Annual Report 2012 Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters 4 Dr Olihilesebolai (Microbial,Biochemical and Executive Committee

2012

Natural and Agricultural Sciences Annual Report International Water Cooperation

In December 2010, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2013 as the United Nations International Year of Water Cooperation (Resolution A/RES/65/154). In reflection of this declaration, the 2013 World Water Day, which will take place on 22 March 2013, also will be dedicated to water cooperation.

Source: www.unwater.org

Contact Details Dean Prof Neil Heideman +27 (0)51 401 2322 [email protected] Faculty Manager Mr Johan Kruger +27 (0)51 401 2409 [email protected] Issued by Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Marketing Manager University of the Free State Ms Elfrieda Lotter +27 (0)51 4012531 Editorial Compilation [email protected] Mercia Coetzee Physical Address Language Revision Room 9A, Biology Building, Main Campus, Grammar Guardians Bloemfontein Wordsmith Postal Address Revision of Bibliographical Data University of the Free State PO Box 339 Mercia Coetzee Bloemfontein Design, Layout South Africa 9300 Chrysalis Advertising & Publishing Fax: +27 (0)51 401 3728 Printing E-mail: [email protected] Colour Planet Faculty website: www.ufs.ac.za/natagr ttsia aa 165 147 Statistical Data Workshops 158 Institute 152 Experimental Farm 56 Centres 125 44 22 5 Natural Sciences Building Sciences Agricultural Sciences Research Clusters Preface 4 Contents Table of Glossary 169 ln cecs 32 38 22 26 8 5 18 Soil, CropandClimateSciences Plant Sciences Animal, WildlifeandGrasslandSciences Agricultural Economics 14 Water ManagementinWater-scarce Areas Technologies forSustainableCropIndustriesinSemi-aridRegions Materials andNanosciences Advanced BiomolecularResearch ntuetto iiin 162 147 152 Research 167 Students 165 129 Instrumentation Division Electronics 158 116 136 Institute forGroundwaterStudies(IGS) 143 Paradys ExperimentalFarm 75 Sustainable Agriculture,RuralDevelopment andExtension 97 Microscopy 140 99 Lengau AgriculturalDevelopment Centre 125 Environmental Management 93 Disaster ManagementTrainingandEducationCentreforAfrica 71 52 Zoology andEntomology Physics 109 Microbial, BiochemicalandFoodBiotechnology Mathematics andApplied Mathematical StatisticsandActuarial Science Geology 86 Geography 82 Genetics 78 49 Consumer Science Computer ScienceandInformatics Chemistry 56 Urban andRegionalPlanning Quantity Surveying andConstructionManagement Architecture 44

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters 4 Dr OlihileSebolai (Microbial,Biochemical and Executive Committee. The African SocietyforAgricultural Extension’sNational Development &Extension)waselectedtothe South van Niekerk (SustainableAgriculture,Rural the SouthAfricanNanoInitiative whileDr Johan (Physics) waselectedthenewChairpersonof in Melbourne,Australia.Prof.MartinNtwaeaborwa of thefive bestpresentersduringtheirconference (Consumer Science)received acertificateasone also beingfromPlantSciences.Dr.JanaVermaas Minnaar-Ontong asamemberofitsexecutive, both African PlantBreeders’AssociationwithDrAdré Herselman wasre-electedPresidentoftheSouth was GrainSA’s ScientistoftheYear. Prof.Liezel Medal. Prof.Maryke Labuschagne(PlantSciences) for AfricaintheformofEthelMaryDoidge Mycological Association Young Mycologist Award and wasalsothefirstrecipientofInternational to theSouthAfricanYoung Academy ofScience Dr MariekaGryzenhout(PlantSciences)waselected in thenationalandinternationalacademicarenas. various wayselevatingthestatureofuniversity Both emergingandexperiencedscholarsexcelled in of several blackstaffmembers. academic cadreofthefacultywithappointment was alsomadewithrespecttodiversifying the sciences, grasslandscienceandgeography.Progress light andincludedonesinphysics,thebiological which isgratifying.Several scholarlybookssawthe and alsoincludedsomeofouremergingscholars, for 2012hadnumbersrangingfrom4to10unitseach The toptenpublishersofaccreditedjournalarticles units, andmastersdoctoralgraduates. successive year asdidoutoutputsinresearch continued itsupward trajectoryforathird and mission.Ourgrowth infulltimeequivalents the university whichlieattheheartofitsvision justice totheacademicandhumanprojectsof The pastyear onceagainsawtheFacultydo Message fromtheDean Preface: Mail &Guardian included contributions tothesuccessof thefaculty. and generalworkers for their commitmentand acknowledge them.Ialsothankour support staff by staffofthefacultyin2012forwhichIgratefully These arebutsomeoftheoutstandingachievements also anotablehighlight. under theSARCHiinitiative oftheDSTandNRFwas The awardingoftwo researchchairstothefaculty President oftheEuropeanCrystallographicSociety. the firstpersonfromoutsideEuropetobeelected for Biofuels joint Editor-in-Chiefforthejournal du Preezfromthesamedepartmentwaselected contributions toyeast systematicswhileProf.James Kockiozyma African Academy ofScience.Ayeast genuswasnamed Ntwaeaborwa were electedmembersoftheSouth Biomolecular StrategicCluster)andMartin Food biotechnology),HughPatterton(Advanced Profs. LodewykKock (Microbial,Biochemicaland The CouncilforEconomicEducationintheUSA. Association ofEconomicEducatorstogetherwith International EconomicEducationfromtheNational Commitment andDedicationtotheAdvancement of the PatriciaK.ElderAward forExtraordinary In theDean’sOfficeMsElzmarieOosthuizenreceived the Healthcategory. influential achievers invariousfields,hiscase Africans (35years andyounger) whowere the most Food biotechnology)initslistof200young South Dean, Facultyof NaturalandAgriculturalSciences Prof. NeilHeideman . Prof. André Roodt (Chemistry) became . Prof.AndréRoodt(Chemistry)became inhonourofProf.LodewykKock forhis Prof. N.J.L.Heideman Biotechnology Biotechnology focus areas. area willrequiresupportfromone ormoreoftheother are interdependent,andactivities intheonefocus Cluster incorporatesseveral focusareas,these areas than thatofaclassicbiologicalapproach.Althoughthe manner thatprovides afarmoredefinitive answer an opportunitytoaddressbiologicalquestionsina can beasked withintheCluster,butratherprovides does notlimitthescopeofresearchquestionsthat mathematics andcomputerscience.TheCluster molecular biology,microbiology,virology,statistics, in theresearchactivitiesincludebiochemistry, or proteome.Disciplinesthataredirectlyinvolved manner, oftenatthelevel ofthewholegenome in thestudyofbiologicalsystemsahighthroughput together expertisefromvariousdisciplinestosynergise The Advanced Biomolecular ResearchClusterbrings Overview Advanced BiomolecularResearch Strategic Academic Cluster: the otherfocusareasthatrequire bioinformaticssup- search, bioinformaticscollaborations withprojectsin this focusareaincludeallbioinformatics relatedre- Bioinformatics/Computational Biology: ing activitiesforspecificenzymes. the screeningofplantextractsforinhibitory/activat- of archaeforactivitiesbiotechnologicalvalue,and throughput enzymeassays,includingthescreening directed evolution, proteomeanalysis,andhigh- the high-throughputanalysisofproteins,including such aschip-on-chip.Thefocusareaalsoinvolves and othergenome-relatedmicroarrayendeavours tivities includegenomesequencing,transcriptomics tion, regulation,andevolution areaddressed.Ac- of genomesandproteomes,includinggenomefunc- High ThroughputBiology: Focus Areas Inthisfocusareaallaspects Activities in 5

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters 6 trypanosomiasis islethal. drugs currentlyusedintreatment. Ifleftuntreated, that thetrypanosomeisdeveloping resistance to this tropicaldisease,andthere isclearevidence hundreds ofthousandsindividuals sufferfrom African SleepingSicknessortrypanosomiasis. Several T. brucei in sub-SaharanAfrica.Infectionofhumanswith brucei of thehumanimmuneresponse. Trypanosoma brucei Identification oftheepigeneticmodifications available in2013are: of theFocusAreasCluster.Projectsthatwillbe outstanding candidatestocompleteresearchinany Prestige bursariesandfellowships areavailableto Prestige Bursaries/Fellowships compounds atng/Lconcentrations. mass spectrometry(LC/MS/MS) capableofdetecting techniques suchasliquidchromatography/tandem laboratory utilizesexquisitely sensitive hyphenated as well asendocrine disruptors.TheLiquidTech pharmaceuticals andpersonalcareproducts(PPCPs) organic pollutantssuchaspesticides,cyanotoxins, plants, bottledwaterandgroundforcomplex samples fromrivers, dams,reservoirs, treatments LiquidTech specializesintheanalysisofwater independent companyunderKovsie Holdings Ltd. Research Clusterwiththeaimofbecomingan being incubatedintheAdvanced Biomolecular LiquidTech Commercial Activities vaccines. products fortheproductionoflive, DNAorsubunit involves theuseofDNAand/or specificgenesorgene species orbacterialstrains.Thisfocusareaalso proteins inanumberofnon-conventional yeast systems fortheuseofheterologousexpression the development and/orimprovement ofexpression of anyproductisthecentraltheme.Amajorfocus cloning and/orcharacterisationexpression Advanced CloningSystems: international experts. studies. Theteamcollaborateswithnationaland for furtherdrugdevelopment andbioavailability compounds, analoguesandinternalstandards The programmeincludessynthesisofbioactive natural sourceswithhighthroughputscreening. structure elucidationofbioactive compoundsfrom programme focusesonactivityguidedisolationand Novel DrugDiscovery: undertaken inthisFocusArea. modeling andmoleculardynamicsresearchisalso analysis software.Asignificantdegreeofmolecular database designandthedevelopment ofspecialised port suchasgenomeannotation,geneidentification, isresponsibleforthousandsofannualdeaths , transmittedby theTsetsefly,resultsin is acommercialenterprisethat histone H3thatallows evasion The novel drugdiscovery In this focus area the In thisfocusareathe Trypanosoma

virulence factorinthepathogenicyeasts Eicosanoid productionisseenasanimportant (CYP450s) enzymesfrom Old Yellow Enzymes(OYEs) andcytochromeP450 structure elucidation. project involves advanced chromatography and other commercially-importantviralinfections.The in vivo and todeterminethetoxicity, bioavailabilityand active ingredientsinsomeoftheseplantmaterials Department hasinitiatedaprojecttoidentifythe evidence, thepotentialtotreatAIDS.TheChemistry plant materialthathas,accordingtoanecdotal investigations intopharmacognosticallyinteresting into anti-HIVdrugs.Thisincludesphytochemical HIV virus.TheAIDSendemichasstimulatedresearch plants thatarepharmacologicallyactive againstthe Isolation andcharacterisationofcompoundsfrom (OYEs) playaroleinprostaglandinF2 also speculatedthatoneormoreOldYellow Enzymes a possibledrugtargetagainstthesepathogens.Itis neoformans diversity presentontheAfricancontinent. the evolutionary mechanismsbehindthewide strain sequence ofAfricanrotaviruses inordertoelucidate is anticipatedtodeterminethe consensusgenome the trueviraldiversity. Usingtheseapproaches it dsRNA genomeofrotavirusand thereforeestablish genome characterisationofthe11-segmented sequence. Thesetechnologiesallow forthewhole without priorknowledge oftheviraldsRNA nucleotide sequencingofthe11genomesegments allows cDNAsynthesis,amplificationandcomplete amplification ofdsRNAcoupledwithpyrosequencing, sequence-independent cDNAsynthesisandgenome Recent advancesmadewiththeimprovement of is associatedwithinfectionsinAfricancountries. 70% oftherotaviruscases,widestraindiversity countries, whereG1P[8]strainscausealmost in sub-SaharaAfrica.Unlike infectionsindeveloped olds worldwide. Almosthalfofthesedeathsoccur 453 000deathsannuallyamongunderfive year- severe dehydrating diarrhoea,causingapproximately diarrhoea, rotavirusisthemajoraetiologicalagentof pneumonia. Althoughseveral infectiousagentscause mortalities amonginfectiousdiseasesglobally,after diarrhoea wasresponsibleforthesecond-mostchild African rotavirusstrains.Itisestimatedthatin2008 Whole genomeconsensussequencedeterminationof to known antifungal treatments. HIV infectedpatients,andtheabilitytogainresistance associated with this studyisemphasisedby thehighmortalityrates pharmacological development. Theimportanceof will resultintheidentificationofusefultargetsfor better understandingoffungaleicosanoidproduction neoformans synthesis inthepathogenicyeast and investigate enzymesinvolved inprostaglandin from prostaglandinE2.Thisstudyisfocusedtoidentify efficacyofthesemoleculesagainstHIVand and for possible drug targeting. Therefore, a forpossibledrugtargeting.Therefore,a Cryptococcal Candida albicans Crytococcus neoformans. infections, especially in infections,especiallyin and is therefore andistherefore Cryptococcus Cryptococcus Cryptococcus Cryptococcus  production production

form amongredbloodcells. sleeping sickness,seenhereintheinfective bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei(blue),thecausative agentofAfrican Secretary: Paul Grobler,FelicityBurt,andAndrewMarston. Smit, JacobusAlbertyn,DerekLitthauer,EstavanHeerden, Affiliated Researchers: Director: Staff Prof.HughPatterton. Mrs.CharleneVan DerVyver. Prof.JanvanderWesthuizen, Martie Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Advanced BiomolecularResearch Strategic Academic Cluster: Prof. HughPatterton Contact Details Kissing aliens:T. bruceiparasitesdividingby binaryfission. +27514019069 [email protected] www.ufs.ac.za +27514013052 7

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters 8 many chemical and physical processes. Research many chemicalandphysical processes.Research It hasitsorigininthefascinating “nanoworld” of Itisbasedon recognisedinstitutionalcompetence • Itprovides aframework fortheacademictraining • Itcomprisesanumberof focusareas. • Itismultidisciplinaryby naturewithacriticalmass • Ithasacentralfocus. • initiative drive, thefollowing characteristics: The MNSClusterhas,asdefinedintheUFScluster State Materials,GreenPetrochemicals, andPolymers. entity comprisingthreefocusareas,i.e.NanoSolid Academic Cluster isanarrow-focused research The UFSMaterialsandNanosciences(MNS)Strategic Overview Materials andNanosciences(MNS) Strategic Academic Cluster: and national,regionalinstitutional priorities. and communityengagement. of particularlypostgraduatestudents,research of peopleworking aroundatheme. the FocusArealeaders. Roodt) andaManagementCommittee consistingof managed by apart-timeclusterdirector(Prof. A. benefit fromtheactivitiesof the MNSCluster.Itis social, ethicalandeven judicialissueswhich can it alsostrives toaddressrelevantenvironmental, Although theoverarching focusisnaturalscientific, materials, (green)petrochemicals,andpolymers. of nanometrescaleinthefieldsnanosolid-state exploring conceptsfrommolecularlevel tothetens characteristics. Itisdividedintothreefocusareas regime, exhibitingpre-designedphysicalandchemical new materialsandchemicalsinthenanometre-sized objective oftheMNSClusterisdevelopment of will have differentimpactsonsociety.Theprincipal materials requiredtoperformthese,andcan is focusedonaspectsoftheseprocessesandthe designed and obtained from the blending of different designed andobtained fromtheblendingofdifferent Mokoena. This focusareacovers new materials by Mr.TsietsiTsotetsi,Mss.MpondiMolefeandMoipone campus, anNRFC1-ratedresearcher, whoissupported Riaan Luyt,DepartmentofChemistry attheQwaQwa The focus-arealeaderofthe determining physicalandchemicalsurfaceproperties. the development oftechnicalknowledge when both fundamentalandindustrialresearchthrough with otherinstitutions.Thefocusareaaddressed of theresearchersinvolved andalsoincludeslinks connected by theexperimentalandtheoreticalskills research initiatives, anditinvolved multipleprojects luminescent nanoparticlesthroughbasicandapplied focused ontheestablishmentofresearchcapacityin During 2012,theNanoSolid-stateMaterialsGroup technology andbiomedicalprobes. emitting diodes,ELdevices,nanocatalysts,sensor state lightingandincludes,amongstothers,light- add tohigh-technologydevelopment, suchassolid- nanomaterials thatwillimprove thequalityoflifeand focus areaincludesthedevelopment ofluminescent Research withintheNanoSolid-stateMaterials Dejene (QwaQwaCampus)andDr.Ted Kroon. Profs. Koos Terblanche, MartinNtwaeborwa,Francis rated researcherandNRFSARChichair,supportedby Prof. HendrikSwart,DepartmentofPhysics,NRFB2- The focus-arealeaderof leading internationalvenues. international literature,aswell askeynote lecturesat top level articles insomeofthemostimportant productive entityoncampus.Theoutputsinclude significant outputsandestablisheditselfasthemost focused projects,theMNSClustersproduced 25% areintra-clustercollaborations.Withthese more than25differentdetailedprojects,ofwhich The researchintheMNSClusterfor2012involved Research Nano Solid-stateMaterials Polymers thrust is Prof. isProf. is (specific characteristics) of tailor-made products. (specific characteristics) oftailor-madeproducts. solvents/detergents/materials), aswell asselectivity increases therateofformation (ofnewcompounds/ of differentchemicalconversions todramatically petrochemical industry.Itfocuses ontheintegration downstream nanochemicals,relevanttothesynthetic of thesub-/lower-nano-scale sizeintovalue-added to develop processestoconvert basicbuildingblocks and heterogeneouscatalysissynthesis,whichaim The (green)Petrochemicals focusonhomogeneous SASOL professorinProcessChemistry. by theSynthesisGroupofProf.BenBezuidenhoudt, Main campus.Thesetwo thrustsarefurthersupported researchers intheDepartmentofChemistryat Erasmus andEleanorFourie),bothNRFC1-rated Prof. JeanetConradieandDrs.ErnieLangner,Lizette Jannie Swarts(Heterogeneouscatalysis,supportedby Alice BrinkandMarietjieSchutte-Smith),Prof. supported by Prof. DeonVisserandDrs.JohanVenter, thrust The focus-arealeadersinthe(green) graphite inpolyolefins by chemicalmodification. and theimproved dispersionofnano-structured and thermallyconductive polymernanocomposites reinforced polymetyl-methacrylate,andelectrically and propertiesofTiO collaboration). Theyalsoconcentratedonmorphology way toreinforceplastics(anofficial,NRF-funded fillers withinpolymermatricesviaaninnovative Research Groupfocusonthe Three importantprojectsofthePolymer Science and compositematerials. the morphologyandphysicalpropertiesofpolymers nano-sized particlesintodifferentmatrices,modifying or presenceofmodifiers.Itexplorestheinclusion variety offillers(especiallynaturalfibres)intheabsence polymeric andcompositematerialsmixingwitha are Prof. André Roodt (Homogeneous catalysis, areProf.AndréRoodt(Homogeneouscatalysis, 2 andZrO in situ 2 nanoparticle- Petrochemicals generation of generationof 9

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters 10 • The three focus areas in the MNS Cluster collaborated ThethreefocusareasintheMNSClustercollaborated • past year areasfollows: Special achievements by theMNSClusterover the Special Achievements the above flow chart. The MNSClustercurrentlyoperatesasillustratedby thermal analysesofthesecomplexes. copper, andfocusedonelectrochemical,kinetic association withrhodium,iridium,silver, goldand hafnocene andferrocenederivatives, especiallyin cene substituents,suchastitanocene,zirconocene, and phthalocyaninecompoundsbearingmetallo- ration withSASOL.Theseincludedalsoporphyrin supported ontwo-dimensional supportsincollabo- complexes andheterogeneouscatalysisofsystems which includedindustrialstudiesoncarboxylato chemistry aspectsofmultinuclearmetallocenes, hand, furtherfocusedonsyntheticandphysical The HeterogeneousCatalysisGroup,ontheother droformylation, olefinmetathesisandoligomerisation. late) intovalue-addedproductsviacarbonylation,hy- ecules usingtransitionmetals(especiallymiddleto focused ontheconversion ofsimplefeedstockmol- development of separationtechnology.TheGroup geneous catalysis/appliedprocesschemistryandthe particular applicationstoindustrialreactions/homo- computational chemistryandreactionkinetics;in through theuseofcrystallography,spectroscopy, integrated investigation ofreactionmechanisms The in thepursuitof“GreenChemistry”. waste, whichensuresminimumenvironmentalimpact yield pureproductswithhigheryieldsandminimising both economicandenvironmentalconsiderations,to Moreover, itpursuescleanoperating systems,from research groups inmorethan12countries. with morethan20national andinternational Homogeneous CatalysisGroup Flow chart:SimplifiedillustrationofMNSClusterGroupstructure. focused on the focusedonthe Thesetupavailablefor homogeneous,heteroge- • Theinfrastructureinthepetrochemicals focusarea • Thetotalfundingraisedby theClusterin2012 • TheMNSClusterexpandeditsuniquefacilities,and • TheMNSClusterisalsoindirectlyassociatedwith • • More thanthirtystudentsreceived bursaries • ResearchfromtheMNSClusterwaspresented Alargenumber ofnewhybridmaterialsthatare • • Prof. HendrikSwartwasawardedaSARChi neous andprocess chemistrynow boastsanin- Metal OrganicFramework (MOF)nanoparticles. 300 Cºandabombreactorfor thesynthesesof special oven withfinetemperaturecontrolupto Calorimeter andareductionoven. Includedisa apparatus, aSeteramScanningDifferential a MicromeriticsASAP2020gas-adsorption was expandedintermsofheterogeneouscatalysis, the newnano-TOF equipment. SASOL, R2millionfromtheNRFandR8for exceeded R15million;includingR3millionfrom alloy samples. phosphor nanomaterialsandindustrialsteel ability todosurface-characterisationstudieson a particularstrengthoftheresearchgroupis research groups. more than60studentsviathefocusarealeaders’ scientific literature. than 40paperspublishedintheinternational two prestigescholarships), whichresultedinmore under theMNSClusterfor2010–2012(including occasions duringthepastyear. locally andinternationallyonmorethan30 interesting newpropertieshave beenproduced. polymer andnanomaterial-basedwhichexhibit R2.5 millionperannumfor10years). Research ChairinNanoSolid-StateLighting(worth specific numbers. Roodt by end2012,with(a)numberofpapersperannum,(b) numberofcitationsperannumand(c)summarytablewith ISI Web ofKnowledge searchresultsforProfs.HendrikSwart,RiaanLuyt,JannieSwarts,BenBezuidenhoudtandAndreas • Figure 2illustratesthepaperspublishedand (MNS) Materials andNanosciences Strategic Academic Cluster: Research Outputs and AgriculturalSciences.Theactivityregarding produced by thecompleteUFSFacultyofNatural authored aroundone-thirdofthetotalpapers senior researchersintheMNSClusterhasco- significant growth tookplace.Infact,thesefive It isclearthatinparticularover thelast3years, senior researchers(Figure1)intheMNSCluster. citations [ISIWeb ofKnowledge] received by the international perspective. and expertise,inmanywaysunique,even froman ternationally-competitive portfolioofequipment 3236 3900 5498 Number 593 Citing Articles Cites withoutselfcitations Sum ofthepapersCited Number ofpapersfound Search Items A polyethylene composites. properties ofsisalfibrereinforced structure onmorphologyandthermal of organicperoxide andpolymerchain Ahmad, E.E.M.&Luyt,A.S. Polymer Science polyethylene composites. mechanical propertiesofsisalfiberreinforced structure onmechanicalanddynamic of organicperoxide andpolymerchain Ahmad, E.E.M.&Luyt,A.S. Research Artikels 43:703-710. 125: 2216-2222. uuaiehidx 33 Number 9.27 Cumulative h-index Average CitationsperItem 2826 Citing Articleswithoutself-citations Search Items • ISIWeb ofKnowledge searchresultsforProfs. Theoverarching conclusionisthattheMNSCluster • Journal of Applied Journal ofApplied Composites: Part 2012.Effects 2012. Effects 2012.Effects received, respectively. by the67papers and654citationsperannum papers hasvirtuallydoubled,asillustratedfor2012 with specificnumbers. of citationsperannumand(c)summarytable with (a)numberofpapersperannum,(b) Bezuidenhoudt andAndreasRoodtby end2012, Hendrik Swart,RiaanLuyt,JannieSwarts,Ben under aflagshipresearchthemeoftheUFS. is aviableentitywhichproducessignificantoutputs Temperature-Dependence oftheStructural Bem, D.B.,Swart,H.C.&Luyt,A.S. Physics ofCondensedMatter BaAl of Combustion-synthesizedBlue-green Swart, H.C. Bem, D.B.,Dejene,F.B., Luyt,A.S.& Physics nanoparticles. optical propertiesofsol-gelderived ZnO Effect ofMndopingonthestructuraland Ali, A.G.,Dejene,F.B. &Swart,H.C. x O y 10(2):478-484. :Eu 2+ 2012.LuminescenceStudies ,Dy 3+ Central EuropeanJournalof Nanoparticles. 407:1561-1565. PhysicaB: 2012. 2012. 11

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters 12 Ditu ATR-FTIR StudiesonMgCk Niemantsverdriet, J.W. &Thüne,P.C. Cheruvathur, A.V., Langner,E.H.G., E68: 01071. phenol. 4-Fluro-2-[(3-methylphenyl)iminomethyl] Brink, A.,Visser,H.G.&Roodt,A. 1556-1560. Physica B:PhysicsofCondensedMatter Complexes; Cytotoxicity ofAl(FcCOCHCOCF biodiesel. antioxidants ontheoxidative stabilityof Luyt, A.S. Grobler, A.B.,Nshoane,K.T., Reddy,J.K.& Focke, W.W., Van derWesthuizen, I.,Lofté Cataysis Communications silicon-based modelsupportsystem. catalysts utilizingaflat,two-dimensional aerobic oxidation ofoctadecanol:Probin J.C. M.W.G.M., Niemantsverdriet, J.W. &Swarts, Erasmus, E.,Thüne,P.C., Verhoeven, Langmuir Precursor forAerobic OxidationofAlcohols. Catalyst fromOrganometallicSingleSource Containing Intramolecular CommunicationinFerrocene- 2012. ElectrochemicalIllumination of Gericke, H.J.,Muller,A.J.&Swarts,J.C. Anticancer Research Hydrophylic Silver Carboxylato Complexes. & Van Rensburg,C.E.J. Tuchschere, A.,Jakob, A.,Lang,G.,Joone,G.K. Fourie, E.,Erasmus,Swarts,J.C., H.C., Neethling,J.H. &Botha,J.R. Godbole, M.,Olivier,E.J.,Coetsee,E.,Swart, Inorganic Chemistry Swart, H.C. Duvenhage, M.M.,Ntwaeaborwa,O.M.& Condensed Matter phosphor thinfilms. and SiO degraded andundegradedGd Photoelectron Spectroscopy analysisfor E. &Ntwaeaborwa,O.M. Dolo, J.J.,Swart,H.C.,Terblans, J.J.,Coetsee, Physics ofCondensedMatter Polymer/SrAl and Afterglow LuminancePropertiesof cathodoluminescence propertiesofSiO Dennis, C.R.,Swarts,J.C.&Margerum,D.W. Carbohydrate Polymers sheets impreganatedwithAgnanoparticles. and antimicrobialactivityofcellolosefiber Djokovic, V. Brankovic, S.,Luyt,A.S.,Grozdits,G.& Csoka, L.,Bozanic,D.K.,Nagy,V., Dimitrijevic- Chemistry Surfaces: ADFTView. Spillover between RhodiumandTitania J.W. Conradie, J.,Gracia,J.&Niemantsverdriet, bulky and nickel(II) tetrapeptidecomplexes with 2012. Proton-transferreactionsofcoppe(II)- Natta Catalysts. Phthalate InteractionsinThinFilmZiegler– of SupportedBimetallicPd J.C. Erasmus, E.,Niemantsverdriet, J.W. &Swarts, Physics ofCondensedMatter degradation ofAlq3powders. 2012. ConcentrationeffectofTm H.C., Ntwaeaborwa,O.M.&Hillie,K.T. Dhlamini, M.S.,Mhlongo,G.H.,Swart, nisms andCatalysis 2012.PreparationandCharacterization 2012.Anewapproachtosilver-catalysed 2012. Energetic Driving Force of H 2012.EnergeticDrivingForceofH  -carbon. 2 :Ho Acta CrystallographicaSectionE 2012.Theeffectofsynthetic 28: 16477-16484. Fuel 116: 25362-25367. 2012. tris 3+ 2012. Viscoelastic properties 2012.Viscoelasticproperties x O ,Tm 94: 227-233. - y Langmuir :Eu  -Diketonato Aluminum(III) 3+ 407:1586-1590. Reaction KineticsMecha-

UV exposureandphoton 2+ systems. 107: 27-38. 51: 1552-1561. 32: 519-522. ,Dy The Journal of Physical The JournalofPhysical Physica B:Physicsof 2012.Cytotoxicity of 90:1139-1146. 3+ 27: 193-199. 28: 2643-2651. Composites. 2012.X-ray 407:1582-1585. IV 407:1521-1524. –Co 2 PhysicaB: -Dissobutyl -Dissobutyl Physica B: Physica B: 2 2012. In 2012.In III O 2012. Model 2 2012. 2 3+ S:Tb :Tm 407: on on 3 ) 3+ 3+ 3 .

