the Parwich & District Horticultural Society’s Golden Jubilee, Parwich & District Horticultural Society and Parwich & District Local History Society Turbutt, Gladwyn (1999), A History of Derbyshire, Volumes 1, 2 & 4. Merton Priory Press, Cardiff

Other Sources Derbyshire County Council Historic Environment Record for Derbyshire. Department of the Environment List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest Vol. 356. District of West Derbyshire, Peak District National Park. 1985 Parwich Census Return 1841 Derbyshire County Records Office. Parwich Census Return 2001 Derbyshire County Records Office. Parwich Enclosure Award (1789) Derbyshire County Records Office. Parwich Manor (1814) Sale Calatogue Derbyshire Records Office. Peak District National Park Authority Local Plan. Adopted March 2001. Peak District National Park Authority Structure Plan. Adopted Replacement 1994. Peak District National Park Authority Design Guide, 2007. Historic Landscape Character GIS mapping for the Peak District National Park, MapInfo data, Peak District National Park Authority digital data.

Maps & Plans 1767 Peter Burdett’s Map of Derbyshire 1 inch to one mile (2nd edition 1791) 1844 Parwich Tithe Award Plan 1883 1st Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch to one mile Sheet XXXIII.14 1899 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch to one mile Sheet XXXIII.14 1922 3rd Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch to one mile Sheet XXXIII.14 1994 Ordnance Survey Outdoor Leisure 24 The Peak District, White Peak Area 1:25,000 2016 Greenhatch Ltd. (Rowan House, Duffield Road, Little Eaton, Derby, DE21 5DR) Topographical Survey Drawing No 22828_12_T Scale of 1:500 printed at A1, dated July 2016 2017 Mapmatic Ltd. (4 St George's House, Vernon Gate, Derby, DE1 1UG) Measured Survey. Floor plans and section. Scale of 1:100 printed at A2. Dated 30th January, 2017

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 39

Appendix: Phase Plans, figs 46-9

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall Parwich Hall, Derbyshire, DE6 1QD: heritage assessment for proposed extension at the rear. 18.v.2017 Page 40

Jeremy Milln FSA with Clare Henshaw for Robert Shields DL of Parwich Hall