H.C. &Ntwaeaborwa,O.M. Mbule, P.S., Mhlongo,G.H.,Pitale,S.S.,Swart, of PhysicalChemistryA emitting Pr Effects ofZnOQuantumDotsonRed- BaAl 2012. SynthesisandCharacterizationof Swart, H.C.,Botha,J.R.&Mothudi,B.M. Lephoto, M.A.,Ntwaeaborwa,O.M., Condensed Matter B.C.B. Gohain, M.,Muller,T.J. &Bezuidenhoudt, o3279-o3280. one. 2-phenylpyrano-[3,2-c]chromen-5(4H)- B.C.B. &Roodt,A. Gohain, M.,Loganathan,N.,Bezuidenhoudt, Physica B morphology andspacerlayer thickness self-assembled InSbnanodotsonsurface Dependence ofsurfacedistribution NaYF & Trzebiatowska-Gusowska, M. Gusowski, M.A.,Swart,H.C.,Karlsson, L.S. Acta CrystallographicaSectionE 1,3-dimethyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione. Botha J.R.&Swart,H.C. O.M., Koao, L.F., Nagpure, I.M.,Gusowski, M.A., Kroon, R.E.,SeedAhmed,H.A.A.,Ntwaeaborwa, Crystallographica SectionE G. Hill, T.N., Moeketsi, S.,Mangwaela,S.&Steyl, lographica SectionE hydroxy phenyl)ethanone. 2012. 1-(3-Benzyl-4,6-dibenzyloxy-2- Hill, T.N., Kuo-C.-M.&Bezuidenhoudt,B.C.B. and Materials Micrometer Diatomite. Polyethylene ModifiedwithInorganic Ge, T. He, W., FangQ.,Lin,W., Luyt,A.S.& Materials plastic composites. of mechanicalbehaviorhighperformance 2012. Artificialneuralnetworks inprediction He, W., Bao,G.H.,Ge,T.J., Luyt,A.S.&Jian,G. Letters Cascade Emission. sitions ofLanthanideionsinK copy andCalculationsfor4f Swart, H.C.&Gusowski, M. Ma, C-G.,Brik,M.,Ryba-Romanowski, W., Matter earth ions. from Ceinsol-gelSiO Thermochimica Acta change materialinapolypropylene matrix. encapsulated paraffinwaxaspossiblephase Preparation andpropertiesofpolystyrene Mochane, M.J.&Luyt,A.S. Thermochimica Acta soft Fischer-Tropschwaxandgraphite. based onlow-density polyethylene, phase-change materialsforenergystorage Luyt, A.S. Mhike, W., Focke, W.W., Mofokeng, J.P. & 1610. B: PhysicsofCondensedMatter ageing characteristics andidentificationof O.M. &Swart,H.C. Moleme, P.A., Pitale,S.S.,Ntwaeaborwa, composite material and PLAasmatrices. natural fibre-reinforcedcompositeswith PP J. Mofokeng, J.P., Luyt, A.S.,Tabi, T. &Kovacs, 2012. Comparison of injection moulded, 2012.Comparisonofinjectionmoulded, 2012.5-(Phenyldiazenyl)tropolone. 2 4 O Acta CrystallographicaSectionE. 2012.StudyonAnti-fogFilmsof :Pr 2012.5-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene)- 407:1603-1606. 4 4(2):541-546. :Eu 3+ 407:1566-1569. 501: 27-31. 2012.Thermallyconductive NanocrystalsDisplayingPhoton 2+ 3+- Physica B:PhysicsofCondensed co-dopedwithdifferentrare doped SiO 200: 347-350. 407:1595-1598. 2012.4-(2-Bromophenyl)- 25(8): 927-948. 2012.Investigation on 544: 527:75-82. E68: o2863. Journal of Thermoplastic Journal ofThermoplastic 2 . 2012. Luminescence 2012.Luminescence Nanoscale Research 116(36):9158-9180. 2 Physica B: Physics of Physica B:Physicsof Phosphor. Applied Mechanics

63-70. 2012.Sensitizing Key Engineering 2012.Spectros- E68:o941. N  Acta Crystal- 3 4f , E68:o179. YF 407:1607- N−1 6 2012. . 5d Tran- Physica 2012. Journal E68: Acta .

properties ofSrAl Phosphorescence andthermoluminescence Kumar, A.,Sohn,K.&Swart,H.C Mothudi, B.M.,Ntwaeaborwa,O.M., Physics ofCondensedMatter prepared by combustionmethod. Surface chemical changes ofCaTiO Ntwaeaborwa, O.M.&Swart,H.C. Noto, L.L.,Pitale,S.S.,Terblans, J.J., Applied Polymer Science Functionalized ParaffinWaxes. Fiber CompositesCompatibilized with and MechanicalPropertiesofLDPE/Sisal Nhlapo, L.P. &Luyt,A.S. 1505-1508. Physica B:PhysicsofCondensedMatter surface chemicalchangesinSr cathodoluminescence behaviourand Swart, H.C. Ntwaeaborwa, O.M.,Terblans, J.J.& Nagpure, I.M.,Pitale,S.S.,Coetzee,E., Materials GaSb surfacesusinga(NH H.C., Botha,J.R.&Venter, A. Neethling, J.H.,Betz,R.,Coetsee,E.,Swart, Murape, D.M.,Eassa,N.,Nyamhere,C., 258(18): 6753-6758 of degradation andsurfacecharacterization H.C. Ntwaeaborwa, O.M.,Terblans, J.J.&Swart, Nagpure, I.M.,Pitale,S.S.,Coetsee,E., 1271-1279. phosphor. (calcium 8-hydroxyquinoline) organic spectroscopic characterizationofCaq Swart, H.C. S.S., Ntwaeaborwa,O.M.,Terblans, J.J.& Nagpure, I.M.,Duvenhage, M.M.,Pitale, Matter solution. (NH of BaAl Thermoluminecence andstucturalproperties O.M., Botha,J.R.&Swart,H.C. Mothudi, B.M.,Lephoto,M.A.,Ntwaeaborwa, Technology of polycarbonate. properties andthermaldegradationkinetics nanoparticles onthemorphology,mechanical Martino, D.F.C. Motaung, T.E., Saladino,M.L.,Luyt,A.S.& 6(11): 871-881. compounding. zirconia nanocompositespreparedby melt thermal degradationkineticsofPMMA- Morphology, mechanicalpropertiesand Martino, D.C.&Caponetti,E. Motaung, T.E., Luyt,A.S.,Saladino,M.L., Degradation andStability thermal degradationbehaviour. titania nanocomposites:Propertiesand Nasillo, G.&Caponetti,E. Messori, M.,Saladina,M.L.,Spinella,A., Motaung, T.E., Luyt,A.S.,Bondioli,F., Condensed Matter bombardment. display phosphorunderelectronbeam Matter method. phosphors preparedby solidstatereaction surfaces usingasulphurblended(NH J.R. &Venter, A. Betz, R.,Coetsee,E.,Swart,H.C.,Botha, Murape, D.M.,Eassa,N.,Neethling,J.H., surface chemicalchangesonSrGa  4 2012.Thecathodoluminescence ) -Ca 2 SO 407:1675-1678. 407:1679-1682. 3 PhysicaB:PhysicsofCondensed 4 (PO PhysicaB:PhysicsofCondensed solution. 34: 1398-1405. 2 2012.Synthesis,thermaland 2012.Latticesitedependent 73: 34-39. O Journal ofFluorescence 4 ) 4 2 :Eu :Tb nanophosphor. 2012. The effect of silica 2012.Theeffectofsilica 2012.TreatmentforGaSb PhysicaB:Physicsof 2+ eXpress Polymer Letters 407:1645-1648. 2 ,Nd O Composites Science and Composites Scienceand . Applied SurfaceScience 4 :Eu 3+ ,Gd 123:3627-3634. 2+ 97:1325-1333. ,Re 2012.Thermal 3+ 2012.Improved 2012.PMMA- 407: 1620-1623. phosphors phosphors 3+ 4 5 ) (Sm (PO 2 S/(NH Physica B: PhysicaB: Journal of 4 . 2012. ) Polymer 2012. 2 3+ 2012. 3 2012. 2012. Optical S F host. 4 22(5): ,Dy 4 4 3 ) :Ce ) :Pr 407: 2 2 S0 S / 3+ 3+ 3+ 4 2 )

(Benzoylacetonato- Pretorius, C.&Roodt,A. T., Erasmus,E.,Van As,L.,Swarts,J.C.& Speck, J.M.,Claus,R.,Hildebrandt,A.,Rüffer, Materials Express phosphor forsolidstatelighting. N Roodt, A. Schutte, M.,Brink,A.,Visser,H.G.& Stability kinetics ofPMMA. mechanical propertiesandthermaldegradation effect ofsilicananoparticlesonthemorphology, Spinella, A.,Nasillo,G.&Caponetti,E. Saladino, M.L.,Motaung,T.E., Luyt,A.S., E68: m1442-m1443. disolvate. methanol)oxidovanadium(IV) methanol Trans- Pretorius, C.,Venter, J.A.&Roodt,A. E68: m1451-m1452. rhodium(I). characteristics ofZn structural, morphologicalandluminescence & Swart,H.C. Ntwaeaborwa, O.M.,Bezuidenhoudt,B.C.B. Pitale, S.S.,Gohain,M.,Nagpure,I.M., Physics ofCondensedMatter with/without ZnOnanoparticles. the performanceofP3HT:PCBM solarcells 2012. Post-fabrication annealingeffectson S.S., Xue,J.,Swart,H.C.&Holloway, P.H. Ntwaeaborwa, O.M.,Zhou,R.,Qian,L.,Pitale, Physics ofCondensedMatter upon electronbeamirradiation. A. Schutte, M.,Muller,T.J., Visser,H.G.&Roodt, E tetrasolvate. tetrakis[tricarbonyl-rhenium(I)] pyridine routes. via hydrothermal andcitrate-gelcombustion white lightemittingCa 2012. Synthesisedandcharacterizationof Shaat, K.K.,Swart,H.C.&Ntwaeaborwa,O.M. Composite Material composites. and propertiesofEVA/empy fruitbunch Sefadi, J.S.&Luyt,A.S. E hemihydrate. E68:m1208-m1209.  E68: , N 2012.[Bis(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)amine-  , N

Focus AreaLeaders: Director: Staff m741-m742. Bis(1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dionato) 97:452-459. Physica B Acta CrystallographicaSectionE Acta CrystallographicaSectionE 2012.Tetra-  2012. A comparative study on 2012.Acomparative studyon Acta CrystallographicaSection Acta CrystallographicaSection ]tricarbonylrhenium(I)bromide ]tricarbonylrhenium(I)bromide Prof.AndreasRoodt. Journal ofThermoplastic 407: 1485-1488. 2(7): 962-968. 3 Polymer Degradation and Polymer Degradationand 25(7): 895-914. (VO  4 ) x 2 2012.Morphology 2 Sr O,O phosphor prepared phosphorprepared Profs.H.C.Swart,J.C.Swarts,A.S.Luyt,andB.Bezuidenhoudt. 1-x 407:1517-1520. 407: 1631-1633. Al ’)  dicarbonyl- 3 2 -hydroxido- O PhysicaB: 4 Physica B: Physica B: 2012. The 2012.The :Tb 2012. Optical 3+ 2012. ,Eu  3+ 3

and Electrochemistry. Ferrocenylthiophenes: Synthesis,Properties, Lang, H. Doped Sr Identification ofEuOxidationStatesina O.M., Fisher,G.L.&Terblans, J.J. Swart, H.C.,Nagpure,I.M.,Ntwaeaborwa, yeast. formation inthecytoplasmofafermenting Lodolo, E.J.&Kock, J.L.F. Coetsee, E.,Van Wyk,P.W.J., Swarts,J.C., Swart, C.W., Dithebe,K.,Phl,C.H.,Swart,H.C., 6373-6380. SrAl acterization andluminescentpropertiesof P.D. &Terblans, J.J. Swart, H.C.,Ntwaeaborwa,O.M.,Nsimama, Imaging. H.C. Tshabalala, M.A.,Dejene,B.F. & Swart, 031401-1-031401-6. Vacuum ScienceandTechnology B activated ZnAl from UVdown-converting Ce O.M. Nagpure, I.M.,Swart,H.C.&Ntwaeaborwa, Tshabalala, K.G.,Cho,S.H.,Park,J.K., Condensed Matter ZnAl2O4 phosphor. ic-Brankovic, S.,Luyt,A.S.&Djokovic, V. Trandafilovic, L.V., Bozanic,D.K.,Dimitriev- Physics ofCondensedMatter SrAl and CLdegradationcharacteristicsof O.M., Kroon,R.E.&Mothudi,B.M. Swart, H.C.,Terblans, J.J.,Ntwaeaborwa, Physics ofCondensedMatter properties ofCe & Ntwaeaborwa,O.M. S.S., Nagpure,I.M.,Kroon,R.E.,Swart,H.C. Tshabalala, K.G.,Cho,S.,Park,J.K.,Pitale, and EngineeringAspects Colloids andSurfacesA:Physicochemical the presenceofpolyampholytecopolymer. Formation ofnano-platesilver particlesin Radhakrishnan, T. &Djokovic, V. Dimitrijevic-Brankovic, S.,Georges,M.K., Trandafilovic, L.V., Luyt,A.S.,Bibic,N., bohydrate Polymers ties ofZnO-alginatenanocomposites. 2012. Fabricationandantibacterialproper- 2 2 2012.Low temperaturesynthesisand 2012.Enhancedgreenemission O O 4 4 :Eu FEMS Yeast Res :Eu 2012.ElectronTransferStudieson Optics Express 2+, 5 2+, (PO Dy Dy 4 3+ 3+ ) 2 3 O nanothinfilms phosphors. F Phosphorby TOF-SIMS 3+ 4 407:1489-1492. phosphor. andTb 2012.Surfacechar- 88: 263-269. PhysicaB:Physicsof 2012.Luminescence 12: 867-869. 12: 867-869. Website: E-mail: Fax: Tel: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Strategic Academic Cluster:MaterialsandNanosciences(MNS) Prof. AndreasRoodt Contact Details Organometallics 20(15): 17119-17125. 414: 17-25. 2012. Gas bubble 2012.Gasbubble +27514019212 407: 1660-1663. 407:1660-1663. +2751444 6384 407: 1664-1667. 407:1664-1667. 3+ co-activated [email protected] Physica B: PhysicaB: 3+ . Physica B: . PhysicaB: www.ufs.ac.za - Tb 2012. PL 2012.PL Journal of 2012. 2012. 3+ 30(3): co- Car- 31:

N Warsink, S.&Roodt,A. Section E methyl}diazene. methoxy phenyl)hydrazinyl-idene](nitro) 2012. 1-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2{[2-(2- Von Eschwege, K.G.,Muller,F. &Hill,T. m666-m667. Acta CrystallographicaSectionE en-2-one. 2012. 4-(20Chlorophenylamino)-pent-3- Venter, G.J.S.,Brink,A.,Steyl,G.&Roodt,A. o3437-o3437. pent-3-en-2-onato- Dicarbonyl[4-(2,6-dimethylphenylamino) Venter, G.J.S.,Steyl,G.&Roodt,A. 02930-02931. one. 4-(2,3-Dimethylanilino)pent-3-en-2- Venter, G.J.S.,Steyl,G.&Roodt,A. E68: o3101-o3101. Acta CrystallographicaSectionE. 2,5-Dihexylthiophene 1,1-dioxide. N. &Bezuidenhoudt,B.C.B. Van Tonder, J.,Gohain,M.,Loganathan, Condensed Matter Polyethylene Glycol. characterization ofZnOnanoparticlesusing O.M. Yousif, A.,Swart,H.C.&Ntwaeaborwa, m1075-m1076. Acta CrystallographicaSectionE imidazole-2-ylidene]-dichloridopalladium(II). benzamidoethyl)-3-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) Warsink, S.&Roodt,A. Crystallographica Section cycloocta-1,5-diene)-rhodium(I). Chemistry Reference abInitioCalculations. Corrole andCorrolazine:Multiconfiguration Low-Energy StatesofManganese-Oxo Swarts, J.C.,Conradie,J.&Ghosh,A. Zhao, H.,Pierloot,K.,Langner,E.H.G., Letters functional composites. micro relationshipinnanostrctured Caponetti, E.&Luyt,A.S. Zawnotto, A.,Spinella,Nasillo,G., Applied SurfaceScience phosphor underelectronbeambombardment.  , N 2012.SurfacestateofY  -diphenylthioureato- Acta CrystallographicaSectionE 6(5): 410-416. E68: o609. 51: Acta CrystallographicaSectionE.

4002-4006. 407:1668-1671. Acta Crystallographica PhysicaB:Physicsof 2012. 258(17): 6495-6503.  2012.( E68: m1053-m1054. 2 eXPRESS Polymer N,O]rhodium(I). 2012.Macro- Trans- 3 (Al,Ga)  N 2 S, -Benzoyl- Inorganic Bis[1-(2- 2012. O)(h 2012. 5 2012. 2012. O E68: E68: E68: E68: E68: Acta Acta 12 :Tb :Tb 4 -

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters 14 economic activities forrelevantsectorswill result towards aGreenEconomywherethesystem of information thatwillimprove thecountry’stransition The clusterseekstoprovide SouthAfricawith new scarce environments. and planttraitsrequiredforoptimal yieldsinwater- green technologiesforimproving farmingpractices ditional technologiesandthedevelopment ofnew is supportedby theinnovative applicationoftra- plinary approachtoagro-ecosystemanalysis,which The clusterstrives toward aholisticandmultidisci- applications, aswell asorganisationalinnovations. by meansofbiotechnologicalinterventions and to sustainablesupplychainsandaddressthem Africa. Theoverall approachistoidentifyconstraints related industriesinsemi-aridregionsofSouth ecological factorsthatimpactsustainablecrop- The clusterinvestigates environmentalandagro- Overview Industries inSemi-aridRegions Technologies forSustainableCrop Strategic Academic Cluster: “food systemsapproach”. and areintegratedwithinthecontextofaholistic systems thatcatertotheneedsofpoorandrichalike research anddevelopment, andoninnovation and development. Technologies arebasedonsound in sustainableimprovements inhumanwell-being The Focus Area leader, Prof. Zakkie Pretorius, was The FocusArea leader,Prof.ZakkiePretorius, was that have geneticresistancetoleafandstem rust. with regardtotheidentification ofwheatgenotypes Area 1onceagainyieldedsignificant newdiscoveries The CerealRustResearchProgramme (CRRP)inFocus for ManagingCropEnvironments Focus Area1: three focusareas: Research conductedduring2012isgroupedinto Research Activities Production Technologies part ofaconsortium (SA-NuGrain),established with James Allemann.Thiscollaboration formsacrucial crop andweed specieswhichismanaged by Dr. food crop,amaranth( elucidate theallelopathicpotential oftheimportant This isaptlyreflectedinaproject toevaluateand mycology, agronomy,biochemistryandentomology. disciplines inthecluster,namelyplantpathology, the synergyithasbroughtaboutbetween various very interestinganduniquefacetofherwork is of attainingfoodsecurityinSouthernAfrica.A crop productionandwillbecomecrucialinterms This technologyhasgreatpotentialforimproving pathogens ofagriculturalcropsinsemi-aridregions. for rapididentificationofpathogensandlatent Dr. MariekaGryzenhoutisdeveloping DNAbarcodes that triggersdefenceresponsesinwheat. aphid by acting asarepellentwell asanelicitor may have adual effectagainsttheRussianwheat that theplant,Africanwormwood ( Russian wheataphid.Shealsoconvincinglyshowed a roleinthedefenceresponseofwheatagainst wheat, andsecondly,thatpolyphenoloxidase plays in theRussianwheataphidresistanceresponseof that firstly,chitosanoligomerscanactaselicitors significant discoveries inthisregard.Sheconfirmed resistance inwheattobioticstressesandmade Dr. MarietaCawood studiedthebiochemistryof clearly shown. where thevaluethatDSMcanaddtohydrology, was SANCIAHS NationalHydrology SymposiuminPretoria, field. Anotherbreakthroughwasmadeatthe16 Africa isontrackwithglobalinitiatives inthis extremely well-accepted. ItillustratedthatSouth on DSM,wherethework doneinSouthAfricawas presentation ofhiswork atthe5 Africa. In2012,thehighlightofthisprojectwasa to optimisetheuseofsoilresourcesinSouthern digital soilmapping(DSM)asasurvey tool Dr. P.A.L. leRouxmadegreatstridesindeveloping African membersoftheUg99stemrustlineage. rapid andaccurateidentificationofdifferentSouth Visser, implementedadetectionprotocolforthe Another full-timeresearcherintheCRRP, Dr.Botma field samplesofdiseasedwheat. rust adultplantresistance(APR)wascarriedouton of itskindwherehistologicalobservationsstripe stripe rustresistanceofwheat.Thisisthefirstproject the histologicalmechanism(s)involved inadult-plant Ethiopia, madesignificantprogressindetermining Dr. N.T. Gebeyehu, apostdoctoralfellow from the resourcebaseofclustersignificantly. his researchcapacityandwillconsequentlystrengthen will provide Prof.Pretoriuswiththemeanstoextend endorsement oftheChairoccurredin2012.The Disease ResistanceinFieldCrops2011andfinal Initiative (SARChI)foraSARChIResearchChairin nominated by theSouthAfricanResearchChairs Amaranthus cruentus th GlobalWorkshop Artemesia afra ), to th ), sons were identified. and sorghumlineswithstableresistanceover sea- changing environmentswasalsofoundtobevariable colonisation by rootrotfungi.Genotyperesponseto colonisation ofroots,proved ausefulindicatorofroot verity. Ergosterol,extractedasanindicatoroffungal sorghum graincharacteristicsandmouldse- trations indicatedadistinctrelationshipbetween active fungalcolonisation)andmycotoxin concen- throughs. Analysesforergosterol(asameasureof in SouthAfricacontinuedtoyieldimportantbreak- principle soil-bornesorghumandsoybean diseases epidemiological valueofresistanceortoleranceto Prof. NealMcLaren’sresearchtodeterminethe for improving quality. for theusageoftheselinesinbreedingprogrammes African sweet potato breedinglinesandisessential on simplesequencerepeat(SSR)markers in South farmers. Herresearchrepresentsthefirstreport lines developed fortheneedsofresource-poor and qualitycharacteristicsofsweet potatobreeding Dr. AngelinevanBiljonstudiedthegeneticdiversity tography (SE-HPLC). ing SizeExclusion HighPerformance LiquidChroma- protein fractionsinSouthAfricanwheatcultivarsus- by selectingappropriate polymericandmonomeric and stabilisingwheatqualityforachangingclimate buschagne, madesignificantprogressinimproving The leaderofFocusArea2,Prof.Maryke La- Improvement Focus Area2: animal feedfor safe humanfood.Chemicalpreserva- significant contributionstowards developing stable Focus Arealeader,Prof.Arno Hugo,madeseveral Quality Value to,andImproving CropProduct Focus Area3: which hasconsiderablecommercialpotential. the North-West University and theARC-Roodeplaat, Wheat seedlingsartificiallyinoculatedwithleafrust. Genetic Technologies forCrop Technologies for Adding 15

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters 16 the ChibaUniversity further. The delegationatChibaUniversity, 11 October2012.Prof.WijnandSwartwasindicatedasrepresentative totake contactwith pear ( Dr. MarynadeWittcontinuedtoevaluatecactus search project. 2012 andfourarticleswere publishedfromthisre- students working inFocusArea3graduatedduring antioxidants inanimalfeedandhumanfood.Four evaluated fortheirapplicationaspreservatives and plant-derived preservatives andantioxidants were ject withProf.CeliaHugoandDr.Okert Einkamerer, an interdisciplinaryandcollaborative researchpro- and lipidantioxidants arethereforeencouraged.In under scrutiny.Theuseofnaturalpreservatives feed andhumanfoodgloballyareconstantly tives andantioxidants areusedextensively inanimal foodstuffs anddrinks.Shealsostudiestheantioxidant and cladodeflourasfunctionalingredientsinvarious ingredients. Herprojectfocusedonusingmucilage Opuntia ficus-indica Dr. GertMaraisandaNamibianMaster’sstudentnexttocontainerusedstoresorghummillet. ) foritsfunctionalfood impart thisknowledge tolocalfoodscientists. resulted inherundertakingatriptoMexico2012 breaking researchhadvery positive outcomes,which fruit, cladodesandprocessedproducts.Thisground- content aswell asantioxidant potentialofcactuspear cooperation between UFSandOIST. were alsovisited. Theaimofthevisitwastoestablish in Tokyo, namelyMeiji,ChibaandTokai Universities land Seaman,andDr.GlenTaylor. Otheruniversities André Roodt,HendrikSwart,HughPatterton,Mait- egation includedProfs.AldoStroebel,CorliWitthuhn, search oftheUFS,toJapaninOctober2012.Thedel- by Prof.Driekie Hay,Vice-Rector,Academic andRe- Prof. WijnandSwartformedpartofadelegationled and Technology (OIST)inJapan Visit totheOkinawaInstituteofScience cells duringinfectionwith prostaglandin E Pohl, C.H. Ells, R.,Kock, J.L.F., Albertyn,J.,Hugo,A.& Science fat sources. affected by abioflavonoid antioxidant and and oxidative stabilityoflambs’meatas Fair, M.D. A., Van derMerwe, H.J.,Slippers,S.C.& Booyens, K.E.,Einkamerer,O.B.,Hugo, and AppliedGenetics wheat cultivarCappelle-desprez. of adultplantresistancetostriperustinthe Bender, C.M.&Prins,R. Agenbag, G.M.,Pretorius,Z.A.,Boyd, L., Research Articles Changes insoilorganicmatterindicesfol- Loke, P.F., Kotze, E.&DuPreez,C.C. of AnimalScience lipid oxidation ofeggs. dietary fatsourceonfattyacidprofileand Merwe, H.J.&Fair,M.D. King, E.J.,Hugo,A.,DeWitt,F.H., Van der Journal ofAnimalScience performances oflayers. dietary lipidsaturationonproduction Merwe, H.J.&Fair,M.D. King, E.J.,DeWitt,F.H., Hugo,A.,Van der Mediators dubliniensis. Regions Crop IndustriesinSemi-Arid Technologies forSustainable Strategic Academic Cluster: Research Outputs Secretary: Focus AreaLeaders: Director: Staff 42:483-487. 2012.Sciadonicacidmodulates 97:66-71. 2012.Fattyacidcomposition South AfricanJournalofAnimal

Prostaglandins &OtherLipid Prof.WijnandSwart. 2 Mrs. ReannetteRademeyer. productionby epithelial 42:503-506. 125:109-120. South AfricanJournal 2012. Identification 2012.Identification 2012.Effectof 2012.Effectof 42: 515-519. Profs.ZakkiePretorius,Maryke Labuschagne,andArnoHugo. C. albicans South African Theoretical Theoretical 2012. and C. Negussie, T. &Pretorius,Z.A. South Africa. tion managementpracticesinsemi-arid lowing 32years ofdifferentwheatproduc- Merwe, H.J.,Hugo,A.,Scholtz,G.D.J.&Fair, Pienaar, G.H.,Einkamerer,O.B.,Van der Plant andSoil resistance inlentil. Pretorius, Z.A. Negussie, T., Bender,C.M.,Van Wyk,P.W.J. & Crop Protection rust: presentstatusandfutureprospects. boerewors. lipid stabilityandsensoryevaluationof preservatives onthemicrobialquality, & Hugo,A. Mathenjwa, S.A.,Hugo,C.J.,Bothma,C. Production Science under artificialhaemonchosis. sensory attributesofXhosalop-earedgoats leaves onfattyacidprofilesandconsumer dietary supplementationwith Muchenje, V. &Dzama,K. Marume, U.,Hugo,A.,Chimonyo, M., systems 94:97-109. 2012.Effectofalternative Meat Science 29:25-29. 2012.Hypersensitivityofrust Nutrient Cycling inAgroeco- 32:119-128. The delegationatTokai University, 12 October2012. 52:1099-1106. South AfricanJournalof Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Technologies forSustainableCropIndustriesinSemi-AridRegions Strategic Academic Cluster: Prof. WijnandSwart Contact Details 91:165-172. 2012.Effectof +27514445954 2012.Lentil Acacia karroo [email protected] www.ufs.ac.za +27514012383 Animal

maize ( density onyieldandcomponentsof L.D. Yada, G.L.,Ceronio,G.M.&Van Rensburg, Subjects Biochimica etBiophysicaActa –General 263-271. of AgriculturalScienceandTechnology in Polyunsaturated fattyacidscauseapoptosis P.W.J., Kock, J.L.F. &Pohl, C.H. J., JansevanRensburg,W.J., Van Wyk, Thibane, V.S., Ells,R.,Hugo,A.,Albertyn, Animal Science of finishinglambs. yeast productonthegrowth performance M.D. In: protein maizelinesandtheirhybridprogeny. and relatedcharacteristicsininbredquality 2012. Theinfluenceofwaterstressonyield Labuschagne, M.T., Wegary, D.&Vivek, B. Chapter inBook York: InTech. pp.199-218. Rahman andHiroshiHasegawapp.New C. albicans Water Stress 2012.Effectofrow spacingandplant 2012.Theeffectsofanactive live Zea mays 1820:1463-1468. and 42:464-468. , editedby IsmailMd.Mofizur L.)underirrigation. South AfricanJournalof C. dubliniensis biofilms. 2012. Journal B2:

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters 18 alliances with other universities, funding agencies, trans-, multi-andinterdisciplinary partnershipsand The clustershave anoutward-lookingfocus, with institution inthesystemswithin whichitoperates. expertise aspartofthestrategic positioningofthe leadership wishestodevelop globally-recognised University hasparticularstrengths,orwherethe Academic Clustersinpriorityareaswherethe At thecoreofstrategyisconceptStrategic in research. is alsoinapositiontocontributeglobalexcellence country andthecontinent.Thiscanonlybedoneifit selected areasthatcanserve theinterestsof people, knowledge, innovation andsolutionsin development andgrowth throughthedelivery of contribute increasinglytonationalandregional Free State(UFS)hasasprimarygoal;theneedto The ResearchStrategyoftheUniversity ofthe Overview Water-scarce Areas Water Managementin Strategic Academic Cluster: of the risks associated with water scarcity in numerous of therisksassociated withwaterscarcityinnumerous prediction ofwateravailability and intheassessment agriculture andothersocio-economic needs,inthe other wetlands), intheoptimalutilisationofwater for of individualecosystems(groundwater, rivers and the minimumrequirements for themaintenance routine waterqualityanalysis,inthedescriptionof Entrepreneurship isbeingdeveloped inthefieldsof the waterresourceinitsnaturalandutilisablestates. attention totherisksassociatedwithavailabilityof economic aspects.Inessence,theClusterwillgive water resourceinitsphysical,ecological,socialand associated teachinginthemanagementofscarce Research Clustercarriesoutresearchanddevelops The Water ManagementinWater-scarce Areas South Africa,andbeyond. private sector;searchingforuniqueopportunitiesin government andnon-government agenciesandthe scarce areas,it becomesimperative tosafeguard As thewatersupplybecomes criticalinwater- Department ofPlantSciences): (Leader: Prof.JohannduPreez, ecosystems inwater-scarce areas Focus Area1:Management ofaquatic into fourfocusareas: Research undertheauspicesofclusterisgrouped Flagship Projects ter managementinwater-scarceareas. national, regionaland/orinternationalrelevancetowa- to develop self-sustainingcriticalmassinkey areasof lectual cohesionamongresearcherswiththepotential fore, thisClusterisstructuredtocreateapowerful intel- nately mostofSouthernAfricaiswater-scarce.There- different fromthatwherewaterisabundant.Unfortu- Water management inwater-scarceareasisessentially at avery highlevel. Africa andactsasamagnetforresearchteaching of anacademicclusterthatleadsthisfieldinSouth Research Cluster’sultimategoalistheestablishment The Water Management inWater-scarce Areas and strategicthattheUFSdevelops thisniche. scarce areas.Thereforeitwould seemappropriate water-related researchbase,muchofitinwater- strategic researchcluster.TheUFShasastrong scarce, theneedexistsfordeveloping thisparticular Southern Africaandthedeveloping world arewater- is becomingacriticalresource.Aslargepartsof increase toglobalhumancarryingcapacity,water There arestrongindicationsthataspopulations and competitive usage. fields ofuse.Thelatterriskswould includelossofquality The rapidatsiteEWR3intheSeekoei River duringafieldvisit,whentheriver wasintheflow phase. inappropriately, unavoidably orstrategically(inthe The supplyofwatertocommunities established Department ofAgriculturalEconomics): (Leader: Prof.BennieGrové, development inwater-scarceareas Focus Area4:Optimalwater-use for to provide food,fibreandshelterfortheirfamilies. depend onthenaturalresources(veld, soilandwater) erosion. Ruralfarmersarethemostvulnerableasthey rainfall. Theseareasarealsohighlysensitive tosoil due totheerratic,spatialandtemporaldistributionof climatic zonesareregardedasnaturallywater-scarce one-third ofthedeveloping world. Aridandsemi-arid Both naturalandman-madewaterscarcityisfacing Department ofSoil,CropandClimateSciences): (Leader: Prof.LeonvanRensburg, scarcity inagriculture Focus Area3:Managingwater over thenextfewdecades. need tobepreparedexpectweather extremes in climaticconditionsandallsectorsofthecountry Africa. Water-scarce areasalsoshow largevariability developed for application tobenefitthepeopleof water useandoperationalearlywarningsystems This focusareaenablesresearchintoplanningfor Department ofSoil,CropandClimateSciences): (Leader: Prof.SueWalker, variability inwater-scarceareas Focus Area2:Climatechangeand protection anduseofwaterinwater-scarceareas. development of managementtoolswillaidinthe bodies aresustainedby theirecosystems,andthe water bodies,above andbelow ground.These water 19

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters 20 5. The integrationofDisasterRiskReduction and 4. A vegetation andenvironmentalanalysisofthe Aninvestigation intothefishcommunitystructure 3. Managementofwaterresourcesinnon-perennial 2. ZooplanktonandtheirsymbiontsintheOkavango 1. Cluster during2012: The following studieswere undertaken by theWater Projects andResearchActivities parts ofSouthernAfricaandthedeveloping world. scarce areas,notonlyinSouthAfrica,butalsolarge available watercanleadtohugebenefitsforwater- became established.Planningforthewiseuseof damage ofecosystemsasthosecommunities case ofmines)has,inmanycases,ledtoextensive (Ph.D. Student – Centre for Disaster Management). (Ph.D. Student–CentreforDisaster Management). management intheFreeState–JohannesBelle Climate ChangeAdaptation principlesintowetlands – DepartmentofPlantSciences). surrounding area–AndrivanAardt(Ph.D.student Palaeo-Kimberley, Palaeo-Modderrivers andthe Centre forEnvironmentalManagement). South Africa–HennieLouw(Masters’student of threepoolsintheSeekoei River, NorthernCape, Environmental Management). rivers –JoanAdendorff (Ph.D.student–Centrefor Entomology). West (Ph.D.Student –DepartmentofZoologyand Delta anditsassociatedbasins,Botswana–Deidré Esté Prinsloodoingwaterdepthmeasurements. 6. The implicationsofhydrological phasesinnon- field attheKolomela MinenearPostmasburg. Preparing thesoiltoinstallDFMwatersensorin Centre forEnvironmentalManagement). composition –InaFerreira(Masters’Student perennial rivers onmacro-invertebrate species river-flow dynamicsmodel. University inJapanwhereDr.Kojima demonstratedhis Dr. MichiKojima andProf.SeamanduringavisittoMeiji Water-Scarce Areas Water Management in Strategic Academic Cluster: Research Outputs Focus AreaLeaders: Director: Staff Prof.MaitlandSeaman. Profs.JohannduPreez,SueWalker, LeonvanRensburg,andBennieGrové. field rainwaterharvesting: Maizeyieldand Integrating micro-floodirrigationwithin- Mavimbela, S.W. &Van Rensburg,L.D. Technology Journal ofAgriculturalScienceand soils (Tukulu,SepaneandSwartland). In-Situ Evaluationofevaporationinlayered Mavimbela, S.W. &Van Rensburg,L.D. Research Articles 5(suppl.2):577-590. Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Water ManagementinWater-Scarce Areas Strategic Academic Cluster: Prof. MaitlandSeaman Contact Details Glen Taylor. Swart, HughPatterton,MaitlandSeaman,andDr. Corli Witthuhn,AndréRoodt,HendrikSwart,Wijnand October 2012.TheteamincludedProfs.AldoStroebel, A team,ledby Prof.DriekieHay,visitedJapanin universities inTokyo, namelyMeiji,ChibaandTokai. and technologyshouldvisitOIST, butalsothreeother and thattheClusterDirectorsassociatedwithscience UFS hadmuchtogainfromcooperationwithOIST, Directors oftheStrategicAcademic Clustersthatthe Technology (OIST)inJapan,hesuggestedtothe in 2012totheOkinawaInstituteofScienceand Following avisitby theRector, Prof.Jansen,early 8 –18October2012 Visit toJapaneseUniversities: +27514012629 [email protected] www.ufs.ac.za +27514013958 2012. 2012. 61(2): 24-33. in waterharvesting. Central SouthAfricanHighveld forapplication K. Zerizghy, M.G.,Van Rensburg,L.D.&Stigter, 61(suppl. 2):70-81. water useefficiency. 2012. Characterization of rainfall in the 2012.Characterizationofrainfallinthe Irrigation andDrainage Irrigation andDrainage

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Research Clusters Agricultural Sciences

Department of Agricultural Economics

Overview Special Achievements The Department of Agricultural Economics under- The 2012 annual Conference of the Agricultural stands the social, environmental and economic chal- Economic Association of South Africa (AEASA) was lenges facing the agricultural sector in Sub-Sahara hosted by the Department of Agricultural Economics Africa. The growth in the department reflects on the under the leadership of Prof. Bennie Grové. The capacity to capitalises on incentives to build partner- conference was held on the campus of the University ships with Agri Business and Agricultural specialists of the Free State, 30 September – 3 October 2012, in the banking sector to combine an entrepreneurial with 250 national and international delegates. approach with the multi-disciplinary nature of tui-

Annual Report 2012 The conference topic was “Challenges beyond 50 tion, research and community service. The focus of years of Agricultural Economics in South Africa”. the Department is on training agricultural econo- Guest speakers included Prof. Kent Olson from the mist that specialises in Agricultural management and University of Minnesota, USA. Prof. Olson presented working with farmers and agri Business. the Simon Brand Memorial address on “Trends, The Department of Agricultural Economics provides Issues, Threats and Opportunities Affecting Farmers”. students in Agricultural Economics with theoretical Other invited guest speakers included Dr. Ward training linked to current agricultural economics Anseeuw, who is a development economist and and marketing issues internationally and in Southern policy analyst from CIRAD (the Agricultural Research

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Africa. Emphasis on management, strategic planning Centre for International Development in France). and analysis of markets is synonymous with forging His presentation was on “The global land rush, 22 a strong relationship with the industry. new investment models and agrarian change”. Dr. meetings ofthe RedMeatProducers’Organisation workshops onagriculturalmarkets attheregional Mr. FrikkieMaréandDirk Strydom, presented Lecturers, Prof.JohanWillemse, Dr.AntonieGeyer, Activities of AgriculturalEconomics. The AEASAconferencewashostedby theDepartment posters attheAEASAconference. The Departmentpresentedeightpapersandthree Agricultural EconomicsHonours’studentfor2012. Economics student,aswell asthebestB.Sc. prize forthebestfourth-year B.Sc.Agricultural Department ofAgriculturalEconomics.Hewon the Mr. W.A. Lombardisa research assistantinthe thesis inAgriculturalEconomicsfor2012. she alsowon the secondprizeforthebestMasters’ second-best paperpresentedattheconferenceand Agricultural Economics,received theawardfor Merwe, a researchassistantintheDepartmentof During thegaladinnerandprize-giving,Estévander challenges ofthefuture”. to practicallyimplementstrategictoolsfacethe Zealand. Prof.Gow presentedaworkshop on“How Hamish Gow from theMasseyUniversity ofNew Managing DirectorofSENWES,aswell asProf. Chairman ofGWK,andMr.FrancoisStrydom, the guest speakers includedMr.FrankLawrence, day ofthethree-dayconferenceanddistinguished A StrategicAgriBusinessSessionwasheldonthelast opportunities andbenefitstothelocalpopulations”. “Turning Africa’smassive agriculturalpotentialinto Business-Africa, presentedhisguestlectureon Hans Balyamujura,GeneralManagerofABSAAgri Giel Viljoen,Prof.SherylHendriks,Kent Olson,Prof.JohanWillemse,andDr.JackArmour. The AEASAconferencewashostedby theDepartmentofAgriculturalEconomics.Fromlefttoright:Prof.BennieGrové, Prof. Thunen Institute inBraunschweig, Germany,20 No- Dr. AntonieGeyer visitedtheJohannHeinrich von Impacts ofEnvironmentalFlow Requirements. Grové, wherehepresentedapaperonEconomic 24 –30June2012,wasattended by Prof. Bennie and Drainage)conferenceheld inAdelaide, Australia, The 63 presented threepapers. November 2012,intheDrakensberg, wherethey Committee onIrrigationandDrainage conference ofSANCID(TheSouthAfricanNational assistant, MarcilVenter, attendedthebiannual Prof. BennieGrové, Dr.HenryJordaanandresearch John DeereandtheProteinResearchFoundation. Senwes, BKB,Veeplaas, RPO,Suidwes Investments, sponsored studentswere GWK,OVK, Silostrat,ABSA, the AgriBusinessIndustryfor2012.Industrieswho Project had13studentswhoreceived bursariesfrom The AgriculturalEconomicDepartmentBursary the Department’sbursaryscheme. form partofthenetwork whichinturnhelpstofund the bankingsectorandotheragribusinesses of theFreeState.Theworkshops aresponsoredby guests eachquarteronthecampusofUniversity planning. Theseworkshops areattendedby 150 Auditors, whodiscussedcapitalgainstaxandestate economist ofNedbank,andMr.JacoKirsteinfromKG der BergfromSantamAgri,NickyWeimar, senior discussed. Guestspeakers includedMr.Johan van met andtopicssuchas“Forecastsfor2013”were farmers, agribusinessandindustryshareholders hosted oncampusby Prof.JohanWillemsewhere and Reitz.QuarterlyAgriculturalWorkshops were Senekal, Smithfield,Bothaville,Brandfort,Edenburg and theNationalWool Growers’ Association at th ICID(InternationalCommissiononIrrigation ) , 21–23 23

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Agricultural Sciences vember – 07 December 2012. He received training in the AgriBenchmark for Beef and Sheep programmes. During September 2012, Henry Jordaan attended an international course on optimising the performance of producers’ organisations that was presented by the Centre for Development Innovation (CDI) and Wageningen University and Research Centre. The course was presented at CDI in Wageningen, The Netherlands. The 2012 graduates from the Department of Agricultural Economics were nine Ph.D. students, 18 Agricultural Sciences B.Sc. Agric. students, 13 B. Agric. Honours students, and 51 B.Com. Honours’ Agricultural Economics students.

Community Service Mr. Theo Potgieter and Prof. Sheryl Hendriks, President of At national level, SAFEFE (South African Foundation AEASA, with the F.R. Tomlinson Commemorative Medal. for Economic and Financial Education) facilitated the training of teachers in the Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape, and the Western Cape for 2012. SAFEFE was also involved in two international programmes with the USA: • University of Minnesota student exchange pro- Every year an outstanding agricultural economist is gramme (Ph.D. and Masters’ degree) in the Free nominated to present the prestigious F.R. Tomlinson State and North West Province. Commemorative Lecture, which was hosted by • Northern Illinois University fact-finding trip for the Department of Agricultural Economics on the Entrepreneurship in the Western Cape. campus of the University of the Free State on 16 In the student exchange programme, five Ph.D. and February 2012. Mr. Theo Potgieter, the director of JTP Masters’ students from the Department of Applied Consulting, was nominated as the guest lecturer for Economics of Minnesota University, together with the 2012 lecture. He is an Agricultural Economist by three faculty members, visited the University of the training with experience in agricultural development, Free State in May 2012. Ph.D. and Masters’ students project management, 25 years’ experience in from the Department of Agricultural Economics of commercial banking and consulting on Broad-Based the University of the Free State and the visitors from Black Economic Empowerment, and is currently a Minnesota University visited different institutions and Non-Executive Director of the Land Bank. farms in the Free State and North West. The Unit in Livestock Economics was established in Other places visited by the students included a visit the Department of Agricultural Economics during to Allem Brothers, a milling factory, and a visit to 2012 with the focus of nationally and internationally Senwes Grainlink, both in Viljoenskroon. A visit to a marketing the University of the Free State, and in carrot farm, which is a Senwes producer, was very particular the Department of Agricultural Economics. informative. This was followed up with a visit to the The coordinator of the Unit is Dr. A.C. Geyer, senior NAMPO agricultural show in Bothaville and a meeting lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Economics. with a facilitator from Grain SA who accompanied Other key staff members involved are Prof. B.J. the group to a fertiliser-producing company, Seneca, Willemse, Mr. F.A. Maré, Mr. H.N. van Niekerk and Mr. which serves the local farming community. Two J.I.F. Henning. emerging famers were visited under the supervision The Unit will specialise in economic research for of Grain SA and the Minnesota visitors found their

Annual Report 2012 livestock, support training and development in the success stories very informative. livestock industry, provide economic information for livestock extension, promote sustainable livestock Achievements agribusiness, enhance collaboration with livestock industries, and improve the welfare of communities At the Faculty year-end prize-giving, Dirk Strydom by impartially-applied economic problem solving. The received the Faculty Award for Community Service purpose and mission is to link directly with the livestock with the SAFEX workshops he held for 356 farmers industries regarding research, training, development during 2012. and extension. The Unit in Livestock Economics consists

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Mrs. Lize Morris received the Faculty Award for the of divisions for large stock, small stock, game, poultry best junior lecturer for 2012. and related matters (predators, theft, market, etc.) 24 & Manona,S. Baiphethi, M.N.,Kundhlande,G.,Viljoen,M.F. Research Articles Agricultural Economics Department of Research Outputs Officers: Departmental Secretary: Nicky Matthews,andMr.Walter van Niekerk. Janus Henning,Mr.AbiodunOgundeji,Petso Mokhatla,Ms. Mr. Kobus vanStaden,Mr.DirkStrydom, Mr. FrikkieMaré,Mr. Lecturers: Professors: Staff 2012.Thepotentialforland Mrs.ChriznavanderMerwe, and Ms. InaCombrinck. Dr.A.C.Geyer, Dr.HenryJordaan,L.Terblanche, Prof.JohanWillemse,andBennieGrové. Mrs.LouiseHoffman. Agrekon springbuck intheEasternCapeKaroo. Economics ofmeatproductionfrom Dlamini, T., Fraser,G.&Grove, B. Irrigation andDrainage through in-fieldrainwaterharvesting. Alleviating householdfoodinsecurity J., Hensley,M.&Baiphethi,M.N. Botha, J.,Van Rensburg,L.D.,Anderson, South Africa. consumption intheFreeStateProvince of A. &Pelser, A.J. Botha, C.F., Taljaard, P.R., Alemu,Z.G., Jooste, Drainage Nchu, FreeStateProvince. for cropproduction:AcasestudyofThaba adoption ofrainwaterharvesting practices exchange incommunalareastosupportthe 51(1):1-20. 61(2):119-128. Agrekon 2012.Segmentingfood 51(3):52-77. 61:82-94. Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Department ofAgriculturalEconomics Prof. JohanWillemse Contact Details Scheepers, andRechtusSteyn. Julie Hayward,FrancoisHuman,PhilipOosthuizen,Anchen Marcil Venter, LeratoBogacwi,Toba Fadeyi,BerhaneHaile, Venter, GuntherGriessel,PrimroseMadende,Yondela Mahlathi, Nompilo MajosiPhokaNkhuoa,RechtusSteyn,Manfred Lombard, W.A. Lombard,OlebogengMojanaga,LeratoMofolo, Kobus Bruwer, MbaliNyembe, NomalangaMdungela,Herman Research Assistants: +27514013473 Irrigation and [email protected] www.ufs.ac.za +27514012824 /3864 2012. 2012. CoenraadBadenhorst,NompiloMgabi, Agronomie Africaine West Africanirrigated-riceproduction. Seck, P. &Diagne,A. Toure, A.A.,Grove, B.,Groenewald,J.A., Research industry. contracts inthefrozenfriesprocessing 2012. Factorseffectinglongertermfarm Strydom, D.B.,Willemse,B.J.&Van Zyl,H. Research industry. transaction costwithintheprocessing & Willemse,B.J. Strydom, D.B.,Morris,L.,Van Zyl,H. Namibia. of marketing channelinNorth-central Transaction costsandcattlefarmers’choice Shiimi, T., Taljaard, P.R. &Jordaan,H. 7(37):5181-5190. 7(47):6265-6273. Agrekon African JournalofAgricultural African JournalofAgricultural 2012.Reductionof 51(1):42-58. 24(2):151-160. 2012.Economicsin 2012.

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Sciences

Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences

Overview The mission of the Department of Animal, Wildlife reflects a high standard of academic excellence, and Grassland Sciences remains focused on the applied knowledge and insight. There is thus a transfer of current knowledge and the creation continuous interaction with the industry and of new knowledge through relevant innovative, farming community to address the needs for scientific research. The interaction and cooperation optimal production. of the different disciplines (Animal Breeding, Animal Nutrition, Animal Physiology, Wildlife, and In 2012, a total of 19 postgraduate students attained Grassland Science) have helped to strengthen the their degrees (ten B.Sc. Honours’ students, five M.Sc. Annual Report 2012 objective of sustainable, more efficient livestock students and five Ph.D. students) in their respective and wildlife production systems in South Africa. disciplines; an indication of the productivity of the De- These production systems range from intensive partment of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences. to extensive and also from small-scale farming The structuring of the Department into the various to large, highly scientific operations. To address disciplines has thus created Centres of Excellence the production needs in the community and which facilitates the aspects of teaching, research industry requires a high standard of expertise and community service. The extensive research pro- and involvement in the different disciplines being gramme has also been complemented by interdisci- generated by the Department. The most important plinary actions within the Department, between the Natural and Argricultural Sciences product of the Department remains its students Department and other departments at the University 26 and therefore it is crucial that the training provided of the Free State, and with other national institutions. Foch deWitt;Ramsem ArtificialInseminationStation: Witt; Veeplaas: Mr.Ockert Einkamerer;Nutrifeeds: Mr. Mr. WillieCombrinck;Supreme Chickens: Mr.Fochde Development Corporation:Prof.H.O.deWaal and Association: Prof.NicoSmit; theIndustrial H.O. deWaal; SouthAfricanWildlifeManagement Neser; NationalWool Growers’ Association:Prof. South AfricanSocietyforAnimalScience:Prof.Frikkie Association: Prof.H.O.deWaal andProf.NicoSmit; Organisation: Dr.GerrieScholtz;FreeStateGame Organisation: Prof.H.O.deWaal; NationalLucerne and Prof.HennieSnyman;RedMeatProducers’ Frikkie Neser;Voermol Feeds: Prof.JohanGreyling include BreedPlanandseveral BreedSocieties:Prof. members formallyinvolved withcertaininstitutions Agricultural ResearchCouncil(ARC).Examplesof the NationalDepartmentofAgriculture,and Sciences remainsdeeplyinvolved intheindustry, The DepartmentofAnimal,WildlifeandGrassland Collaboration National andInternational Preez andProf.HennieSnyman. young scientist. Hisco-promoterswere Prof.Chrisdu Africa 2012forthebesttheatrepresentationby a annual CongressoftheGrasslandSocietySouthern Science, PieterSwanepoel,received anawardatthe A doctoralstudentinSoilScienceandGrassland book were sold nationallyinaperiodofthreemonths. com, publishedby Media24.Over 1500copiesofthe Hennie SnymanforLandbouweekblad andLandbou. the publicationofabookonpastureseditedby Prof. the naturalpastures.Adefinitehighlightfor2012was increasing theproductivityandcarryingcapacityof days. Progresswasmadeineradicatingthisplantand subject wasaddressedat11farmers’andinformation articles inthepopularpresswere published,whilethe four manuscriptsinaccreditedjournalsand21 “slangbos” or“bankrotbos”.Inthelast18months, intruder plantknown inthefarmingcommunityas Snyman received recognitionforhisresearchonthe In thefieldofAnimalProduction,Prof.Hennie migration routesandbehaviouralpatternscontinues. the giraffe(Ph.D.project)inmonitoringtheirseasonal ground-breaking researchby Mr.FrancoisDeaconon at conferencesanddiscipline-relatedmeetings.The made scientificcontributions,bothlocallyandabroad, In 2012,87%oftheDepartment’sacademicstaff Special Achievements Association, andRhineRuhr–FossInstruments). Pfizer, Meadow Feeds,theNationalWool Growers Mohair andWool, NationalLucerneOrganisation, Voermol Feeds,Nutrifeeds,SupremeChickens, Cape with contributionsbeingmadeby theindustry(e.g. remains theNationalResearchFoundation(NRF); programme. Themainsourceoffundingforresearch for theresearchendeavours andpostgraduate Limited researchfundsremainabigchallenge Prof. HennieSnymaneditedabookonpastures. objectives ofthetourwere metsuccessfully: on theproductionandusesof cactuspear.Allthe – 20September2012togain first-hand knowledge The groupvisitedMexico,Chile andArgentinafrom2 Province andelsewhereinthecountry. Project atOppermansgronde intheFreeState in implementinganddeveloping theCactusPear sources. Theinformationandknowledge areapplied is augmentedby informationobtainedfromdifferent uses ofspinelesscactuspear( University oftheFreeStateonproductionand Chile andMexico.Thisresearchprogrammeatthe study tour.ThecountriesvisitedincludedArgentina, to visitSouthandCentralAmericaforanOpuntia Combrinck andMr.CoenieErasmuswasinvited Dr. HermanFouché,MarynadeWit,Mr.Willie from SouthAfrica,includingProf.H.O.deWaal, During September2012,agroupoffive specialists and internationally. of thestatusthatDepartmentenjoys nationally Akke vanderZijpp(ProductionSystems);indicative Nedambale (ReproductionPhysiology),andProf. Prof. MichielScholtz(AnimalBreeding),Lucky Science), Prof.GertErasmus(AnimalBreeding), Department. TheyareProf.AmieAucamp(Grassland Extraordinary (localandabroad)affiliatedinthe research. Therearecurrentlyfive Professors in theDepartment’sfocusonmarket-orientated the Department’sinvolvement andisalsoreflected between theDepartment andtheindustryillustrates Alarik Jooste.Thiscollaborationandcooperation Veterinary Supplies:Prof.JohanGreylingandDr. Prof. JohanGreylingandDr.AlarikJooste;Pfizer Opuntia ficus-indica ) 27

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Sciences

A dairy that can milk 64 cows simultaneously. The cow-housing of a mega dairy visited by Prof. Johan Greyling in Israel.

• The knowledge gained on the entrepreneurial In September, the International Goat Congress (500 potential and possibilities of cactus pear cultivation, delegates) was attended in Gran Canaria (Canary processing and uses can be widely applied. Islands) and contributions were made by Prof. Johan • The cactus pear gene pool in Mexico, Chile, Greyling. He was also elected to the Board of the Argentina, and the USA can contribute to the gene IGA (International Goat Association) at this meeting pool in South Africa. for a term of five years. To further demonstrate • A range of applications are available for cactus international collaboration, it can be mentioned that pears as human food, including traditional and the Animal Breeding Group (Prof. Japie van Wyk, commercial uses. Prof. Frikkie Neser and Dr. Mike Fair) attended and • Cactus pears and specifically natural colourants presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the European obtained from cochineal form the basis for several Association of Animal Production (EAAP) held in pharmaceutical applications. Bratislava, Slovakia, during August 2012. • A range of applications are available for processing cactus pear cladodes into animal feed. Being Slovakia is a small landlocked country in the centre of its country of origin, cactus pears grow wild in Europe with a population of over five million inhabit- Mexico where farmers feed them to livestock, ants. The country is divided into eight self-governing mostly freshly-chopped cladodes; cactus pear regions. Its capital is Bratislava which has about half a cladodes also supplement the water requirements million inhabitants. One of the main objectives of the of livestock in the dry regions. meeting was to focus on sustainability and efficiency • The cactus pear production systems on small- of the livestock sector. The programme covered all holdings are mostly traditional but several new aspects of scientific achievements within Animal Sci- initiatives are being developed and implemented. ence dealing with Genetics, Animal Breeding, Farm • Special attention was given to empowering Management and Technology, Product Quality, Nutri- women in development projects based on the tion, Physiology, Health and Animal Welfare, as well cactus pear. as other related topics. During the meeting, scientists • The foundations were laid to exchange scientists, debated effective solutions and long-term perspec- specialists and students to assist in various tives needed for a world with resource constraints activities and topics, among others training, and environmental limitations. More than 1 000 del-

Annual Report 2012 research and development, and education. egates participated in discussions on nearly 800 sci- The Binational Seminar (Antonio Narro Agrarian entific contributions. Autonomous University (UAAAN), Saltillo, Mexico), Mini-Symposium (University of Chile, Santiago, Chile) Research and CACTUSNET FAO-ICARDA Meetings (Termas de Some of the research highlights in the Department of Rio Hondo, Santiago del Estero, Argentina) provided Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences included the excellent opportunities for scientific presentations following: and the exchange of knowledge by three South African speakers with Mexican, Chilean, Argentinean, • In the Animal Nutrition discipline the ongoing Natural and Argricultural Sciences Peruvian, Brazilian and American colleagues and research on the production and uses of cactus 28 were greatly appreciated by all participants. pears (Opuntia ficus-indica) was expanded to IntheWildlifediscipline,barring theuniquework • Prof. NicoSmitandstudentsbusyattheKolomela Project. InAnimalPhysiology,assisted-reproductive tech- • • InthedisciplineofAnimalBreeding,focus being doneon the giraffe(Mr.FrancoisDeacon), receiving attention. acterisation ofcockerel semenisthelatestaspect optimise lambingpercentages. Theseasonalchar- stock isbeingstudiedinaquest toalsoultimately time AI.Theseasonalityofsexualactivityinsmall and conceptionrates,especiallyfollowing fixed made toincreasetheefficiencyofsynchronisation gametes. Controlledbreedingeffortsarebeing nisation ofoestrus,andthecryopreservation of semination (AI),embryo transfer(ET),synchro- include and Prof.JohanGreyling).Theappliedtechniques and goats(Mr.BenedictRaito,Dr.AlarikJooste, niques were researchedincattle,sheep,poultry stud breedsocieties. performed inclosecollaborationwithdifferent testing insheepandcattle.Mostresearchis environment (GxE)interactionsandperformance van Wykwere involved inassessinggenotype x (EBVs) andProf.FrikkieNeserJapie remains onthedeterminationofbreedingvalue oxidative characteristicsofthelambcarcass. different fatsourcesandtheeffecton the supplementationofananti-oxidant and (Mr. Ockert Einkamerer–studyleader) on very successful studywasalsocompleted when utilisingthedifferentlipidsources.A focused oneggandbroilermeatproduction performance ofbroilersandlayers. Research of dietaryfattyacidsupplementationonthe and Mr.Ockert Einkamererevaluatedtheeffect of predators.Furthermore,Mr.FochdeWitt Waal alsoconducted researchintothecontrol Prof. H.O.deWaal. Concurrently,Prof.H.O.de other countries.Thisresearchteamwasledby in vitro embryo production,artificialin- • Prof. HennieSnyman(GrasslandScience)has • Dr. BeanelriJanecke researchesthenitrogen American-accredited researchjournal. Johan Greylingalsoserves asEditor-in-Chief foran being involved inthereviewingofmanuscripts.Prof. of scientificjournals(national andinternational); Several ofthestaffalsoserve ontheeditorialboards Snyman) incollaborationwith the livestock industry. Frikkie Neser,Prof.JohanGreylingandHennie the judgingofnationalresearchcompetitions(Prof. Breeding). Staffmembershave alsobeeninvolved in days orshortcoursesandworkshops (Animal whether itbeintheformofpresentationsatfarmers’ involved incommunityserviceonewayoranother, All academicmembersoftheDepartmenthave been Community Service “slangbos” ( been actively involved withresearch regarding in ordertodeterminethemainsourceofnutrition. content inthefaecesofdifferentwildlifespecies thus involved withthevegetation survey. water reservoirs. Thegrasslandresearchersare removal and thedewateringofunderground open-cast mininginclude,amongstothers,soil (Prof. NicoSmit).Problemareasthatarisefromthe rehabilitation oftheecology(Sishen),isongoing a jointresearchprojectintheNorthernCape, to beeffective indestroying thebush. Chemical orphysicaleradicationhasbeenfound as fartheUSAhave beenreceived inthisregard. been establishedby theProf.Snyman;enquiries been made.Cooperationbetween institutionshas progress inthecontrolofthisintruderplanthas He madecertainrecommendationsandmuch subsequent lossinpotentialgrazingcapacity. infiltrated productive naturalpastures,witha years. Thisaggressive intruderplanthasalready Seriphiumplumosum ) forthepastsix 29

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Sciences

Mr. Francois Deacon and helpers busy with the Giraffe Project.

A flagship in the Department remains the Nguni project Development Corporation (IDC), and the Free State and (Northern Cape and Free State), led by Prof. H.O. de Northern Cape Departments of Agriculture. Waal. Vast inroads have been made in the training and empowerment of black cattle farmers. This Through the action of community service, much project is the combined effort of the Department of promotion and advertising is performed by the Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, the Industrial Department for the UFS.

rican jersey breed. South African Journal of Neser, F.W.C., Van Wyk, J.B., Fair, M.D., Lu- Research Outputs Animal Science 42(1): 47-54. bout, P. & Crook, B. 2012. Estimation of ge- Fair, M.D., Van Wyk, J.B. & Cloete, S.W.P. netic parameters for growth traits in Bran- gus cattle. South African Journal of Animal Department of 2012. Pedigree analysis of an ostrich breeding flock. South African Journal of Animal Science 42(5): 469-473. Animal, Wildlife and Science 42(1): 114-122. Pienaar, G.H., Einkamerer, O.B., Van der Grassland Sciences Joubert, D.F., Smit, G.N. & Hoffman, M. 2012. Merwe, H.J., Hugo, A., Scholtz, G.D.J. & Fair, The role of fire in preventing transitions from M.D. 2012. The effects of an active live yeast a grass dominated state to a bush thickened product on the growth performance of fin- state in arid savannas. Journal of Arid Envi- ishing lambs. South African Journal of Ani- ronments 87: 1-7. mal Science 42(5): 464-468. King, E.J., De Witt, F., Hugo, A., Van der Mer- Ruppert, J., Holm, A., Miehe, S., Muldavin, we, H.J. & Fair, M.D. 2012. Effect of dietary E., Snyman, H.A. & Wesche, K. 2012. Me- lipid saturation on the production perfor- ta-analysis of ANPP and rain-use efficiency mances of layers. South African Journal of confirms indicative value for degradation Research Articles Animal Science 42(5): 515-519. and supports non-linear response along pre- cipitation gradients in drylands. Journal of King, E.J., Hugo, A., De Witt, F., Van der Mer- Booyens, K., Einkamerer, O.B., Hugo, A., Vegetation Science 23(6): 1035-1050. we, H.J. & Fair, M.D. 2012. Effect of dietary Van der Merwe, H.J., Slippers, S. & Fair, M.D. fat source on fatty acid profile and lipid oxi- Scholtz, A.J., Cloete, S.W.P., Kruger, A., Van 2012. Fatty acid composition and oxidative dation of eggs. South African Journal of Ani- Wyk, J.B. & Van der Linde, T.C.D.K. 2012. stability of lambs’ meat as affected by a bio- mal Science 42(5): 503-506. Divergent selection for reproduction affects flavonoid antioxidant and fat sources. South dag score, breech wrinkle score and crutch- Maciel, S.A., Martins, M., Scholtz, M.M. & African Journal of Animal Science 42(5): ing time in merinos. South African Journal of Neser, F.W.C. 2012. Factors influencing 483-487. Animal Science 42(3): 274-279. reproductive performance of cows from

Annual Report 2012 Du Toit, J., Van Wyk, J.B. & Maiwashe, A. different Nguni ecotypes in southern Mo- Scholtz, M.M. 2012. The development of a 2012. Assessment of inbreeding depression zambique. South African Journal of Animal seed stock industry using indigenous live- for functional herd life in the South African Science 44: 435-444. stock from rural keepers for sustainable pro- jersey breed on level and rate of inbreed- duction. Life Science Journal: 1270-1276. Makae, T., Greyling, J.P.C., Schwalbach, L.M.J. ing. South African Journal of Animal Science & Raito, M.B. 2012. The effect of exogenous Scholtz, M.M., Steyn, Y., Van Marle Koster, E. 42(1): 114-122. anabolic steroids on growth performance, & Theron, H.E. 2012. Improved production Du Toit, J., Van Wyk, J.B. & Maiwashe, A. testicular and seminal characteristics of efficiency in cattle to reduce their carbon 2012. Correlated response in longevity from yearling Boer goat bucks. Small Ruminant footprint for beef production. South African direct selection for production in South Af- Research 105: 290-294. Journal of Animal Science 42(5): 450-453. rican jersey breed. South African Journal of Neser, F.W.C., Van Wyk, J.B., Fair, M.D. & Lu- Smit, G.N. & Lemma, G. 2012. The status and Animal Science 42(1): 39-42. bout, P. 2012. Genetic evaluation of growth importance of crude protein and macro min-

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Du Toit, J., Van Wyk, J.B. & Maiwashe, A. traits in beef cattle using random regression erals in native pastures growing on Vertisols 2012. Relationship between functional herd models. South African Journal of Animal of the central highlands of Ethiopia. Journal 30 life and conformation traits in the South Af- Science 42(1): 474-477. of Environmental Management 93: 177-184. produksie vanweiding weidings: Inleiding.In Snyman, H.A. 331-336. weekblad &Landbou.com,Media24.pp. man. SouthAfrica,CapeTown: Landbou- produksie vanweiding ing vanweidings. In Snyman, H.A. & Landbou.com,Media24.pp.219-252. South Africa,CapeTown: Landbouweekblad sie vanweiding moenies. In Smit, G.N. Landbou.com, Media24.pp.187-217. Africa, CapeTown: Landbouweekblad & van weiding digting. In Smit, G.N. Chapters inBooks Landbou.com, Media24. Africa, CapeTown: Landbouweekblad & volhoubare produksievanweiding Snyman, H.A. Book sum the encroachershrub, Snyman, H.A. 42(5): 511-514 ca. analysis oftheBranguscattleinSouthAfri- bout, P. Steyn, J.W., Neser,F.W.C., Hunlun,C.&Lu- 112-119. implications. ulation geneticstructureandconservation J.B. Soma, P., Kotze, A.,Grobler,J.P. &Van Wyk, South AfricanJournalofBotany the encroachershrub, Snyman, H.A. 29(3&4): 157-163. 2012.SouthAfricansheepbreeds:Pop- South AfricanJournalofAnimalScience . South AfricanJournalofPlantandSoil Associate Professor: van derZijpp. James Hayes, LuckyNedambale,MichielScholtz,andAkke Professors Extraordinary: Hennie Snyman,andJapievanWyk. Professors: Staff 2012.Preliminaryreport:Pedigree 2012.Dieprobleemvanbosver- 2012.Wildboerdery:Moetsen Gids totdievolhoubare produksie , editedby H.A.Snyman.South Gids totdievolhoubare produk- 2012. Deel II. Aangeplante 2012.DeelII.Aangeplante 2012.Beplanningenvestig- 2012.Habitatpreferenceof 2012.Controlmeasuresfor (editor).2012. Small RuminantResearch , editedby H.A.Snyman. Profs. JohanGreyling,FrikkieNeser,NicoSmit, Gids totdievolhoubare , edited by H.A. Snyman. , editedby H.A.Snyman. Gids tot die volhoubare Gids totdievolhoubare , editedby H.A.Sny- Seriphiumplumosum Prof.H.O.deWaal. Seriphiumplumo- Profs.AmieAucamp,GertErasmus, 81:34-39. Gids totdie . South 103: .

by H.A.Snyman.SouthAfrica,CapeTown: volhoubare produksievanweiding op dieplantegroeiengrond.In Snyman, H.A. bou.com, Media24.pp.103-117 rica, CapeTown: Landbouweekblad &Land- weiding In Snyman, H.A. com, Media24.pp.153-155. Cape Town: Landbouweekblad &Landbou. ding Gids totdievolhoubare produksievanwei- interaksie tussenskape,beesteenbokke. In Snyman, H.A. Media24. pp.73-102 Town: Landbouweekblad &Landbou.com, edited by H.A.Snyman.SouthAfrica,Cape tot dievolhoubare produksievanweiding matologiese droogtesinperspektief.In Snyman, H.A. weekblad &Landbou.com,Media24.pp.2-9. man. SouthAfrica,CapeTown: Landbou- produksie vanweiding in Suider-Afrika.In weidingterminologie. Deel1:Veldbestuur Snyman, H.A. Landbou.com, Media24.pp.253-316. Africa, CapeTown: Landbouweekblad & van weiding plante. In Snyman, H.A. com, Media24.pp.11-38. Cape Town: Landbouweekblad &Landbou. ding Gids totdievolhoubare produksievanwei- giese benaderingtotweiveldbenutting. In Snyman, H.A. weekblad &Landbou.com,Media24.pp.185. man. SouthAfrica,CapeTown: Landbou- produksie vanweiding grond enweiding. In Snyman, H.A. Landbou.com, Media24.pp.328-330. South Africa,CapeTown: Landbouweekblad & Gids totdievolhoubare produksievan , editedby H.A.Snyman.SouthAfrica, , editedby H.A.Snyman.SouthAfrica, , editedby H.A.Snyman.SouthAf- Gids totdievolhoubare produksie , editedby H.A.Snyman.South 2012.Indringer-enprobleem- 2012. Inleiding, definisies en 2012.Inleiding,definisiesen 2012.Mensgemaakteenkli- 2012.Veldbestuurspraktyke. 2012.Fisiologieseenekolo- 2012.Veldbrande seimpak 2012.Veeverhoudings& die 2012.Dieverhuring van Gids totdievolhoubare Gids totdievolhoubare , editedby H.A.Sny- , editedby H.A.Sny- Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Department ofAnimal,WildlifeandGrasslandSciences Prof. JohanGreyling Contact Details Researcher: Junior Lecturer: Einkamerer, andMr.FochdeWitt. Lecturers: Senior Lecturers: +27514012608 [email protected] www.ufs.ac.za Gids totdie +27514012211 Drs. GerrieScholtz,Mike Fair,PaulMalan,Ockert , edited Dr. BeanélriJanecke. Gids Mr. BenedictRaito. Dr. AlarikJooste. , & Zietsman,L.E. van Rensburg,G.,Deacon,F., DuPlessis,J.J. nant, N.L.,Buschke, F.T., Adendorff, J.,Janse Zietsman, P., Seaman,M.T., Smit, G.N.,Ave- South Africa. Iron OreCompany(Kolomela), Postmasburg, Free State,Bloemfontein,andtheSishen vironmental Management,University ofthe Report commissionedby theCentreofEn- (Kolomela) mine,Postmasburg -Season2 ing onthepropertyofSishensouth F. Smit, G.N.,JansevanRensburg,G.&Deacon, Postmasburg, SouthAfrica. the SishenIronOreCompany(Kolomela), versity oftheFreeState,Bloemfontein,and Centre ofEnvironmentalManagement,Uni- Postmasburg erty oftheSishensouth(Kolomela) mine, extend ofbushencroachmentontheprop- F. Smit, G.N.,JansevanRensburg,G.&Deacon, Research Reports dia24. pp.489-503. Landbouweekblad &Landbou.com,Me- H.A. Snyman.SouthAfrica,CapeTown: houbare produksievanweiding droogtetye en-streke. In Snyman, H.A. bou.com, Media24.pp.39-44. Africa, CapeTown: Landbouweekblad &Land- sie vanweiding kapasiteit. In Snyman, H.A. & Landbou.com,Media24.pp.167-184. South Africa,CapeTown: Landbouweekblad sie vanweiding -herstel. In Snyman, H.A. dia24. pp.157-165. Landbouweekblad &Landbou.com,Me- burg, SouthAfrica. en IronOreCompany(Kolomela), Postmas- Iron Ore on biomonitoringatKolomela mine,Kumba 2012. 2012. . Reportcommissionedby theSish- Final report:Anassessmentofthe Final report:Vegetation monitor- Gids totdievolhoubare produk- 2012.Veldtoestand enweiding- . Reportcommissionedby the Gids totdievolhoubare produk- 2012.Veldrestourasie en 2012.Voergewasse vir , edited by H.A. Snyman. South , editedby H.A.Snyman.South , editedby H.A.Snyman. 2012. Integrated report Gids totdievol- , editedby . 31

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Sciences

Department of Plant Sciences

Overview The Department of Plant Sciences consists of the dis- research performed by staff members at both ciplines of Botany, Plant Breeding and Plant Pathol- the Main and QwaQwa campuses contributes ogy. These disciplines cover a variety of subjects, in- significantly towards provision, improvement and cluding molecular biology, ecology, taxonomy, plant protection of plants, aiming to be beneficial to society defence responses, plant physiology and biochemis- and contributing significantly towards food security. try, gene expression, eco-physiology, conventional A number of staff members are known worldwide for plant breeding, marker-assisted breeding, improve- their involvement in international research, service ment of plant nutritional values, plant pathogens, on international journal editorial boards, and for their Annual Report 2012 plant mycology, genetic resistance to diseases, fun- stature and scholarship in the scientific community. gal systematics and biodiversity, epidemiology and Several staff members received awards for their microbial, biochemical and food biotechnology. outstanding contribution to Plant Science in 2012: • During a visit to Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, 28 – 30 Activities and Achievements January 2012, Prof. Maryke Labuschagne received The Department of Plant Sciences is a diverse a prestigious award from the African Union (AU) department as can be evidenced by publications Commission, namely the African Union Kwame in a wide array of scientific journals, as well as the Nkrumah Scientific Award, for her great scientific Natural and Argricultural Sciences attendance of conferences and symposia covering achievements and contributions towards the 32 many different topics and fields of study. Plant socio-economic development in Africa. She also researchers from over theworld: ences orvisitedinstitutestobuild linkswithfellow Several staffmembersattendedinternational confer- Collaboration National andInternational Sciences andEarthfromPresidentJacobZumainAddis Ababa,Ethiopia,duringtheopeningofAfricanUnion. Prof. Maryke Labuschagnereceived theAfricanUnionKwame NkrumahScientificAward fortheadvancementofLife Prof.LiezelHerselmanwasre-electedasPresident • • TheInternationalMycological Association(IMA) • Prof.ZakkiePretoriuswasinvitedby Dr.Daisy Breeders’ Association(SAPBA). Secretary andTreasureroftheSouthAfricanPlant and Dr.Adré Minnaar-Ontongwaselectedas (SAYAS) Award. the SouthAfricanYoung Academy ofScience thermore oneofthefewscientistswhoreceived rica –theEthelMaryDoidgeMedal.Shewasfur- cipient oftheIMAYoung Mycologist Award forAf- honoured Dr.MariekaGryzenhoutasthefirstre- cations in2012. ber ofaNRFSpecialistCommitteeforratingappli- Management andEvaluation,tobecomeamem- Selematssela, Executive DirectorforKnowledge Grain SAinOctober2012. received theScientistofYear Award from Prof.Maryke LabuschagnevisitedtheInternational • • Dr. BotmaVisserattendedthe38 Partnership forthe21 Second ScientificConferenceof theGlobalCassava was alsoco-authorofaposter presentedatthe Workshop, 13–15August,Beijing,China. She 6 –9August,andtheInternationalGluten at the9 a poster.Healsodelivered anoralpresentation Initiative (BGRI)Technical Workshop topresent Beijing, China,forthe4 one poster.During1–4September2012hevisited where hedelivered threeoralpresentationsand Botanists (SAAB)inPretoria,15–18January2012, Conference oftheSouthAfricanAssociation papers atthe14 projects, 27–29February2012.Shedelivered in Zimbabwe todiscusspostgraduatestudent Maize andWheatImprovement Center(CIMMYT) regarding collaboration. AgraForUmVertriebs GmbH,Dohren,Germany, also paidavisittoDr.ThomasHüster,CEOof November 2012,Potsdam, Germany.Dr.Visser Workshop: Inkabaye AfricaandBeyond, 25–30 paper attheSwedish University ofAgricultural 22 June,Kampala, Ugandaandco-authored a th Annual Inkabaye AfricaGEO-FUTURE th ICCCerealandBreadCongress, st Century(GCP21),18– th BorlaugGlobalRust th Annual 33

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Agricultural Sciences World-renowned plant geneticist, Prof. Bob McIntosh from Australia, visited the UFS wheat rust programme in October 2012. Here he is pictured (centre) with Prof. Zakkie Pretorius and Mrs. Cornel Bender during a visit to field Agricultural Sciences trials in KwaZulu-Natal.

• Dr. Marieka Gryzenhout attended the Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) Symposium at the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, during April 2012. The CBS Symposium was entitled: “One Fungus = Which Name?”. • Dr. Adré Minnaar-Ontong attended several symposia and workshops in 2012. From 12 – 14 March 2012 she attended the 9th Southern African Plant Breeding Association (SAPBA) Symposium. She attended the ISM-MycoRed Workshop-training course entitled “Detection techniques for mycotoxins in the food chain”, 28 May – 1 June, as well as the Fusarium Laboratory Workshop, 3 – 8 June, in Bari, Italy. Both training sessions delivered valuable knowledge to be implemented in her research. • Dr. Angeline van Biljon attended the Plant Prof. Zakkie Pretorius assisted Prof. Brian Steffenson (right) Breeding for Drought Tolerance Summer Field- from the University of Minnesota, USA, in evaluating barley oriented Short Course, 11 – 20 June 2012, Colo- lines for their response to stem rust race Ug99 at the rado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Pannar research station in KwaZulu-Natal. Prof. Steffenson sends an annual barley nursery to South Africa for disease USA, where she presented a paper. evaluation. • Prof. Liezel Herselman presented a paper at the 13th International Cereal Rust and Powdery Mildew Conference (ICRPMC), 28 August – 1 September 2012, and a poster at the 4th Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI) Technical Workshop, 1 – 4 Sep- Sciences (SLU) Africa Food Security Research tember 2012, in Beijing, China. She also presented Symposium in Kampala, Uganda, 4 – 6 December a paper at the 9th Southern African Plant Breed- Annual Report 2012 2012. On a national level she was author or co- ing Association (SAPBA) Symposium in Skukuza, author of three oral presentations and four poster 12 – 14 March 2012. presentations at the 9th Southern African Plant Breeding Association (SAPBA) Symposium, Protea • Prof. Zakkie Pretorius attended the 4th Borlaug Hotel, Kruger Gate, Skukuza, 12 – 14 March 2012. Global Rust Initiative (BGRI) Technical Workshop, 1 – 4 September 2012, in Beijing, China, where • Dr. Rouxléne van der Merwe presented a poster he also visited the Institute of Genetics, Chinese during the 18th International Sunflower Conference, Academy of Sciences, Beijing, to build collabora- 27 February – 1 March 2012, in Mar del Plata & tive links. Balcarce, Argentina. During the 9th Southern African Natural and Argricultural Sciences Plant Breeding Association (SAPBA) Symposium, 12 • Prof. Zakkie Pretorius also made several other con- 34 – 14 March 2012, she also presented a poster. ference contributions, namely two contributions • Prof. NealMcLarenattendedtheInternational Prof.LouisScottattendedtheSouthernAfrican • 9 2012 inPretoria,threecontributionsduringthe African AssociationofBotanists,15–18January 4 March 2012,andsixcontributionsduringthe (SAPBA) Symposium,KrugerGate,Skukuza,12–14 2012, inBari,Italy.OneofProf.NealMcLaren’s Safety oftheMediterraneanDiet,24–26October Workshop: Plant ProtectionfortheQualityand Mediterranean PhytopathologicalUnion(MPU) and presentedtwo posters. mibia, wherehedelivered oneoralpresentation ference, 13–16September2012,inGobabeb,Na- Society forQuaternaryResearch(SASQUA)Con- Workshop, 1– 4 September2012,inBeijing,China. Plant Sciences Department of Research Outputs during the38 th th BorlaugGlobalRustInitiative (BGRI)Technical Southern African Plant Breeding Association SouthernAfricanPlantBreedingAssociation th Annual Conference of the South AnnualConferenceoftheSouth M. Akinbo, O.A.,Labuschagne,M.T. &Fregene, Biology 5:161-171. esculenta ssp.flabellifolia.Tropical Plant family ofcassavaderived fromManihot QTL analysisforrootproteininabackcross J., Ewa,F., Okogbenin, E.&Fregene,M. Ospina, C.,Santos,L.,Barrera,E.,Gutierrez, Akinbo, A.O.,Labuschagne,M.T., Marin,J., and AppliedGenetics125:109-120. wheat cultivarCappelle-desprez.Theoretical of adultplantresistancetostriperustinthe Bender, C.M.&Prins,R. Agenbag, G.M.,Pretorius,Z.A.,Boyd, L., Research Articles 2012.Increasedstorageproteinfrom 2012. Identification 2012.Identification Dr.Lintle Mohasegave apresentationduringthe • lecturer inBotanyattheQwaQwaCampus campus, whileDr.LizaBuwawasappointedassenior appointed asjuniorlecturerattheBloemfontein members inBotany.Ms.MargueriteWestcott was Department wasfortunatetoappointtwo newstaff The year also saw anumberofstaffchanges.The Staff Matters Inkaba ye Africa andBeyond 9 Durban. Crops, Soils,HorticultureandWeeds Congressin Journal ofPlantandSoil by amember of theSASCPin (SASCP) BoardAward forthebestpaperpublished the SouthAfricanSocietyofCropProduction students, Dr.BelindaJansevanRensburg,received Potsdam, Germany,26–30November 2012. 2012. gene fromF (Aleurotrachelus socialis)resistance M. Akinbo, O.A.,Labuschagne,M.T. &Fregene, Euphytica 185:303-311. progenitor (M.esculentassp.flabellifolia). (Manihot esculentaCrantz)anditswild Agricultural Research7:4634-4639. Cassia occidentalisseed.AfricanJournal of L.) leafextractsonthegermination of Inhibitory effectofmango(Mangiferaindica Ashafa, A.O.T., Ogbe,A.&Osinaike, T. commercial cassava.Euphytica183:19-26. interspecific F 2012.Introgressionofthewhitefly this complexplantfamily. project ontheevolution of multidisciplinary research Apocynaceae, aspartofa biology ofsixspeciesthe to studythepollination Canyon, Mpumalanga, a fieldtriptoBlyde River USA) andLizeJouberton University, Philadelphia, Natural SciencesofDrexel Livshultz (Academy of student), Prof.Tatyana Jager (third-year Botany Associates), Lindede Andor Venter (Research Prof. JohanVenter andDr. 1 duringtheCombined inter-specifichybridsinto 1 hybridsbetween cassava th AnnualWorkshop, The SouthAfrican . 2012. 35

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Agricultural Sciences Ashafa, A.O.T., Orekoya, L. & Yakuba, M. South Africa. Cryptogamie Mycologie 33: Sciences of the United States of America 109: 2012. Toxicity profile of ethanolic extract 245-266. 6241-6246. of Azadirachta indica stem bark in male Kulembeka, H., Ferguson, M., Herselman, Scott, L., Neumann, F., Brook, G., Bousman, Wistar rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical L., Kanju, E., Mkamilo, G., Masumba, E., C., Norstrom, E. & Metwally, A. 2012. Biomedicine 2: 811-817. Fregene, M. & Labuschagne, M.T. 2012. Terrestrial fossil-pollen evidence Quaternary Ashafa, A.O.T. & Umebese, C. 2012. Diallel analysis of field resistance to brown Science Reviews 32: 100-118. Phytochemical screening, antibacterial streak disease in cassava (Manihot esculenta Negussie, T., Bender, C.M., Van Wyk, P.W.J. & and antifungal activity of Garuleum woodii Crantz) landraces from Tanzania. Euphytica Pretorius, Z.A. 2012. Hypersensitivity of rust Schinz. root extracts against human 187: 277-288. resistance in lentil. South African Journal of pathogenic microbes. Journal of Medicinal Laurie, S., Van Jaarsveld, P., Faber, M., Plant and Soil 29: 25-29. Plants Research 6: 5513-5518. Philpott, M. & Labuschagne, M.T. 2012. Taole, M., Burgess, T., Gryzenhout, M., Ashafa, A.O.T., Yakubu, M., Ogbe, A. & Abass, Trans-B-carotene selected mineral content Wingfield, B. & Wingfield, M. 2012. DNA A. 2012. Effect of ethanolic seed extract of and potential nutritional contribution of sequence incongruence and inconsistent Croton penduliforous hutch. on loperamide- 12 sweet potato varieties. Journal of Food morphology obscure species boundaries in induced constipated male rats. Bangladesh Composition and Analysis 27: 151-159. the Teratosphaeria suttonii species complex. Agricultural Sciences Journal of Pharmacology 7: 42-46. Molefe, N.I., Tsotetsi, A.M., Ashafa, A.O.T. & Mycoscience 53: 270-283. Chase, B., Scott, L., Meadows, M., Gil- Thekisoe, O.M.M. 2012. In vitro anthelmintic Van den Berg, E. & Labuschagne, M.T. 2012. Romera, G., Boom, A., Carr, A., Reimer, P., effects of Artemisia afra and Mentha The interaction of stem strength with plant Truc, L., Valsecchi, V. & Quick, L. 2012. Rock longifolia against parasitic gastro-intestinal density and nitrogen application in wheat hyrax middens: A palaeoenvironmental nematodes of livestock. Bangladesh Journal progeny from parents with varying stem archive for southern African drylands. of Pharmacology 7: 157-163. strength. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Quaternary Science Reviews 56: 107-125. Mutegi, E., Sagnard, F., Labuschagne, M.T., Section B-Soil and Plant Science 62: 251- Chazan, M., Avery, D., Bamford, M., Berna, Herselman, L., Semagn, K., Deu, M., De 255. F., Brink, J.S., Fernandez-Jalvo, Y., Goldberg, Villiers, S., Kanyenji, B., Mwongera, C., Verleye, T., Mertens, K., Young, M., Dale, P., Holt, S., Matmon, A., Porat, N., Ron, H., Traore, P. & Kiambi, D. 2012. Local scale B., McMinn, A., Scott, L., Zonneveld, K. & Rossouw, L., Scott, L. & Horwitz, L. 2012. patterns of gene flow and genetic diversity Louwye, S. 2012. Average process length The Oldowan horizon in Wonderwerk Cave in a crop wild weedy complex of sorghum variation of the marine dinoflagellate cyst (South Africa): Archaeological, geological, (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) under Operulodinium centrocarpum in the tropical paleontological and paleoclimatic evidence. traditional agricultural field conditions in and Southern hemisphere oceans: Assessing Journal of Human Evolution 63: 859-866. Kenya. Conservation Genetics 13: 1059-1071. its potential as a palaeosalinity proxy. Crous, P.W., Shivas, R.G., Wingfield, M.J., Negussie, T. & Pretorius, Z.A. 2012. Lentil Marine Micropaleontology 86-87: 45-58. Summerell, B.A., Rossman, A.Y., Alves, J.L., rust: present status and future prospects. Vermeulen, M., Gryzenhout, M., Wingfield, Adams, G.C., Barreto, R.W., Bell, A., Coutinho, Crop Protection 32: 119-128. M. & Roux, J. 2012. Population structure M.L., Flory, S.L., Gates, G., Grice, K.R., Hardy, Pretorius, Z.A., Jin, Y., Bender, C.M., of Chrysoporthe austroafricana in southern G.E. St.J., Kleczewski, N.M., Lombard, L., Herselman, L. & Prins, R. 2012. Seedling Africa determined using vegetative compat- Longa, C.M.O., Louis-Seize, G., Macedo, F., resistance to stem rust race Ug99 and ibility groups (VCGs). Forest Pathology 42: Mahoney, D.P., Maresi, G., Martin-Sanchez, marker analysis for Sr2, Sr24 and Sr31 in 1-8. P.M., Marvanova, L., Minnis, A.M., Morgado, South African wheat cultivars and lines. Visser, B., Herselman, L., Bender, C.M. & L.N., Nordeloos, M.E., Phillips, A.J.L., Euphytica 186: 15-23. Pretorius, Z.A. 2012. Microsatellite analysis Quaedvlieg, W., Ryan, P.G., Saiz-Jimenez, C., Pretorius, Z.A., Szabo, L., Boshoff, W., of selected Puccinia triticina races in South Seifert, K.A., Swart, W.J., Tan, Y.P., Tanney, Herselman, L. & Visser, B. 2012. First report Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology 41: J.B., Thu, P.Q., Videira, S.I.R., Walker, D.M. of a new TTKSF race of wheat stem rust 165-171. & Groenewald, J.Z. 2012. Fungal Planet Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in South Africa Yakubu, M., Mostafa, M., Ashafa, A.O.T. & description sheets: 128-153. Persoonia 29: and Zimbabwe. Plant Disease 96: 590. Afolayan, A. 2012. Antimicrobial activity of 146-153. Ramburan, S., Zhou, M. & Labuschagne, M.T. the solvent fractions from Bulbine natalensis Daniau, A.-L., Bartlein, P.J., Harrison, S.P., 2012. Integrating empirical and analytical tuber. African Journal of Traditional Prentice, I.C., Brewer, S., Friedlingstein, P., approaches to investigate genotype x Complementary and Alternative Medicines Harrison-Prentica, T.I., Inoue, J., Izumi, K., environment interactions in sugarcane. 9: 459-464. Marlon, J.R., Mooney, S. & Scott, L. 2012. Crop Science 52: 2153-2165. Predictability of biomass burning in response Book to climate changes. Global Biogeochemical Ramburan, S., Zhou, M. & Labuschagne, Cycles 26: 1-12. M.T. 2012. Investigating test site similarity Van As, J.G., Du Preez, P.J., Brown, L. & trait relations and causes of genotype x Smit, N. 2012. The story of life and the Dean, R., Van Kan, J., Pretorius, Z.A., environment interactions of sugarcane in environment: An African perspective. Cape Hammond-Kosack, K., Di Pietro, A., Spanu, the midlands region of South Africa. Field Town: Struik Nature. P., Rudd, J., Dickman, M., Kahmann, R., Crops Research 129: 71-80. Ellis, J. & Foster, G. 2012. The top 10 fungal Chapters in Books pathogens in molecular plant pathology. Santchurn, D., Ramdoyal, K., Badaloo, M. Molecular Plant Pathology 13: 414-430. & Labuschagne, M.T. 2012. From sugar Labuschagne, M.T., Wegary, D. & Vivek, B. industry to cane industry: Investigations 2012. The influence of water stress on yield Grobbelaar, J.U. 2012. Microalgae mass on multivariate data analysis techniques in and related characteristics in inbred quality culture: the constraints of scaling-up. the identification of different high biomass protein maize lines and their hybrid progeny. Journal of Applied Phycology 24: 315-318. sugarcane varieties. Euphytica 185: 543- In: Water Stress, edited by Ismail Md. Mofizur Gryzenhout, M., Jefwa, J. & Yorou, N. 558. Rahman and Hiroshi Hasegawapp. New 2012. The status of mycology in Africa: Schoch, C., Seifert, K., Huhndorf, S., Robert, York: InTech. pp. 199-218. Annual Report 2012 A document to promote awareness. IMA V., Spouge, J., Levesque, C., Chen, W. & Venter, H.J.T. 2012. Periplocoideae (genera Fungus 3: 99-102. Gryzenhout, M. 2012. Nuclear ribosomal 32-45). In: Flora of Tropical East Africa: Jami, F., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M. & internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as Apocynaceae Pt 2, edited by H. Beentje. Gryzenhout, M. 2012. Five new species of a universal DNA barcode marker for fungi. United Kingdom, Richmond, Surrey: Kew Botryosphaeriaceae from Acacia karroo in Proceedings of the National Academy of Publishing. pp. 118-167. Natural and Argricultural Sciences 36 Third-year studentsconductingavegetation survey in awetland nearHogsbackintheEasternCape. Ms. MargueriteWestcott. Rouxléne vanderMerwe, BotmaVisser,Ms.LizeJoubert,and Lintle Mohase,GerhardPotgieter, AngelinevanBiljon, Mariëtte Jackson,GertMarais,Adré Minnaar-Ontong, Lecturers: Affiliated Researchers: van derBank,Koos vanRensburg,andMarvellous Zhou. Affiliated Associate-Professors: Professor Extraordinary(contract): Herselman. Associate-Professors: Zakkie Pretorius,andWijnandSwart. Professors: Main Campus: Staff Drs. Marieta Cawood, Marieka Gryzenhout, Drs.MarietaCawood, MariekaGryzenhout, Profs.Maryke Labuschagne,NealMcLaren, Profs.JohannduPreez,andLiezel Dr.Toi Tsilo. Profs.RenéePrins,Michelle Prof.Pedro Crous. Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Department ofPlantSciences Prof. LiezelHerselman Contact Details Hendri Pretorius. Ms. MagdilPienaar,Messrs.DirkJansen,GeraldMoshodi,and Reanette Rademeyer, ChrisnaSteyn, ZeldavanderLinde, Sadie Geldenhuys,NelmariJansevanRensburg,LillianMolosi, Technical andSupportStaff: Amie vanderWesthuizen, JohanVenter, andDr.AndorVenter. Contract Staff: Ngaka Mzizi. Technical andSupportStaff: Contract Staff:Prof.RodneyMoffett. Junior Lecturer: Mr. RobertLentsoane. Lecturers: QwaQwa Campus: +2751444 5945 [email protected] www.ufs.ac.za +27514012514 Drs.Tom Ashafa,LisaBuwa,ErwinSieben,and Profs.JohanGrobbelaar,LouisScott, Mr.RaymondPitso. Mss.CornelBender,HildaDlamini, Messrs.PheelloMojau,and 37

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Sciences

Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences

Overview The Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences came from Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Germany, Kenya, specialises in the disciplines of Agrometeorology, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Swaziland, the United States Agronomy and Soil Science; contributing to the Agri- of America, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. cultural Programme of the Faculty of Natural and Ag- Research in the Department is aimed at various ricultural Sciences of the University of the Free State aspects of the soil-crop-atmosphere system. (UFS). In addition to undergraduate and postgraduate Approximately R5 million was spent on research

Annual Report 2012 teaching in the three disciplines, the Department also in 2012, of which only 10% came from the Central contributes to teaching at the Centres for Sustainable Research Fund of the UFS. The rest of the funding Agriculture, Rural Development and Extension, Envi- came from institutions such as the National Research ronmental Management, Disaster Management, and Foundation (NRF), the Water Research Commission the Department of Quantity Surveying and Construc- (WRC), the German Research Foundation (GRF), tion Management at the UFS. the Protein Research Trust (PRT), the Winter Grain Over the past few years, the Department has shown a Trust (WGT), Bayer, Montsanto, Syngenta, Omnia gradual growth not only in the number of undergraduate Fertilizer Ltd., and Agraforum. Research findings students but also in the number of postgraduate were published in scientific journals as outlined in the Natural and Argricultural Sciences students. In 2012 an average of 40 postgraduate students research outputs later on, and presented at a wide 38 were enrolled. Approximately 40% of these students range of national and international conferences. available through theInternationalCropsResearch vided by CUfortheproject’sactivitieswillbe made Columbia University (CU)inNewYork. Thefundspro- vice (USDA-ARS); andisexecuted by thetrusteesof partment ofAgriculture–Agricultural ResearchSer- Development (UK-DFID),andtheUnitedStates De- by theUnitedKingdom’sDepartmentofInternational South Asia(AgMIP).AgMIPisapproved andsponsored and Improvement ProjectinSub-SaharanAfricaand involved intheAgriculturalModelIntercomparison South Africa,thissectionhasmanagedtobecome attended aseriesofmeetingsinItaly,Kenya and Mostly throughtheeffortsofProf.SueWalker, who Agrometeorology tive disciplines. system tofacilitatein-depthlearningoftherespec- Programme, andthedroppingofdouble-major pulsory forallfirst-year studentsintheAgriculture Agronomy andAgrometeorology,whichwillbecom- include anintroductorymoduleonSoilScience, education andstudentnumbers.Majoralterations ed tohave adramatic impactonboththequalityof phased induringthenextfouryears andisexpect- ment ofHigherEducation.Thesechangeswillbe them withspecificationsintroducedby theDepart- of allundergraduatelearningprogrammestoalign ments during2012,onemustnotetherestructuring In termsoftheDepartment’sactivitiesandachieve- Activities andAchievements Mpumalanga duringoneoftheFAO trainingworkshops. Agrometeorology staff:Prof.SueWalker, Ms.LindadeWet andMr.StephanSteyn,withagroupofextensionofficersfrom Tesfuhuney was appointedasapostdoctoral fellow. After graduatinginautumn, Dr.Weldemichael phenology andforestfireprotection inCroatia”. tural decisionsinBurkinaFaso and Agrometeorology, for seasonalrainfallforecastapplications toagricul- Faculty seminaron“Opportunities andconstraints the University ofCapeTown. They alsopresenteda sis, ResearchandTraining)collaborationprojectwith ers’ workshop aspartofaSTART (System forAnaly- sion’s own doctoralstudents),thatfacilitatedafarm- formed partofanexpertteam(alongwiththedivi- the CroatianMeteorologicalandHydrological Service, Office inBurkinaFaso,andDr.VišnjicaVučetićfrom Pascal Yaka fromtheCivilAviation andMeteorology put topostgraduatestudents’researchprojects.Dr. orological manipulationandprovided valuablein- presented anundergraduateclassonmicromete- International SocietyforAgrometeorology(INSAM), tional scientists.Prof.Kees Stigter,founderofthe Agrometeorology hostedseveral visitinginterna- tems resilience. to reduceclimate-inducedrisks,andincreasesys- systems, develop adaptive managementstrategies security inSouthernAfrica’smixed croplivestock goals aretoidentifypathwaysforimproving food ern Africainthefaceofclimatechange.Themain modelling ofcrop-livestock intensificationinSouth- search projectsfundedunderAgMIPwilladdressthe Institute fortheSemi-AridTropics(ICRISAT). Re- 39

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Sciences Prof. Sue Walker (front left) at the AgMIP launch in The Agrometeorology exhibit at the Astronomy Fair. Centurion.

His research on optimising runoff to basin area postgraduate supervisor. Dr. Lakatos is a specialist in ratios for maize production with in-field rainwater microclimate and micrometeorological manipulation harvesting constitutes original research into the in fruit orchards. energy balance above and within the maize canopy in The year ended on a sad note as the Department order to describe the fluxes of water vapour and the had to say farewell to Prof. Walker. Prof. Walker energy driving the system. Dr. Tesfuhuney was also decided to go on early retirement after 15 years at closely involved in the previously mentioned AgMIP the Department but she will join the project Crops project and farmers’ workshop. for the Future Research Centre (CFFRC) in Kuala The FAO contracted Agrometeorology to train agri- Lumpur, Malaysia, as the programme director in Crop cultural extension officers at two sites (Coromandel, Physiology, Agro climatology and Agro-Ecological near Lydenburg, and Kulabakhutsele, near Malelane) Potential. During her time as Section Head of in Mpumalanga. The main objective of the training Agrometeorology, she delivered outstanding service was to focus on climate-related influences on agri- to the University with 15 Masters’ and 12 doctoral culture and how to use crop and climate information students successfully graduating under her guidance. to improve on-farm decision making. Mr. Stephan Steyn, Ms. Linda de Wet and Mr. Pieter van Heerden (an irrigation specialist) lectured the extension offic- Agronomy ers during two training block weeks at venues near During the year, six research projects were the sites. Prof. Walker and Mr. Van Heerden, accom- completed in this section, resulting in the awarding panied by Aron Magonono (intern) and Letlotlo Mok- of two Masters’ and four doctoral degrees. homo (Honours’ student) made site visits in order to Studies on the influence of temperature on the yield assess the training needs, to assist extension offic- and quality of carrots and the response of onions to ers and farmers with real problems, and to judge the sowing dates and plant populations were successfully eventual impact of the training. completed. A project investigating the response of The Climate Club community project with St. Michael’s the essential crop rose geranium to changes in the Secondary School in Bloemfontein expanded during nutrient composition of the hydroponic solution 2012. Now referred to as the Geoclub, schools and shading was also completed, showing that this throughout the Mangaung district are invited to put crop can be cultivated successfully in central South forward topics with which they have difficulties to Africa using this method of production. Nutrient be addressed at the next quarterly meeting. The solution composition for both vegetative yield and aims of this interaction are to further the education soil quality purposes were determined, as well as of Grade 10 - 12 learners in Geography, and to help optimal shading levels for the production of this crop.

Annual Report 2012 their teachers to explain key concepts and additional Research on the optimum plant population and water learning material. Since involving more schools, the use of an ultra-fast maize hybrid under irrigation number of attendees at these quarterly meetings established that the phenological development of grew to about 100. Other marketing endeavours the crop, as well as its water use efficiency could be included a school visit to De Aar and involvement altered when increasing inputs beyond established at the newly-established Astronomy Fair on the thresholds in order to increase yields. campus of the University of the Free State. Research into the allelopathy of A. cruentus led to Dr. Lászlo Lakatos, previously from the University of involvement in the South African Nu-grain initiative, Debrecen in Hungary, joined the Agrometeorology which looks into the development of amaranth as a Natural and Argricultural Sciences section and hopes to make valuable contributions grain rather than a vegetable crop. Herbicide work, 40 to some of the undergraduate modules as well as a concentrating on the chloroacetamide herbicides as maize and wheat was significantly increased after as maizeandwheat wassignificantlyincreased after that theyieldofcabbage,carrots andonions,aswell application ofaplantgrowth regulator(PGR) proved of threevegetable andtwo row cropstofoliar of action.Studyingthegrowth andyieldresponse sugar contentwasshown tobepartofthemechanism to thistreatment,aswell astheresultingincreasein Physiologically, thepositive reactionofphotosynthesis of a4%MKPsolutionattheV8growth stage. maize yieldcouldbeincreasedby thefoliarapplication monopotassium phosphate(MKP)indicatedthat and yieldresponseofmaizetofoliarapplication research projects.Astudyonthephysiological either completedorshowed goodprogressinthree The researchteamledby Prof.SeefPretorius potato fertilisationtrialsinvariousareas. potatoes andtheestablishmentofstatisticallyvalid Potato Producersregardingthecontrolofvolunteer Potatoes SAandtheWestern FreeState Seed Research collaborationhasbeenestablishedwith together withtheamaranthallelopathyproject. yield andqualityresponseofbarleyalsocontinues, completed successfully.Aprojectinvestigating the conducted duringthecourseofyear andwas A numberofcontractresearchprojectswere growth arestill underway. germination ofamaranthseedsandearlyseedling as temperatureanddroughtstresseffectsonthe soil temperatureonsunflower germination,aswell and Syngenta.Researchprojectsontheeffectof agrochemical companiessuchasBayer, Montsanto and closertieshave beenestablishedwithmajor (an importantgroupofgrassherbicides)continues Tracey Johnson,aMasters’student,encounterssomeelephantsatMahalalapangaintheKrugerNationalPark. been registered. of thisproductinthefuture.Patentshave already as well aspossible registrationandcommercialization early blightinpotatoestojustifyfurtherinvestigation, provided sufficient controlofblackspotincitrusand natural fungicidedeveloped intheDepartment, crop reaction.Two identified asoneofthecomponentsresponsibleforthis seasons. Abrassinosteroïd,2.4-epibrassonolide,was regulator; atendencythatwasreplicatedover two is increasingdue tomininganddevelopments and based onresearchdata.The pressure onwetlands These soilindicatorsarecurrently vagueandnot indicators forwetland identificationdelineation. Various projectswere startedtoimprove soil costs maydropaccordingly. due forradicaltechnologicaldevelopment whilethe scales andtheresultsindicatedthatsoilsurveys are Digital soilmappingwastestedonlargeanddetail knowledge issupportedby digitalmappingofsoils. stream monthsaftertherain.Theapplicationofthis contribute toit.Byimplication,waterreachedthe contribute topeakflow inrivers whileothersmainly and soilscapes.Surprisingly,somesoilscapesdonot supply, occurnaturallyinsoilhorizons,profiles natural ecosystems,namelynutritionandwater indicate thatthefunctionsofsoilsinagriculturaland improved theirunderstandingofsoilsystems.Results The pedologyteam,supervisedby Dr.PieterleRoux, Soil Science foliar applicationofComCat in vivo field trials, using a prototype fieldtrials,usingaprototype ® , anaturalplantgrowth 41

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Sciences Harvesting and storage of a barley irrigation scheduling Irrigated plantation trees along the road near Al Lain, Abu experiment at Douglas. Dhabi.

is further exacerbated by the shortage of water in containing 14 diverse articles with local research South Africa. One project is based in the northern findings on rainwater harvesting and conservation Maputoland coastal aquifer, one in Florisbad, and techniques for improving household food security. one in the Kruger National Park. Results from these Team members also contributed substantially to two studies will be taken up in the newly proposed reports published by the Water Research Commission improved wetland delineation manual. (WRC); namely “Managing salinity associated with The research group of Prof. Leon van Rensburg was irrigation at Orange-Riet and Vaalharts Irrigation strengthened by the awarding of postdoctoral fel- Schemes” (Report 147/1/12) and “Modelling nitrogen lowships from the Strategic Academic Cluster: Water and phosphorus dynamics in cropping systems at the Management in Water-scarce Areas (UFS) to Drs. Sa- field scale” (Report 1516/1/12). belo Mavimbela and Mussie Zerizghy. Dr. Sabelo will The first phase of the research project, namely lead the research on the soil water balance of selected “Vulnerability and resilience of soils under different ecotopes at the Kolomela iron mine near Postmasburg. rangeland use”, financed by the Research Foundation The research should illustrate how soil water balance of Germany (RFG), was completed under the leadership processes interact with dewatering activities of the of Profs. Wulf Amelung and Chris du Preez. Ms. Elmarie open-cast mine. Farmers complain that the dewatering Kotzé made a large contribution to the fieldwork in the of the mine impacts negatively on groundwater supply grassland biome at Thaba ‘Nchu and in the savannah and hence on their farming activities. Dr. Zerizghy will biome at Kuruman. The outcome concerning funding focus on the water use efficiency of 140 000 hectares of the second phase is not yet available. of irrigated tree plantations along the streets of the Abu Dhabi Emirate in the United Emirates. Groundwa- Prof. Du Preez and Dr. Alfredo Nhantumbo from Ed- ter is the main water source and the annual plantation uardo Mondlana University in Maputo successfully yield is less than expected, given this level of irrigation. completed the project entitled “Sustainable manage- The groundwater has the same salinity as sea water ment of fertility in agriculture soils”. This project was at some places. Water in semi-arid South Africa is also funded by the NRF under the South Africa-Mozam- scarce and demands optimal use. Thus, research on the bique agreement. water footprint of beer, a project sponsored by the Win- The Agronomy Society of America invited Prof. Du ter Cereal Trust and SAB Miller is still in progress, focus- Preez to make a presentation at their Annual Meeting ing on the irrigation scheduling of barley. in Cincinnati. The title of his presentation was “A view A special edition of “Irrigation and Drainage” with of soil management and climate change challenges in Prof. van Rensburg as guest editor was published; southern Africa”.

Annual Report 2012 Research Articles Improving maize production of in-field rainwater harvesting technique at Glen in Research Outputs Bello, Z.A., Walker, S. & Tfwala, C.M. 2012. South Africa by the addition of mulching Influence of water supply and harvesting fre- Department of Soil, Crop quency on production of leafy amaranth in a practices. Irrigation and Drainage 61: 50-58. and Climate Sciences semi-arid region of South Africa. African Crop Bothma, C.B., Van Rensburg, L.D. & Le Science Conference Proceedings 10: 381-385. Roux, P.A.L. 2012. Rainfall intensity and soil Botha, J.J., Van Rensburg, L.D., Anderson, physical properties influence on infiltration J.J., Hensley, M. & Baiphethi, M.N. 2012. and runoff under in-field rainwater harvesting Alleviating household food insecurity through conditions. Irrigation and Drainage 61: 41-49. in-field rainwater harvesting. Irrigation and Le Roux, P.A.L. & Hensley, M. 2012. Drainage 61: 82-94. Natural and Argricultural Sciences Pedologcal aspects of land evaluation for Botha, J.J., Van Rensburg, L.D., Anderson, in-field rainwater harvesting in South Africa. 42 J.J., Van Staden, P.P. & Hensley, M. 2012. Irrigation and Drainage 61: 129-137. the Earth of SouthAfrica. satisfaction indexintheFreeStateProvince data forsimulatingmaizewaterrequirement of NASAsatelliteandmodeledtemperature Moeletsi, M.E.&Walker, S. Climatology ince ofSouthAfrica. water balancemodelintheFreeStateProv- ment ofagriculturaldroughtusingasimple Moeletsi, M.E.&Walker, S. 63-70. Agricultural andForestMeteorology in theFreeStateProvince ofSouthAfrica. growing areasforrainfedmaizeproduction agroclimatic indextodelineatesuitable Moeletsi, M.E.&Walker, S. Drainage and wateruseefficiency. in-field rainwaterharvesting: maizeyield 2012. Integratingmicro-floodirrigationwith Mavimbela, S.S.W. &Van Rensburg,L.D. and Technology Swartland). in layered soils(Tukulu,Sepaneand 2012. In-situevaluationofevaporation Mavimbela, S.S.W. &Van Rensburg,L.D. 266-274. sugarcane cropcycle status ofsoilsinMauritiusafteraseven year agronomic andenvironmentalphosphorus Du Preez,C.C. Mardamootoo, T., NgKee Kwong, K.& 97-109. Africa. management practicesinsemi-aridSouth 32 years ofdifferentwheatproduction Changes insoilorganicmatterindicesfollowing Loke, P.F., Kotze, E.&DuPreez,C.C. Coetzer, LaszloLakatos,andPieterleRoux. Senior Lecturers: Rianto vanAntwerpen. Affiliated Associate-Professors: Associate-Professor: Affiliated Professor: Leon vanRensburg,andSueWalker. Professors: Staff Nutrient Cycling inAgroecosystems 61:70-81. 51:157-164. 108:425-450. Journal ofAgriculturalScience 2012.Evolution ofthe A2:577-590. Profs.ChrisduPreez,SeefPretorius, Physics andChemistryof Theoretical andApplied . SugarTechnology Drs. JamesAllemann,GertCeronio,Gesine Prof.C.J.Stigter. 2012.Evaluation Prof.CornievanHuyssteen. 2012.Asimple 2012.Assess- Irrigation and 2012. 2012. Profs.MalcolmHensley,and 162: 94: 94: 14:

and phosphorusapplication. strips. harvesting withwideandnarrow runoff evapotranspiration underin-fieldrainwater L.D. Tesfuhuney, W.A., Walker, S.&Van Rensburg, Journal ofPlantandSoil ( and qualityresponseofrosegeranium Sedibe, M.&Allemann,J. maize production. of SouthAfricawithreferencetorain-fed son characteristicsoftheFreeStateProvince Moeletsi, M.E.&Walker, S. A.E. Tshikolomo, K.A.,Walker, S.&Nesamvuni, Research International JournalofContemporary Management AreasofSouthAfrica. in LimpopoandLuvuvhu-LetabaWater influence onwatermanagementdecisions perceptions ofstakeholder participationand S. &Stroebel,A. Tshikolomo, K.A.,Nesamvuni,A.E.,Walker, Social Science Africa. Letaba Water ManagementAreaofSouth requirements ofhouseholdsintheLuvuvhu- A. &Walker, S. Tshikolomo, K.A.,Nesamvuni,A.E.,Stroebel, gain andlossfromMiddleLetabaDam A.E. Tshikolomo, K.A.,Walker, S.&Nesamvuni, Business andSocialScience uses andrestrictions. Water ManagementAreasonwaterresources, managers ofLimpopoandLuvuvhu-Letaba Applied ScienceandTechnology Area, SouthAfrica. in Luvuvhu-LetabaWater Management Pelargonium graveolens 2012.Perceptions ofmunicipalwater 2012. Comparison of energy available for 2012.Comparisonofenergyavailablefor 2012.Rainfallinfluenceonwater Irrigation andDrainage International JournalofBusinessand 2:26-37. 3: 37-49. 2012.Water supplyand 2012.Water manager Water SA International Journalof International Journal of InternationalJournalof Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Department ofSoil,CropandClimateSciences Prof. ChrisduPreez Contact Details 29:151-156. Edwin Moeti,GabriëlMokoena, andEdward Nthoba. Technical Assistants: Rida vanHeerden. Senior Assistants: Hoffman, andDr.ElmarievanderWatt. Professional Officers: Research Associate: Kotzé, andMr.AbrahamSteyn. Lecturers: 2012.Rainysea- 3:8-20. L.)tosulphur +27514022212 38:775-782. 2012.Yield 61:59-69. South African [email protected] 2:24-33. www.ufs.ac.za +27514012212 American American Mr. JohanBarnard,Ms.LindadeWet, Ms.Elmarie Mss.RonelleEtzebeth,LizeHenning,and Dr. J.H.vanderWaals. Ms.Yvonne Dessels,Mr.Wilhelm Messrs. SamuelBoer,DaniëlMavuya, African soils. water conductingmacroporosityinSouth 2012. Pedotransfer functionstodetermine Van Tol, J.J.,LeRoux,P.A.L. &Hensley,M. Irrigation andDrainage tillage implementsandscopeforupscaling. In-field rainwaterharvesting: mechanical C.H., LeRoux,P.A.L. &Hensley,M. Van Rensburg,L.D.,Bothma,C.B.,Fraenkel, Irrigation andDrainage system toimprove agronomicsustainability. function ofthein-fieldrainwaterharvesting J.J. &Hensley,M. Van Rensburg,L.D.,Botha,J.J.,Anderson, Journal ofPlantandSoil Weatherley, SouthAfrica. classification oforthicAhorizonsin Van Huyssteen,C.W. maize ( density onyieldandcomponentsof L.D. Yada, G.L.,Ceronio,G.M.&Van Rensburg, ecotope inEthiopia. ships ontheMiesoHypoCalcicVertisol 2012. Quantifyingrainfall-runoffrelation- Worku, A.W., LeRoux,P.A.L. &Hensley,M. Plant andSoil Bedford catchment. 2012. Soilindicatorsofhillslopehydrology in Van Tol, J.J.,LeRoux,P.A.L. &Hensley,M. 65: 550-557. and Drainage application inwaterharvesting. the centralSouthAfricanHighveld for C.J. Zerizghy, M.G.,Van Rensburg,L.D.&Stigter, 263-271. of AgriculturalScienceandTechnology 2012.Characterizationofrainfallin 2012.Effectofrow spacingandplant Zea mays 61:24-33. 27:242-251. Water ScienceandTechnology L.)underirrigation. 2012.Thenatureand Water SA South AfricanJournalof 61:138-147. 61:34-40. 2012.Hydrological 29:101-107. 38:225-232. South African Irrigation 2012. Journal B2:

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Agricultural Sciences Building Sciences

Department of Architecture

Overview The year 2012 was a busy and successful year for In October, the visiting Board of the Commonwealth the Department. Not only were the annual August Association of Architecture (CAA) and the South Architecture Activities with the 24th Sophia Gray African Council of the Architectural Profession Memorial Lecture and Exhibition a great success, (SACAP) unconditionally validated the B.Arch. but the department also received continued Stud., B.Arch.Stud. (Hons.) and M.Arch. (Prof.) unconditional validation in October of all its academic degree programmes. The Department was lauded programmes. for its unique qualities and its ongoing attempts at

Annual Report 2012 improving the already high standards. The Sophia Gray Memorial Lecture entitled “For the love of architecture”, was presented by Mr. Stan Field of California. Mr. Field inspired with highlights Activities and Achievements from his career comprising of projects completed in The renovation of the Architecture building by lecturer South Africa, Israel and the United States. The mini- Henry Pretorius won the Sustainable Development conference hosted architects Mr. Anthony Orlewitz Commendation at the 2012 Southern African and Mr. Michael Louw from South Africa, as well Institute of Steel Construction (SAISC) Steel Awards. as Prof. Mies van der Rohe of Architecture at IIT, “We congratulate the winners but emphasise the Chicago, and Mr. Werner Sobek, who presented their exceptional quality of all the entries”, said Dr. Hennie Natural and Argricultural Sciences work and gave insights into their design process and de Clercq, Executive Director of SAISC. The judges 44 implementation. were full of praise for the entire project. “The building Photo: Mr. Wynand Viljoen in theexperience. Ms.Thomashoff’spresence and by architectKarlien Thomashoffwere included by formerheadoftheDepartment,Prof.Jan Smit, option. Thirtyprospective learnersattended.Lectures perspective onthestudyofarchitecture asacareer provide prospective studentswithamoreintimate July duringtheVryfeesinBloemfonteinorderto The annualWinterSchooltookplaceon11and12 successful conservationprojectentails. order togainagreaterunderstandingofwhat architect JoNoerorecentlydesignedadditions,in well astheSt.Cyprian’sgirls’highschool,where visited theCastleandAtholFugardTheatre,as Cape Town tour focusedonconservation.Students The Honours’classalsotravelled toCapeTown. The Institute ofArchitects)MeritandExcellence Awards. panel fortheannualCorobrik-SAIA(SouthAfrican as theMasterofCeremonies,andpartjury played aprominent roleatAZA,aswell asserving “Geesbeker”. Seniorlecturer,Philippa Tumubweinee, Congress, winningtheAmazingRaceevent andthe the AZA(SouthAfricanInstituteforArchitects)2012 Durban, andthethird-years toCapeTown during to Tweespruit andClarens,thesecond-years to and informative. Thefirst-year studentstoured various year groups were onceagainsuccessful The annualtoursundertaken by studentsinthe achieved within thevery limitedbudget.” environment forarchitectsand,importantly,was spaces. Allthiswasdonetocreateaninspiring while providing excellent naturallightforthe interior dramatic doublevolumes thatenhanceventilation elevating theexistinginteriorceilingheights,creating transforms theexistingshed-like exterior while is finishedoffwithanewroofthatdramatically Mr. StanFieldandhiswifeattheopeningofSophiaGrayExhibitionOliewenhuis. participated in theCNCI(CementandConcrete Mr. BrentClarkandWynand Viljoenboth Strongbox inAntarctica”. The DualityofSurviving Architecture: Genetic competition withhisthesisentitled “AnArkitecture/ of theCorobrikArchitecture Student oftheYear Mr. MarcelSwanepoelisalsotheregionalwinner art, sculptureandperformance. form partoftheexpressiontemporarycity above”. Theevent isanopportunityforartiststo Festival withtheirinstallationentitled“Deathfrom participated intheAfrikaBurn-Tankwa Karoo Art Markus Jordaan,RohannWessels andInneke Zulch Students MarcelSwanepoel,NicovanHuyssteen, chooses thebestannualthesesworldwide). as oneofthe25bestforArchiprix(awebsite that under thetopfive. Hisprojectwasalsonominated received anhonourable mentionbutwasalsoranked “best thesis”competitionandJurieSwartnotonly entries fromaroundtheworld were enteredintothis competition (graudatearchitecture.com).Over 350 online 2012GraduateArchitectureStudentDesign (Professional) degreein2011,competedthe Mr. JurieSwart,whocompletedtheM.Arch. of thefirstsemester. Housing InstituteFoundation)competitionattheend students participatedintheSHiFT(SouthAfrican P.G. BisonandDesBaker competitions.TheHonours’ The third-year designstudentsparticipatedinthe Student Achievements Vryfees aspartoftheArchitectureevents. Architects) andshepresentedalectureduringthe was sponsoredby theFSIA(FreeStateInstituteof 45

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Building Sciences Building Sciences

The installation “Death from above” at Afrikaburn 2012.

Institute) African City Student Design competition locums, allow for the provision of study leave to keep and received honourable mentions. achievement levels within the expectations. Mr. Viljoen was also the winner of the Carl and Emily Fuchs Foundation award for South African honours’ Staff Matters students in Architecture. Students are judged on a Ms. Philippa Tumubweinee and Ms. Annemarie portfolio of work from all previous years and a final Wagener, both formerly at the University of presentation is made to a panel of judges. A final Johannesburg, were appointed as senior lecturers. design done over a period of 24 hours also forms part of the portfolio. In October, Ms. Tumubweinee represented the Department by presenting a paper at the Archtheo’12 Five M. Arch. (Prof.) candidates received distinctions Architectural Theory Conference in Istanbul, for both the design and construction components of Turkey, at which junior lecturer Mr. Jako Olivier also their dissertations. presented a paper. Ms. Tumubweinee also presented her work on “The E-squared house: The fashion of an Weekly Research Seminars energy-efficient home” at a Faculty lecture. The continuation of the Weekly Research Seminars Mr. Rudolf Bitzer and the Departmental Chair, Ms. that began in 2011, has proven to be an insightful Martie Bitzer, designed the new building for the and productive activity. Visiting professors presented Institute of Financial Planning Law on the Bloemfontein lectures on various aspects related to higher degree campus that was completed in November 2012. The studies in Architecture. These seminars also provided Roodt Partnership supervised the construction of this staff members with the opportunity of giving new addition to the architecture on campus. feedback on their studies and conferences they had Prof. Walter Peters appeared on the TV programme attended, and provided assistance with aspects of Pasella in October during a focus on Greytown, where higher degree study. he informed viewers about the interesting aspects of These seminars have proven to be successful in the architecture and planning of the town. He also supporting staff members to complete their studies; featured on the programme Shoreline in November,

Annual Report 2012 Mr. Kobus du Preez graduated cum laude with on an episode dedicated to Durban’s Victorian his M.Arch dissertation on the “Pre-Republican architecture. Prof. Peters and Mr. Kobus du Preez also sandstone architecture of the Brandwater basin in presented their research at various local conferences. the Free State”. With that the supervisory capacity of Mr. Gerhard Bosman presented a paper focused on the Department has been enhanced. the perception of wall-building materials in central Other staff members are improving their academic South Africa at the XI International Conference on the resumes as well. Mrs. Madelein Stoffberg is pursuing Study and Conservation of Earthen Heritage (TERRA her Ph.D. degree. The research seminars provide a 2012) Conference in Lima, Peru and he also presented tracking system to ensure that all candidates obtain his Ph.D. research at Centro de Estudos Arnaldo Natural and Argricultural Sciences regular support, supervision and feedback, and Araujo at the Escola Superior Artistica do Porto (ESAP) 46 should, with close monitoring and a willingness of in Oporto, Portugal. at theConference oftheAthensInstitute for research ontheadaptive reuseofchurchbuildings Research assistantWanda Verster presentedher at theTiranaArchitectureWeek inTirana,Albania. paper onthepublicspacesof provincial legislatures Junior lecturerMs.Madelein Stoffberg presenteda Designs by Mr.Swanepoelforageneticstrongbox inAntarctica. lecturer fromJanuary 2013. contract basiswasappointed asafull-timejunior Mr. ZackWessels whohasbeenlecturing ona in June2012. Education andResearch(ATINER) inAthens,Greece 47

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Building Sciences Research Articles Research Outputs Peters, W. 2012. Durban’s King Shaka Inter- national Airport as a place of transition. Architecture Architecture SA Jan/Feb: 27-32. Peters, W. 2012. The women at Winburg’s Voortrekker Monument. South African Jour- nal of Art History 27(2): 220-236. Peters, W. 2012. Voortrekker Monument at Winburg: Threshold for a new generation of commerative architecture. Journal of the South African Institute of Architects June/ July: 36-45. Van der Vyver, Y. 2012. The human body Building Sciences in death, exhibited as Art. South African Journal of Art History 27(2): 1-20.

Staff Department Chair: Ms. Martie Bitzer. Contract Lecturers: Mr. Charl-Pierre Cilliers, Ms. Carmen Professor: Prof. Walter Peters. Dickens, Mrs. Madelein Stoffberg, Ms. Katie Salzmann, Mr. Jacobus Smit, Ms. Helena Jordaan-Olivier, and Prof. J.D. Smit. Affiliated Professor: Prof. Ora Joubert. Computer Lab Assistant: Mr. Lindewe Keswa. Senior Lecturers: Ms. Martie Bitzer, Ms. Philippa Tumubweinee, Mr. Kobus du Preez, and Ms. Annemarie Wagener. Research Assistant: Ms. Wanda Verster. Lecturers: Mr. Gerhard Bosman, and Mr. Jan Ras. Secretary: Ms. Yolanda Pretorius. Junior Lecturers: Mr. Henry Pretorius, Mr. Jako Olivier, Departmental Assistant: Ms. Zelda Bronkhorst. Mr. Rudolf Bitzer, Mr. Jan Nel, Mr. Hein Raubenheimer, and Messenger: Ms. Joyce Mohatlane. Mr. Zack Wessels.

Contact Details

Annual Report 2012 Ms. Martie Bitzer Department of Architecture Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa Telephone: +27 51 401 2332 Fax: +27 51 444 5108 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ufs.ac.za Natural and Argricultural Sciences 48 Chartered InstituteofBuilding(CIOB). • Royal Institutions ofCharteredSurveyors (RICS). • International: • South AfricanCouncilforPropertyValuers’ SouthAfricanCouncilfortheQuantitySurveying • SouthAfricanCouncilforProjectandConstruction • South Africa: professional institutions: The Departmentisaccreditedwiththefollowing and experiencedanumberofhighlights. various activities,events anddevelopment projects, and ConstructionManagementwasinvolved in During 2012,theDepartmentofQuantitySurveying Overview Construction Management Quantity Surveying and Department of Profession (SACPVP). Profession (SACQSP). for five years until2017. Management Professions(SACPCMP) –accredited project withthe ConstructionIndustryDevelopment The continuation oftheDepartment’sresearch received theirM.Sc.(QS)degreesattheendof 2012. studies. Mr.PierreOosthuizenand Mrs.Olive duPreez and MsMichelleBurgeralso completed theirPh.D. the Ph.D.qualificationin2012. Mrs.BenitaZulch Dr. FrankBerryandWillieSmithwere awarded obtained apercentageof80%. B.Sc. Hons.LearningareaConstructionManagement, Mr. JacquesvanderMerwe, asoutstandingstudentin Surveying, obtaininganaverage percentageof86%. completed theB.Sc.Honours’degreeinQuantity performed withexcellence. MsElanaMalherbe Some outstandingstudentsoftheDepartment employment intheinternationallabourmarket. accreditations toenablegraduatestudentsseek and theUniversity toretaintheabove-mentioned It remainsofcardinalimportancetotheDepartment 49

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Building Sciences Board (CIDB) again contributed significantly to the Mr. Kobus le Roux was elected to represent the Departments’ research outputs, as well as providing Free State on the CIOB Africa board, replacing Prof. a third stream of income. The International Congress Verster, and Mr. van Zyl who stepped down. of the International Cost Engineering Council (ICEC) Mr. Pierre Oosthuizen is currently the Chairman of the was held in Durban whereby the Department Free State Chapter of the Association of South African played a leading role delivering eight referenced Quantity Surveyors. papers. The congress was attended by a group of 28 students. Other congresses, like the RICS COBRA Prof. Hendrik Marx and Mr. Stephen Ramabodu 2012 conference (the conference of the Royal are Council Members of the Association of Schools Institution of Chartered Surveyors) in Las Vegas, of Construction in Southern Africa (ASOCSA). Mr.

Building Sciences the CIB (International Council for Research and Ramabodu serves on the South African Board of Innovations in Building and Construction Conference) Quantity Surveyors. in the United Kingdom, IPMA (International Project The Department of Quantity Surveying and Management Association Conference) in Greece and Construction Management publishes the Acta CMC (Construction Management Conference) in Port Structilia. The Acta Structilia is a fully South African Elizabeth assisted the Department in obtaining 16.53 accredited scientific journal, endorsed by the South research outputs in accordance with the scale of the Department of Education (DoE). African Council for the Quantity Surveying Profession (SACQSP) and the Royal Institution of Chartered Referring to educational degree programmes, the Surveyors (RICS). In 2012, the journal celebrated its Department lectures students by means of residential 19th year. This journal offers publication opportunities and distance learning programmes. During 2012, a for independent, peer-reviewed articles by local total of 177 undergraduate students, 102 Honours’ and overseas researchers in the fields of physical students, 39 students on Masters’ level and five Ph.D. and development sciences. Since 1993, 93 research students were enrolled with the Department. articles, 23 review articles, 12 international articles, The Department also presents various registered short 14 commentaries, eight book reviews and eight programmes and courses as an additional training introductions have been published. action. In 2012, 66 students were registered for the In 2012, the 28th publication of the student journal, QCP (Open Learning: Certificate in Quantity Surveying, Bouvaria, was published by the Department. This Construction Management and Project Management) publication creates a platform for Honours’ students distance learning programme; 117 students completed to publish articles derived from their theses. With the Facilities Management Programme (FMP) this initiative, the Department wishes to sensitise supported by the South African Property Owners students for the process of research. Association (SAPOA), and 29 students completed the Intensive Project Management Programme (IPMP), It is with great regret that the Department parted also supported by SAPOA. ways with the beloved colleague, Dr. Frank Berry. His passing is a great loss to the Department and the The initiative to maintain the QCP programme is profession. supported by various professional institutions. In total, ten students successfully completed the The Department welcomes Prof. Khailo Kajimo-Sha- programme in 2012 and, for the first time, four kantu as a colleague. Prof. Kajimo-Shakantu is appoint- students who attended the programme were from ed as an adjunct professor and research coordinator for Namibia. A ceremony to celebrate this occasion was the Department. Her research focus is land and property held on 1 March 2013 and was attended by Mr. Van development and management, construction manage- Zyl, the current Acting Head of the Department. ment, education, and project management.

Annual Report 2012 Research Articles Research Outputs Berry, F.H. 2012. ‘n Model vir die meting van die bourekenaar se kommunikasie- Quantity Surveying and volwassenheid. ACTA Structilia 19(1): 57-70. Construction Management Campbell, M.M. & Hauptfleisch, A.C. 2012. The Impact of the Maputo Development Corridor on Wealth Creation within the Region it Serves. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 6(9): 1184-1193. Natural and Argricultural Sciences 50 Mrs. EstiJacobs,Mart-MariEls,andOlive duPreez. Contract Lecturers: Ramabodu, andMs.BenitaZulch. Lecturers: Senior Lecturers: Contract Professor: Professor: Staff Prof.J.J.P. (Basie)Verster. Mr.BenSwart,HendrikvanVuuren,Stephan Prof. HendrikMarx,andMr.FrankBerry. Prof.A.C.Hauptfleisch(Midrand). Mr.CarlvanZyl,PierreOosthuizen, Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Construction Management Department ofQuantitySurveying and Prof. J.J.P. (Basie)Verster Contact Details +27514013324 [email protected] www.ufs.ac.za +27 514012248 51

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Building Sciences Building Sciences

Department of Urban and Regional Planning

Overview As with most urban and regional planning depart- In addition to the course-work programmes, the ments in the country, this Department is a small Department also offers a Research Masters’ degree in department with five academic staff members. The Urban and Regional Planning (MURP) and a Masters’ main programmes offered by the Department are an degree in Housing. There were two registered Honours’ degree in Spatial Planning, and a Masters’ students for the MURP-degree who were finalising degree in Urban and Regional Planning; both through their dissertations for submission in February 2013, course work. The Department also offered an Hon- and one Masters’ student in Housing. Of the five registered Ph.D. candidates, three are staff members

Annual Report 2012 ours’ programme in Housing through course work but this programme is being discontinued from 2013. in the Department, of which two were finalising their theses for submission in 2013. Although 25 students were selected for the Honours’ degree in Spatial Planning, only 17 registered. Ten students will graduate in 2013 with an Honours’ Activities degree in Spatial Planning – two with distinction During the July recess, 6 – 15 July, the Department – while a further three students completed the hosted the Applied Centre for Climate and Earth Baccalaureus in Land and Property Development System Science (ACCESS) Habitable Planet Workshop. Management (Housing). The number of Masters’ The purpose of the workshop is to expose senior Natural and Argricultural Sciences graduates is anticipated to exceed the ten of the students to Earth Systems science and the various 52 previous year. research options there are in this field. During the Surveying andProjectManagement, organisedfor 8 Dr. MaléneCampbellwasonthe reviewpanelofthe Workshop, 16–18October,Nairobi,Kenya. Association ofAfricanPlanning Schools(AAPS) Mr. Mashalabarepresentedthe Departmentatthe plenary speaker. papers. Ofthese,two were by Prof.Nelasaninvited the ICCineThekwini,Departmentpresentedfive (SAPI) BiannualPlanningAfricaConferenceheldat During the2012SouthAfricanPlanningInstitute’s the CommitteeofHeadsPlanningSchools. Presidency, PretoriaonbehalfoftheDepartmentand of HumanSettlementson30March2012atthe Development PlanChapteronTransformation Dr. MaléneCampbellattendedaworkshop onNational Vredefort impactzone,andtheBigHoleinKimberley. to Boyden, theBotanicalGardensinBloemfontein, from scientistsattheUFS.Therewere alsofieldtrips biology toclimatology,andtherewere guestlectures facets ofearthsciences;fromastronomy,geology, workshop, students attendedlecturesonvarious rural livelihoods”. in Lesothowhiledoingresearchonthe“EasternFreeState:Acontributiontoregionalplanningcreationofsustainable Jan-Frik Ludekke, MohapiRadiopane,MaléneCampbell(lecturer),NathiNgubaneandAnneenMareeattheKatse damwall th World CongressonCostEngineering,Quantity Sweden, foraone-month staff exchange visit. Dr. MaléneCampbellwashosted by LundUniversity, Research process wasdiscussed. Council forPlanners’Competencies andstandards common interestsincludingtheSouthAfrican in December2012attheUFS.Atthismeeting of HeadsPlanningSchools(CHoPS)meeting The DepartmentalsohostedtheAnnualCommittee Municipality, SouthAfrica”. transport: AcasestudyofMangaungMetropolitan Perm, Russia,titled“acriticalexaminationofpublic Planners (ISOCARP)Conference,10–13Septemberin at TheInternationalSocietyofCityandRegional presented apaperby her,Dr.Campbellandtwo others Ms. Toba, apart-timelecturerandpaststudent, Conference heldinBeaufortWest inOctober2012. Prof. NelrepresentedtheDepartmentatKaroo (ASAQS), 9–26June 2012,Durban,SouthAfrica. the AssociationofSouthAfricanQuantitySurveyors the InternationalCostEngineeringCouncil(ICEC)by 53

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Building Sciences Professor Alf Hornborg was the academic host, effort between students and staff of the UFS, outside and the visit was funded by the Erasmus Mundus interests and community beneficiaries. Scholarship: Eurosa (Europe and South Africa For the BEH752 service learning module, (the Housing Partnership for Human Development) Consortium. module for the Master’s degree in Urban and Regional The research topic was “Eastern Free State: A Planning), taught by Dr. Campbell, the Masters’ contribution to regional planning in the creation students had to develop a housing chapter of the of sustainable rural livelihoods”. The aim of this Integrated Development Plan of a small town. It is a study is to compile a regional plan for the Eastern bottom-up process where the students interact with Free State that addresses the challenges of, and the recipients of government-subsidised houses proposes solutions to, the creation of sustainable for low-income families, as well as partners in the

Building Sciences rural livelihoods. The abovementioned project is an Peoples’ Housing Process. ongoing research project within the research cluster on poverty reduction and sustainable development. The housing chapter details identified housing Dr. Maléne Campbell is a panel member of the Cluster needs and backlogs, identifying well-located land for Critical Issues in Development. suitable for development, as well as investigating and verifying alignment of identified land with the Spatial Other ongoing research in the Department includes Development Framework. Outcomes for the students the following: were that this service learning module allowed them Prof. Nel: to gain hands-on experience on how to transform • Developing more appropriate land use housing needs into spatial needs. The impact on management systems for Southern Africa. the community is that the “housing voice” of the • Cities as complex adaptive systems. community was heard. • Urban and regional planning in Developmental In the Cultural Consciousness for Planners module, Local Government. taught by Mrs. Barclay, students drafted policies and Mrs. Barclay: proposals for their local authorities and communities • Tourism realities versus tourism ideals in that would promote the protection and use of South Africa. indigenous knowledge systems for local economic • The role of the town and regional planning in development. tourism. In the Transportation Planning module, also taught • Campus transportation. by Mrs. Barclay, students worked with the children • Innovation spaces. and staff of the Tiny Professors Preschool to design • Gaming simulation and gaming in town and a mini-town for the school to enable early learning regional planning. about traffic issues and foster social cohesion and environmental awareness from an early age. Other Mr. Mashalaba: students finalised research on alternative and • Open space planning and development. sustainable transport systems for the UFS campus, with input from UFS staff and students. Community Service Mrs. Barclay has been running a combined Staff Matters community service and community service learning Two staff members, Mrs. Barclay and Mr. Mashalaba, project in Greater Dealesville, Tokologo Local spent much time completing their doctoral theses for Municipality, for the past three years as part of the submission early in 2013. module Research in Regional Planning Theory. At the end of 2012 the students produced a Development Prof. V.J. Nel is currently the chairperson of the Plan for the region. Once the inputs of the various Committee of Heads of Planning Schools and in that plans have been combined, this plan will be capacity also served on the Education and Training presented to the community. Students in the Applied Committee of the South African Council for Planners. Economics Research for Planners module drafted a She is the Department’s representative on the local

Annual Report 2012 rural economic development policy for Dealesville as South African Planning Institute’s (SAPI) Committee. part of the Tokologo project. Mrs. Carin Coetzee joined the Department in March Another project in the Research in Regional Planning 2012. She is a great asset to the Department and Theory module consists of students preparing her admirable administration skills are greatly proposals to reinvent the UFS as an innovative appreciated. Mrs. Coetzee, Ms. Antoinette Nel and space. A Forensic Hub is part of this innovative Mrs. Riana Hugo ensure the effective administration space proposal. This was done as a collaborative of the Department. Natural and Argricultural Sciences 54 Regional Planning Department ofUrbanand Research Outputs Mrs. C.Coetzee Administration: Mr. Y.B. Mashalaba. Lecturers: Senior Lecturer: Professor: Staff Prof.V.J. Nel. Mrs.E.Barclay,Mr.P.J. Potgieter, and Mrs.M.C.Hugo,Miss.A.L.Nel,and Dr.M.M.Campbell. Campbell, M.M.&Myburg,W. Marais, L.,Venter, A.,DeGouveia, A., Chapters inbooks 128. Loyola JournalofSocialSciences Towards abroaderplanningperspective. Nel, V.J. Forum by applyinganurbanedgestrategy. 2012. Themanagementofurbansprawl Jansen Van Rensburg,J.&Campbell,M. Research Articles 23(1):61-72. 2012.ThusongServiceCentres- Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Department ofUrbanandRegionalPlanning Prof. V.J. Nel Contact Details +27514013049 2012.Tourism

26(1):115- +27514012486 /3575 www.ufs.ac.za [email protected] Urban

Marais. NewYork: Nova. pp.327-337. in Africa towns inSouthAfrica.In approach totheplightofsmallanddying Nel, V.J. York: Nova. pp.223-231. edited by R.DonaldsonandL.Marais.New of Clarens.In risks associatedwithsmalltowns: Thecase sustainable rurallivelihoods”. regional planninginthecreationof “Eastern FreeState:Acontributionto State aspartoftheresearchproject questionnaires intheEasternFree and Jan-FrikLudeke) circulated Setsoto Sekonyela, NatheNgubane Regional Planning(DawieLubbe, Masters’ studentsinUrbanand 2012.Adevelopmental planning , editedby R.DonaldsonandL. Small GeographiesinAfrica Small Geographies , 55

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Building Sciences Natural Sciences

Department of Chemistry

Main campus Overview The completion of the building and facilities by the activities throughout 2012. The continued support end of 2011 enabled the Department of Chemistry of the Faculty and senior UFS management to to focus on the strategic priorities of the UFS and achieve even higher levels of success is gratefully the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences. acknowledged. The Department is therefore proud to illustrate with The collaboration between the UFS and Sasol, which this report the continued quality and excellence in supports the extended secondment of Prof. Ben Annual Report 2012 teaching, research and community involvement. The Bezuidenhoudt to the Department, and Eskom and postgraduate core of Chemistry for 2012 consisted PetLabs Pharmaceuticals, continued. An achievement of 12 postdoctoral associates, 24 M.Sc. and 29 Ph.D. under this agreement was the successful application students in different sub-disciplines; of whom four of “Applied Process Chemistry” to the South African Ph.D. and eight M.Sc. students graduated during 2012. National Research Foundation’s (NRF) Technology A significant and sustained research output for 2012 and Human Resources for Industry Programme was maintained, as manifested by the more than (THRIP) from combined inputs of Inorganic, Physical 100 research articles published in internationally- and Process Chemistry (by Profs. Roodt, Swarts accredited journals and some 100 presentations and Bezuidenhoudt). This has sourced an additional Natural and Argricultural Sciences made at local and international conferences. R3.5 million for the upgrade of equipment, student 56 The enthusiasm and commitment of Chemistry’s support and the development of young capacity in personnel and students are clearly illustrated by the Department. ISI H-index=18) andDr.Erasmus(Y2;ISIH-index=8) Prof. Swarts(C1;ISIH-index=20), Prof.Conradie(C3; also develop herown researchprogramme. the laboratorymanagerinPhysical Chemistry,will autonomous researchtopics. Dr. EleanorFourie,as and Dr.LizetteErasmusare developing their own Jeanet Conradierespectively. Dr.ErnieLangner groups, headedby Profs.JannieSwartsand The Walter Purcell. Chairperson), JannieSwarts,BenBezuidenhoudt,and consists ofProfs.AndréRoodt(Departmental Chemistry. ThemanagementcommitteeofChemistry Chemistry, InorganicChemistryandOrganic/Process four divisions,i.e.,PhysicalChemistry,Analytical The ChemistryDepartmentontheMaincampushas Departmental Activities andAchievements international teachers. of courses,exposingthechemistrystudentsto further refinementofadvancedtopicsinanumber students. TheHonours’coursealsoexperiencedthe practical work andtocontinueasmainstream promoted totheMaincampuscompletetheir students successfullycompletedthese,theywere and streamliningoftheextendedprogramme.Once The SouthcampusoftheUFSsawcontinuation during classes. sophisticated teachingmethodsandtechnology improve constantly;alsowithrespecttousingmore was quitedemandingandchallengedlecturersto teaching inparallelmediumontheMaincampus been aprimefocusoftheDepartment.Thecontinued Teaching aspectsatundergraduatelevel have also Jan vd Westhuizen (ChairofCommittee),BenBezuidenhoudtandAndrewMarston. Maryam Amra-Jordaan,Drs.SusanBonnetandCharleneMarais,Mrs.Corneliavon Eschwege. Back:Mr.RudiSwart,Profs. Organising committeeoftheFrankWarren ConferenceheldontheUFScampusduringApril2012.Fromleft,front:Mrs. Physical Chemistry divisionhastwo research Materials characterisation withXPStechniques. of especiallymodelcatalysts onflatsurfacesand of Dr.Erasmusfocusesonheterogeneous catalysis currently beinginvestigated. Theresearchgroup compounds oftransitionmetal complexes are of rhodium(I)andrhodium(III) andDithizonato complexes, Beta-diketonato-carbonyl complexes compounds, O,O’-Chelatedtitanoceneandtitanium chemistry. Transitionmetalporphyrinandrelated and intermediatesby syntheticandcomputational of known andunknown transitionmetalcomplexes under Prof.Conradiefocusesonthecharacterisation in collaborationwithSasol.Theresearchthegroup of systemssupportedontwo-dimensional matices carboxylato complexes andheterogeneouscatalysis aspects ofthesecomplexes; industrialstudieson thermal analysesofthesecomplexes; medicinal silver, goldandcopper; electrochemical,kineticand especially inassociationwithrhodium,iridium, ferrocene, ruthenoceneandosmocenederivatives, substituents; titanocene,zirconocene,hafnocene, phthalocyanine compoundsbearingmetallocene The focusisonsixprojects,i.e.porphyrinand chemistry aspectsofmultinuclearmetallocenes. of Prof.Swartsconcernssyntheticandphysical The principleresearchquestionofthegroup NRF grantsrespectively. are holdersofaratedResearcherNRFandThuThuka Rated Researchers),whileDrs.ErasmusandLangner Researcher, aswell asCompetitive Programmefor are bothholdersofNRFresearchgrants(Rated of 4and6respectively. Profs.SwartsandConradie and Fouriearestillunratedbuthave ISIH-indexes are allNRF-ratedresearchers,whilebothDrs.Langner 57

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

The research project Applied Process Chemistry of the SA NRF’s THRIP programme, supported by Sasol and PETLabs Pharmaceuticals, is managed by Profs. Jannie Swarts, André Roodt and Ben Bezuidenhoudt (back from left), with front from left Ph.D. students Ms. Maretha Serdyn, Mr. Maqqi Nceba (Sasol employee completing his Ph.D.) and Dr. Alice Brink (UFS Prestige scholar and young scientist supported by Sasol special initiatives).

Conversely, Dr. Langner focuses on studies of Metal Moscow, Russia, and 4ICNN-2012, Bloemfontein, Organic Frameworks (MOFs) especially for catalysis, South Africa. gas adsorption and desorption studies and thermal • Dr. Eleanor Fourie visited two international analysis thereof. research groups and spent five weeks in the labo- During research visits to Europe, Prof. Swarts visited ratory of Prof. Kolio Troev at the Bulgarian Institute Prof. Henry Lang at the Chemnitz Technical University, for Polymer research and four weeks in the Germany (electrochemistry) and Prof. Kolio Troev (Di- laboratory of Prof. Ian Manners at the University of rector of the Polymer Division of the Bulgarian Acade- Bristol. my of Sciences in Sofia, Bulgaria (Polymer Chemistry). • Prof. Swarts gave a plenary lecture at NSP-17, Dr. Conradie visited the Department of Physical Chem- Ribaritsa, Bulgaria, and an invited talk at ICPP-7, istry, University of Tromsø, Norway. During these vis- Jeju, Korea. Prof. Swarts was also co-author of a its, both staff members presented research lectures. multidisciplinary article spanning the horizons of Dr. Langner visited Prof. Hans Niemantsverdriet of Physics, Microbiology and Chemistry which was the Schuit Institute of Catalyses at the Technical Uni- published in FEMS Yeast Res., (12: pp. 867-869). versity, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Dr. Fourie made The article was rated the “most influential article two research visits to international research groups. of the year” by this journal. It received numerous Five weeks were spent in the laboratory of Prof. Kolio accolades, including being awarded the cover Troev at the Bulgarian Institute for Polymer research page motive in FEMS for the entire 2013. where skills in the synthesis and derivatisation of bio- • Prof. Conradie gave a keynote lecture at the Centre degradable phosphor-containing polymers (namely for High Performance Computing (CHPC) National Polyphosphonates) were developed. Dr. Fourie also Meeting, Durban International Convention Centre, spent four weeks in the laboratory of Prof. Ian Manners Durban, 3 – 7 December 2012). She also published

Annual Report 2012 at the University of Bristol where she obtained experi- an article (Reactivity of [Rh(-diketonato)(cod)] ence in the synthesis and derivatisation of polyphos- complexes: A DFT approach in the Journal of Or- phazenes (also biodegradeable phosphor-containing ganometallic Chemistry 719: 8 – 13) which was polymers). Dr. Ernie Langner, while attending NCCC XII chosen by the Scientific Computing & Modelling (The Netherlands Catalysis Conference), had valuable NV (SCM), developers of the scientific modeling discussions with Prof. J. Gascon and his student, Mr. program: Amsterdam Density Functional Theory Maarten Goesten. (ADF), as an example under the heading “Recent research highlights structure and reactivity with Highlights from the Physical Chemistry Division include: ADF” on their webpage, (http://www.scm.com/

Natural and Argricultural Sciences • Dr. Lizette Erasmus who obtained her Y-rating as Products/\Capabilities/StructureAndReactivity. NRF researcher and gave lectures at ICCOS2012, html). Prof. Conradie also co-authored a publi- 58 Mr. Pennie Mokolokolo. Busy preparingsolutionsoftransitionmetalcomplexes inthesyntheticlaboratoryareM.Sc.studentsMs.ThatoTaoane and also employed whileInductively CoupledPlasma Microwave andaciddissolutionprocedures were Metals Initiative (AMI)andMintek. Corporation ofSouthAfrica’s (NECSA)Advanced cooperation withpartnerssuch astheNuclearEnergy samples. Someoftheseprojects aredoneinclose identify andquantifythedifferentelementsinthese and columbitetoestablishmethodsaccurately inorganic andoresamplessuchaszircon,tantalite quantification andmethodvalidationofanumber The analyticalprojectsinvolved thedissolution, a numberofanalyticalandinorganicprojects. The AnalyticalChemistrygroupwasinvolved in M.Sc. students. division issupportedby onePh.D.studentandsix and Dr.RebotsamangShago(ISIH-index=2).The H-index=17), Dr.Karel von Eschwege (ISIH-index=4), Prof. Walter Purcell (NRFC3-ratedresearcher(ISI The • van FerroseenenFerroseen-karboksielsuur”. “ efstroom, 25–26October2012,withhislecture posium, NWU(Potchefstroom campus),Potch- Prof Conradiealsochairedsessionsatthe12 1203-1214), whichhasanimpactfactorof21.6. cation in ceived the4 Rickus Peens tional Convention Centre,Durban,3–7December. Performance Computing(CHPC),DurbanInterna- and attheNationalMeetingofCentreforHigh University, Potchefstroom, 25–26October 2012, dent SymposiumonNaturalScience,North-West Sintese vanAmino-MIL-53(Al)metAdsorpsie Analytical Chemistry Accounts ofchemical research( th , M.Sc.studentofDr.Langner,re- prizeattheAfrikaansStudentSym- division consistsof th 45(8): Stu- Crystallography areemployed inthese studies.The Computational Chemistry(ADF &Gaussian)andX-ray spectroscopy (NMR),Cyclic-Voltammetry, Quantum UV/visible, Infrared,Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Instrumental techniquessuch asPulsedLaser, density opticalmolecularswitching mechanisms. complexes, withpotentialapplicationsinhigh photochromic reactionsindifferenttransitionmetal Another studyinvolves theinvestigation of as well assomeCoandCraqueouschemistry. reactions, Re(V)andOs(VI)cyanidocomplexes, complexes ofIr(I)andRh(I)oxidative addition on kineticandstructuralstudiesoforganometallic chemistry projectsandarecurrentlyconcentrating The groupisalsoinvolved indifferentinorganic Bodies were alsoperformed. analyses forprivatecompaniessuchasSATruck organometallic compounds.Numerouselement H, N,O,andSanalysesonanumberoforganic The LECOmicro-analyserisextensively usedforC, people, aswell aslocalandnationalcompanies. Numerous sampleswere alsoanalysedforprivate are niobium,tantalum,zirconiumandrhodium. Elements whicharecurrentlybeinginvestigated (TGA) were alsousedduringthesestudies. Calorimetry (DSC)andThermalGravimetricAnalysis and Fluorescence(XRD,XRF),DifferentialScanning benchmark. Techniques suchasX-Ray Diffraction of thedifferentelements,withISO17025criteriaas were usedfor theidentificationandquantification Spectroscopy (GFAAS), UV/visibleandIRspectroscopy (OES andMS),GraphiteFurnaceAtomicAbsorption (both OpticalElectronicandMassSpectroscopy 59

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

Ms. Anke Wilhelm-Mouton at sophisticated flow chemistry set-up in the Whiffen Lab system at the University of Cambridge in England during a six-month research visit.

elemental analyses laboratory is the responsibility and reaction kinetics. Three research sub-thrusts of the Analytical section. It provides services for concentrate on the applications to medicine (radi- other sections in the Chemistry Department, as well opharmaceutical and chemotherapeutical agents), Geology, Physics and Microbiology. industrial reactions/homogeneous catalysis/applied Cooperation with NECSA was continued. They are process chemistry, and the development of metal still funding four students to do research on the beneficiation technology. establishment of digestion methods and element This research continued in the group of Prof. André quantification in plasma dissociated and natural Roodt (NRF C1 rated researcher; ISI H-index=26), zircon, as well as tantalite minerals. Collaboration supported by Profs. Deon Visser (ISI H-index=9), was also extended to Mintek as an external laboratory Gideon Steyl (NRF Y2 rated; ISI H-index=9), Dr. Johan on method validation procedures. Venter (ISI H-index=6), Ms. Alice Brink (ISI H-index=5), Dr. Rebotsamang Shago received NRF (ThuThuka) and Ms. Marietjie Schutte-Smith (ISI H-index=5), funding on the Economical use of Glycerol as part of 17 M.Sc. and Ph.D. students, and four post-doctoral renewable energy focus area. associates. Prof Steyl also ran a separate research thrust related to the Institute for Ground Water Prof. Walter Purcell attended the workshop: Thorium Studies at the UFS, as indicated further on. and Rare Earth Conference hosted by the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Cape The medical research focus in the research group of Town, 21 – 22 February 2012, as well as Symposium Prof. Roodt, in collaboration with the Universities of 2012 on Tantalum and Niobium, Tantalum-Niobium Lund, Sweden (Prof. Ola Wendt), Missouri, USA (Dr. International Study Center, Cape Town, 7 – 10 October Hendrik Engelbrecht) and Zürich, Switzerland (Prof. 2012. Prof. Purcell and Mr. T. Chiweshe attended the Roger Alberto), as well as with NECSA under the 9th Annual Inkaba ye Africa Workshop in November Nuclear Technologies in Medicine and the Biosciences 2012, held in Potsdam, Germany. programme (NTeMBi) and PETLabs Pharmaceuticals Dr. Shago attended the ASSAf 3rd Annual South (Dr. Gerdus Kemp) showed good progress. The project

Annual Report 2012 African Young Scientists’ Conference, Our Energy “Development of Novel Nuclear Pharmaceuticals” Future, Pretoria, 16 – 18 October 2012, and undertook from Profs. Roodt and Visser with Prof. Roger Alberto two research visits during October to Green-Diesel (Zurich) sourced another R1 million from PETLabs and Biodiesel centre companies, both in Cape Town. Pharmaceuticals and the NRF. During these visits crude glycerol from Biodiesel The homogeneous catalysis research in the Inor- production was collected for purification in the ganic group is driven in close collaboration with Sasol Economical use of Glycerol Research Thrust. and the Department of Science and Technology at The Inorganic Chemistry group focuses on Coordi- the University of Cape Town’s Centre for Excellence nation Chemistry and the integrated investigation in Catalysis. The focus is on the conversion of sim- Natural and Argricultural Sciences of Reaction Mechanisms through the use of crystal- ple feedstock molecules into value-added products 60 lography, spectroscopy, computational chemistry and includes studies such as carbonylation, hydro- Sweden (February),andwas part oftheUFSCluster Netherlands. Prof.Roodtpresented lecturesinLund, 2012, andvisitedseveral researchgroupsinthe Chemistry (ICOMC),Lisbon,Portugal, 2–7September 25 at ICCC40,whileDr.Venter gave alectureatthe fellow intheInorganicGroup)presentedlectures and VisserDr.StefanWarsink (postdoctoral Valencia, Spain,duringSeptember2011.Profs.Roodt Conference onCoordinationChemistry(ICCC40)in and eightstudentsattendedthe40 Profs. DeonVisser,AndréRoodtandDr.JohanVenter lecting vitalinformationtomanageclimatechange. sist SouthAfricainstartingastandardsetupcol- chemical, isotopicanddatagatheringaspectstoas- water andgroundwaterinteractionasitrelatesto Eskom andWRCtoinvestigate theeffectofsurface ditional researchcontractwasawardedtohimby Geosciences ofSouthAfricaonthisproject.Anad- Institute forGroundwaterStudiesandtheCouncilof pertains toSouthAfrica.Hecollaboratedwiththe the currentstateofknowledge onthissubjectasit Knowledge onHydraulic Fracturing”whichaddressed Research Commission’s(WRC)“State-of-the-Art Prof. GideonSteylwasprojectleaderfortheWater Ph.D. students. R600 000forbursariesandprojectexpensesfour and Technology’s (DST)continuedandsourcedsome South AfricanGovernment’s DepartmentofScience Initiative (AMI) for selectedmetalbeneficiationofthe of SouthAfrica(NECSA)undertheAdvanced Metal related projectwiththeNuclearEnergyCorporation plied ProcessChemistry”theme.Anindustrially- and significantfundingwassourcedunderthe“Ap- Collaboration withSasolformspartofthisthrust, formylation, olefinmetathesisandoligomerisation. (previously Süd-Chemie)isMr.JohannesvanTonder (left). 2012 ConferencefromMr.Soovi HurgobinfromClariant Receiving theprizeforbestposteratCATSA th InternationalConferenceon Organometallic th International lecture atthe16 Miss KinavanderMerwe (Ph.D.student) gave a MARC IX,inKailua-Kona, Hawaii,March2012;while ods andApplicationsofRadioanalyticalChemistry, Oviedo, Spain). president Prof.SantiagoGarcia-Granda(University of (2012-2015) areProf.AndréRoodt(left),withoutgoing president oftheEuropeanCrystallographicAssociation At theinaugurationceremonyinBergen,Norway,asnew Denton, USA. Prof. Tom CundariattheUniversity ofNorth Texas, 2012, following ashortresearchvisittothegroup of gineering Conference,Washington DC,USA, June lecture atthe9 Dr. MarietjieSchutte-Smithpresentedaninvited Hawaii, Botswana,andSouthAfrica. Norway, Turkey, Russia,Hungary,Sweden, Japan, and conferencepostersatvenues inSpain,Portugal, the presentationofmorethan30invitedlectures international chemistryliterature(ISIjournals),and more than30researcharticlespublishedinthe Highlights fromtheInorganicDivisioninclude with Prof.OlaWendt. Sweden, twice underaSwedish Linkscollaboration Nagarajan Logathan,visitedtheUniversity ofLund, postdoctoral fellow intheInorganicGroup,Dr. Langebaan, Western Cape(November), and another Inorganic Group)presentedalectureatCATSA2012 in Dr. StefanWarsink (postdoctoralfellow inthe the ECA. General InterestGroupforYoung Crystallographersof Group) wastheSouthAfricanrepresentative ofthe Mr. RenierKoen (Ph.D.studentintheInorganic Crystallographic Association(ECA). Chemical Crystallography(SIG13)oftheEuropean representative oftheSpecialInterestGroupon Prof. DeonVisserwaselectedastheSouthAfrican Okinawa, Japan(October). visit totheOkinawaInstituteofTechnology (OIST), th th InternationalConferenceonMeth- AnnualGreenChemistryand En- 61

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

At the 27th European Crystallographic Meeting in Bergen, Norway. From left: Prof. André Roodt (President of the ECA), Prof. Deon Visser (Chair of special session at ECM27 on Coordination Chemistry), Mr. Tinus Viljoen, Dr. Alice Brink and Mr. Theuns Muller (poster presenters). Front from left: Dr. Nicoline Cloete (invited lecture at ECM27 and UFS Chemistry Alumni; currently as Sasol) and Mr. Renier Koen (poster presenter).

Prof. Deon Visser was the co-convening chair at lecturer and Ms. Anke Wilhelm-Mouton as lecturer. a session on Coordination Chemistry of the 27th Mr. Rudi Swart was appointed as technical officer European Crystallographic Meeting (ECM27) of the during 2012. Nineteen M.Sc. and Ph.D. students were European Crystallographic Association (ECA) in studying towards higher degrees during 2012, while Bergen, Norway. three postdoctoral fellows were actively working in the division. Dr. Alice Brink was the recipient of a prestigious postdoctoral scholarship from the MNS cluster and Prof. Marston contributed widely to the activities of visited Zürich for a three-month research trip to the division and continued his collaboration with col- the group of Prof. Roger Alberto; gaining valuable leagues from the European Union Seventh Frame- experience in radiopharmaceutical preparation and work Programme for Building Sustainable Research advanced X-ray crystallography. Capacity on Plants for Better Public Health in Africa, Prof. André Roodt presented invited lectures to the the Norwegian Research Council bioprospecting, and Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest in Feb- the South African Rooibos Council. He also acted as ruary 2012, at the 2nd Frontiers in Organometal- reviewer for research proposals for the NRF’s Revised lic Chemistry Conference in St. Petersburg, Russian ThuThuka Programme, the South Africa/Japan Soci- Federation, September 2012, as well as at the inter- ety for the Promotion of Science Research Partnership national Indaba7 in Skukuza, Kruger National Park, Programme, and the European Research Council, and 2 – 5 September 2013. Prof. Roodt also gave a key- became a member of the editorial boards of several note lecture at TUCr3, the 3rd Turkish Crystallograph- international scientific journals, namely Scientia Phar- ic Meeting, Izmir, Turkey, 7 – 9 June 2012, and was maceutica, Planta Medica, Journal of Biochemistry elected president of the European Crystallographic and Biotechnology, and Isan Journal of Pharmaceuti-

Annual Report 2012 Association (the first person outside Europe; 40 cal Science (Thailand). Prof. Marston also gave presen- countries across the European and African region) for tations at workshops organised within the framework the period 2012 – 2015. He was also elected as Chair of the EU Muthi Project in Bamako (Mali) and in Kam- of the Indaba series of conferences for 2012 – 2015, pala (Uganda). and served on the international editorial board of the Prof. Jan van der Westhuizen and Dr. Susan Bonnet Journal of Coordination Chemistry. continued their collaboration with Parexel, as well as The Organic and Process Chemistry division is headed their efforts towards finding industrial applications by Profs. Ben Bezuidenhoudt (ISI H-index=16), for the workhorse research area of the division, i.e. Andrew Marston (NRF B-rated; ISI H-index=27), and flavonoid research, which led to the filing of another Natural and Argricultural Sciences Jan van der Westhuizen (NRF L-rated; ISI H-index=4), patent on the synthesis of flavonoids. Prof. Van der 62 with Dr. Susan Bonnet (ISI H-index=5), as senior Westhuizen also collaborated on projects funded by The ProcessChemistry advance herPh.D.studies. Prof. Steve Ley atCambridgeUniversity inorderto spending sixmonthsintheresearchlaboratoriesof Ms. A.Wilhem-Moutonhadtheopportunityof on thesynthesiseabioactive naturalproducts. Council andtheBioprospectingProgrammeofCSIR the MedicalResearchCouncil,Agricultural fellows), andProf.JannieSwarts. In thePhysicalChemistrysection,evaluatinganewcompoundarefromleft:Drs.Uwe SiegertandJanLewtak(post-doctoral Organic Synthesis Symposium(Leuven). Congress (Prague),26 and MolecularSciences(EuCheMS) Chemistry Pharmacochimie (Orléans,France), and13 (St. Petersburg), 4 Symposium onFrontiersofOrganometallic Chemistry on CatalysisinOrganicSynthesis(Moscow), the CATSA 2012Conference, InternationalConference this regardthedivisionparticipatedinconferenceslike in several internationalandnationalconferences.In the participationandattendanceofstaffstudents The division’sresearchimagewasfurtherexpandedby to chemicalproductionfacilities. gies inPretoriaduringthegroup’sannualexcursion cal productionplantofChemicalProcessTechnolo- Shimadzu InstrumentsinRandburg,andthechemi- The groupalsovisitedSasolTechnology inSasolburg, present theresultsfromtheirresearchtopeers. from bothuniversities were given theopportunity to “Chemistry Intervarsity”,M.Sc.andPh.D.students for atwo-day interactionduringOctober.Ina Manie Vosloo atNWUandreceived thePotch group en tieswiththecatalysisresearchgroupofProf. th European Association for Chemical EuropeanAssociationforChemical th

group continuedtostrength- Journées Franco-Belges de JournéesFranco-Belgesde th Belgian Belgian division were selectedfororal presentationsatthe University ofKwaZulu-Natal. Two studentsfromthe of ChemistryatthePietermaritzburg campusofthe UFS ChemistryDepartmentand currentlychairperson Prof. FanievanHeerden,aformer doctorateofthe contribution toOrganicChemistry) wasawardedto Warren Lectureandmedal(forasubstantiallocal also attendedtheconference.Theprestigious Berhanu Abegaz(AfricanAcademy ofScience), Kurt Hostettmann(University ofGeneva),andProf. Prof. LeonGhosez(University ofLouvain),Prof. Prof. DaneelFerreira(University ofMississippi), Other leadersinthefieldofOrganicChemistry,i.e. to theConferenceasmainplenaryspeaker. world, Prof.Steve LeyfromCambridgeUniversity, to bringoneoftheleadingorganicchemistsin the conference.Theorganisingcommitteemanaged of theUFS.Approximately 120delegatesattended Conference, whichtookplaceontheMaincampus Organic Chemistryconference,theFrankWarren the organisingofSAChemicalInstitute’sbiannual The highlightofthedivision’sactivities,however, was Potchefstroom. vir Wetenskap enKunsStudentSymposium”in up forbestlectureattheannual“SAAkademie Conference, whileMs.Tanya Pietersewastherunner- student lecturecompetitionattheFrankWarren was alsonominatedastherunner-upinbest prize forthebeststudentlectureatCATSA 2012and regard, Mr.JohannesvanTonder wasawardedthe excellent performancesattheconferences.Inthis Students fromtheProcessChemistrygroupgave 63

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

At the sophisticated Maldi-Tof instrument are from left: Prof. Ben Bezuidenhoudt (Head Organic Chemistry) with Materials and Nanosciences Strategic Academic Cluster Prestige Ph.D. students Tanya Pieterse and Maretha Serdyn.

conference, and 11 others participated by presenting at the gala event during ECM27, as well as the Jan Bo- posters at the event. eyens prize committee at Indaba7, Skukuza, Kruger National Park. The outputs from the division were further complemented by the publishing of research results in 15 pa- Staff Matters pers and the graduation of two M.Sc. and two Ph.D. students. Prof. Jeanet Conradie was promoted to a full professor and Dr. Karel von Eschwege to senior lecturer. Additional Research-related Outputs Drs. Alice Brink (X-ray crystallography) and Mari- Different researchers of the Department of Chemistry etjie Schutte-Smith (Radiopharmaceuticals) were participated in the Material and Nanosciences Clus- appointed as lecturers in Inorganic Chemistry. Mrs. ter (MNS). Profs. Riaan Luyt, Jannie Swarts and André Callie Laubscher joined the Department as financial Roodt are three of the four focus-area leaders, with officer, while Dr. Marianne Conradie-Bekker and Ms. Prof. Roodt as the cluster director. Ten students sup- Truidie Venter (part-time chief officers: professional ported under the MNS Cluster during 2012 published services) and Mr. Rudi Swart (officer: professional more than15 research papers. Dr. Alice Brink (prestig- services) were appointed. Dr. Johan Venter was ious postdoctoral), Dr. Ellen Kuo and Dr. Carla Pretorius appointed as Programme Director: Main campus, (prestigious Ph.D. scholarships) received special sup- while Dr. Charlene Marais succeeded Dr. Versteeg as port under the MNS Cluster initiative. lecturer for the extended programme at the South campus, and Ms. Rina Meintjes as Programme direc- A significant number of colleagues acted as external tor: South campus. reviewers for different international chemistry journals and for the NRF, served on the faculty and UFS Prof. Gideon Steyl (August 2012) and Dr. Marietjie committees, while others made their contributions Versteeg (April 2012) resigned from their positions as external examiners for a number of universities in Chemistry and emigrated to Australia and New Annual Report 2012 at undergraduate and postgraduate level, and repre- Zealand respectively. sented the UFS on international research councils. Networking Prof. Roodt, as a member of the Executive Committee and vice-president of the European Crystallographic More than 20 prominent international scientists visited Association (ECA), attended the Executive Meetings the Department during 2012. They presented lectures in Budapest, Hungary (February), and Bergen, Nor- and held research discussions with researchers and way (August), also as a member of the International postgraduate students in the departmental research Scientific Committee of the 28th European Crystal- seminar programme, which were coordinated by Prof. lographic Meeting in Warwick, UK. He also chaired Jeanet Conradie and continued very successfully with Natural and Argricultural Sciences the committees of the prestigious Max Perutz and approximately thirty research presentations given 64 Bertaut Prizes of the ECA, the presentation sessions during 2012. Chemistry, University ofZurich,Switzerland. and theAlbertoGroupat InstituteofInorganic ceuticals, NECSAandtheInorganic SectionattheUFS, groups inSouthAfricaatNMMU, PetLabs Pharma- was initiatedfromresearchcollaborations between netium andRhenium)RheManTecII inSwitzerland.It the Manganesetriadofelements(Manganese,Tech- tive inbiomedicinetoco-hostthe2 – 2013)undertheSwiss-SouthAfricabilateralinitia- The RoodtGroupextendedthefundingperiod(2012 had fruitfuldiscussionswithstudents. Sasol), spenttimewithProfs.RoodtandVisser Fanie Otto(affiliatedprofessoratUFSChemistryfrom from NECSA,visitedtheInorganicGroup,whileProf. project ondevelopment ofradiopharmaceuticals) Drs. NeilJarvisandJanRijnZeevaart(DST/NRFNTeMBi (Advanced Metals Initiative fromtheDST/NRF),and Similarly, Dr.JohannNelandMs.WilnaduPlessis short periodsonresearchintheInorganicGroup. Daniel Can,University ofZurich;Switzerland,spent and Prof.RogerAlberto,Dr.HenrikBrabantMr. Bombicz, HungarianAcademy ofSciences,Budapest, Prof. OlaWendt fromLund,Sweden, Dr.Petra one monthtodoresearchonpolyphosphonates. Polymer Division,alsovisitedtheSwartsgroupfor Director oftheBulgarianAcademy ofSciences, spectrometer withthisequipment.Prof.Kolio Troev, absorption instrumentsandtointerfaceamass for amonthtowork onthegasDSCandASAP UC Davis,USA,visitedProf.SwartsandDr.Langner University, Eindhoven, andDr.SergeyUshakov from the SchuitInstituteofCatalysisatTechnical catalysis. Prof.HansNiemantsverdriet fromof research issueswithrespecttoheterogeneous Philip Gibson,bothfromSasol,onvariousindustrial research groupledtovisitsby Dr.ThysBothaand The industrialresearchcollaborationoftheSwarts Prof. B.GatesoftheUniversity ofCaliforniaatDavis. The Netherlands.Dr.Erasmusisincollaborationwith of CatalysisattheTechnical University, Eindhoven, Prof. HansNiemantsverdriet oftheSchuitInstitute on metalcarboxylates andelectrochemistry) (Chemnitz Technical University, Chemnitz,Germany, Vermont, USA,onelectrochemistry),Prof.HenryLang carboxylates); Prof.Bill Geiger (University ofVermont, Xavier University, Antigonish,Canada,onmetal phthalocyanines); Prof.ManuelAquino (SaintFrancis (University ofEastAnglia,Norwich,England,on USA, oncomputationalchemistry);Prof.Mike Cook Chemistry, University ofGeorgia,Athens, Norway); Prof.Todd C.Harrop(Departmentof and ComputationalChemistry,University ofTromsø, (Department ofChemistryandCentreforTheoretical with Prof.AbhikGhoshandDr.Katherine Hopman Physical Chemistryhave internationalcollaboration The SwartsandConradieresearchgroupsin nd Symposiumon High Schoolwith aprojectfortheNationalExpo, and Young Scientistsandassisted alearnerfromEunice group during2012,aswell asajudgeattheExpo for Expo. Dr.Langnerwassecretary fortheUFSHPC won goldattheprovincial andbronzeatthenational three learnerswiththeirExpo projects;onewho Physical Chemistryrevision.Dr.Erasmusassisted and answer quizzesforcomputer-guidedfirst-year UFS forPhysicalChemistrywhichprovided question to organiseandhandletheILEARNprogrammeat scholars withtheirExpoprojectsandalsocontinued make itabigsuccess.Prof.Conradiehelpedfour from PhysicalChemistryassistedinthiseffortto service flagships.Allstaffmembersandstudents at Minquiz,oneoftheFaculty’sfive community Mrs. InaduPlessisorganisedthechemistrysession Leadership programmeinJanuary2012. Venter contributedtotheUniversitas PrimarySchool Escom ScienceExpoprojects.Prof.PurcellandDr. Rebotsamang Shagoassisteddifferentlearnerswith Open andExpodays.Drs.Karel von Eschwege and at bothcampusescontributedtotheUniversity’s individuals andschoolgrouplearners.Colleagues guidance andlaboratorydemonstrationsessionsto Most lecturerswere involved incontinuous career for theFacultyofAgriculturalandNaturalSciences. negotiator fornewapparatuspurchasesresearch Prof. DeonVisserwasagaincoordinatorandprinciple UFS Clusterinitiative. of aUFSdelegationtoexpandcollaborationunderthe visited fouruniversities aroundTokyo, Japan,aspart forty applications)from12countries.Prof.Roodtalso international students(selectedfrommorethan 28 supervisorsfrom17countriesandhosted19 that thisschoolwasheldoutsideAustria.Itincluded (IIASA) inAustria.Thisoccasionwasthefirsttime International InstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysis by theUFSunderauspicesofNRFand 2012 –28February2013.TheSA-YSSPwashosted (SA-YSSP) forthethree-monthperiodof1December African Young ScientistSummerSchoolProgramme Prof. RoodtactedasDeanfortheprestigiousSouth approximately 2000students. took responsibilityfortheChemistryMagicShow for is green?”andDrs.LangnerBlennerBuitendach chemist’s perspective underthetheme“How green UFS101, whereProf.Roodtpresentedlecturesfroma teaching initiative acrossallsubjectdisciplines, was alsopresentedaspartoftheUFSfirst-year and teachers’interestinthesubject.Thisshow to inspireprimaryandsecondaryschoollearners’ tangible waytocreateawarenessforChemistryand aspects ofsimplebutexciting experimentsina and othervenues. Thisinitiative illustratesdifferent seven occasionsatdifferentBloemfonteinschools Visser presentedtheChemistryMagicShow on Dr. JohanVenter, Dr.ErnieLangnerandProf.Deon Community Service 65

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences At the new polymer tensile tester are Mr. Thabang Mokhothu (left) and Prof. Riaan Luyt Natural Sciences (head of Polymer Science at QwaQwa campus).

organised an equipment demonstration by Wirsam to Additional collaboration also exists with the Institute demonstrate the Nanosurf Atomic Force Microscope of Polymer Research (IPF) in Dresden, Germany (Dr. (AFM) to the Faculty. Jürgen Pionteck), on a project entitled “Electrically and thermally conductive polymer nano-composites: QwaQwa Campus Improved dispersion of nano-structured graphite in polyolefins by chemical modification”. This is also an Overview official, NRF-funded collaboration. Prof. Luyt spent The Department of Chemistry at the QwaQwa campus ten days in Dresden during June 2012, and his Ph.D. has performed well again in terms of research and student, Mr. Shale Sefadi, visited there for one month other activities during 2012. Several projects were during June/July 2012. Dr. Pionteck and his student, completed and a number of research collaborations, Mr. Marco Liebscher, visited QwaQwa for 20 days both nationally and internationally, were continued during November 2012. There is also collaboration during the year. with Prof. Albert van Reenen from the University of Stellenbosch on a project entitled “The influence of Departmental Activities and Achievements -nucleation on the morphology and properties of a The Polymer Science research area is headed by Prof. high-impact PP copolymer”. Riaan Luyt (ISI H-index=18) at the QwaQwa campus. The highlight of the year was when Prof. Luyt was He is C1-rated by the NRF, and his group focuses invited as guest of honour to the 60th birthday on physical properties of polymer/wax mixtures, celebrations of the Shenyang University of Chemical polymer/natural fibre composites and polymer Technology in China, and presented a plenary lecture nano-composites. Two M.Sc. and two Ph.D. students at the accompanying conference. graduated during 2012, while QwaQwa colleagues Mrs. Amra-Jordaan completed the research for her authored/co-authored 23 papers and made seven Ph.D. thesis and is starting the organic research conference presentations. group at the QwaQwa campus. She has secured The collaborations of the group at QwaQwa are with the funding for equipment and chemicals from the UFS Annual Report 2012 Vinća Institute of Nuclear Physics, Belgrade, Serbia (Dr. (with the bench-top NMR having been purchased and Vladimir Djoković), and with the University of Modena a mass spectrometer being donated by Prof. van der and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (Prof. Massimo Westhuizen). The research project “Low Temperature Messori), on a project entitled “In situ generation of Preparative Photochemistry of Anti-AIDS drugs” fillers within polymer matrices: an innovative way to already has one Masters’ student registered for 2013. reinforced plastics”. This is an official, NRF-funded collaboration. A student of Prof. Messori, Ms. Katia Additional Research-related Outputs Paderni, spent 30 days in the QwaQwa laboratories Prof. Luyt is one of the focus area leaders within the during November/December 2012, while Mr. Thabang UFS Research Cluster on Materials and Nanosciences Natural and Argricultural Sciences Mokhothu and Mr. Tsietsi Tsotetsi spent 30 days and and received funding for three students under this 66 ten days respectively in Modena during June 2012. initiative. effects in copper corroles:Unexpectedsubstituent A. Alemayehu, A.,Conradie,M.M.&Ghosh, 1032. composites. of poly(lacticacid)/sisalwhisker nano- thermal, anddynamicmechanicalproperties Ahmad, E.E.M.&Luyt,A.S. Composites: PartA fibre reinforcedpolyethylene composites. on morphologyandthermalpropertiesofsisal organic peroxide andpolymerchainstructure Ahmad, E.E.M.&Luyt,A.S. of AppliedPolymer Science reinforced polyethylene composites. mechanical propertiesofsisalfiber structure onmechanicalanddynamic of organicperoxide andpolymerchain Ahmad, E.E.M.&Luyt,A.S. Research Articles laborative research. discussions withstudentsandalsodiscussedcol- campus. Theypresentedlecturesandheldresearch scientists visitedtheDepartmentatQwaQwa A numberofprominentnationalandinternational Networking professional services(December2012). QwaQwa campusterminatedtheirservicesasofficers: Twafo MotaungandMfisoMgumezulufromthe to take careofherlecturingresponsibilities.Messrs. Prof. RiaanLuytwere recruitedonpart-timebasis Mokhothu, JeramiaSefadi,MphisoMngomezuluand 2012 toadvanceherPh.D.studiesandMessrs.Thabu Tsotetsi. Ms.MoiponeMalimbahadsabbaticalleave for 2012 andherlectureswere presentedby Mr.Tsietsi Ms. MaryamAmra-Jordaanhadleave forapartof Staff Matters 16: Journal ofPorphyrins andPhthalocyanines

2012.Electronicabsorptionspectra of 695-704. Department ofChemistry Research Outputs Polymer Composites trans 43: 703-710. 43:703-710. -meso-A 2012. Morphology, 2012.Morphology, 2012. Effects of 2012.Effectsof 125: 2216-2222. 2012.Effects 2 Btriarylcorrole. 33: 1025- Journal (H Structural andkineticstudyof[Co(nta)(py) Synthetic methodforcobaltcomplexes: Barnard, N.I.&Visser,H.G. E68: copper(I). of polymer/SrAl structural andafterglow luminanceproperties H.C. Bem, D.B.,Luyt,A.S.,Dejene,B.F. &Swart, nanoparticles. 15: Bem, D.B.,Dejene,F.B., Luyt,A.S.&Swart,H.C. synthesized blue-greenBaAL 2012. Luminescencestudiesofacombustion- Natta Catalysts. Phthalate InteractionsinThinFilmZiegler– Ditu ATR-FTIR StudiesonMgCk Niemantsverdriet, J.W. &Thüne,P.C. Cheruvathur, A.V., Langner,E.H.G., Section E 2-olato- Bis[4-(4-bromophenylimino- Bungu, P.S.E., Schutte, M.&Steyl,G. E68: 01071. phenol. 4-Fluro-2-[(3-methylphenyl)iminomethyl] Brink, A.,Visser,H.G.&Roodt,A. Physica B bromocyclohepta-2,4,6-trienonato- p Barnard, N.I.&Hill,T. organometallic comples: [(PPh of tripheylphosphineinsquareplanar Conradie, J. African JournalofChemistry using CobaltasInternalStandard. of InotganicandOrganometallicCompounds 2012. QuantificationofRhodiuminaSeries Chiweshe, T.T., Purcell,W. &Venter, J.A. -tolylphosphane- 2

O)]. 40-423. 2012.Temperature-dependence ofthe

m1354-m1355. Inorganic Chemistry Communications Inorganic ChemistryCommunications  E68:m1373. 407:1556-1560. O]copper(II). Acta CrystallographicaSectionE Acta CrystallographicaSectionE 2012.Conformationalanalysis Physica B Langmuir x O y :Eu  2012.Bis(diphenyl- P(2-hydroxy-3,5,7- Acta Crystallographica Acta Crystallographica 2+ 407:1561-1565. ,Dy July 2012. Analytical Facility(CAF)atStellenboschUniversity in a courseinMassSpectrometry(MS)attheCentral February –3March2012,andshealsocompleted AVANCE NMRcourseinGermany,Rheinstetten,20 Mrs. Amra-Jordaanattendedabasicandadvanced the UFS. Masters’ degreestudentwhowasregisteredwith while ProfsvanReenenandLuytco-superviseda Stellenbosch lecturingtotheirHonours’students, Prof. Luytalsospenttwo daysattheUniversity of QwaQwa campustolectureHonours’students. institute (Profs.MallonandVan Reenen)visitedthe student training.Two staffmembersfromthis of StellenboschintermsHonours’andMasters’ campus andthePolymer Institute attheUniversity There wascollaborationbetween theQwaQwa 28: 2643-2651. 3+ 2012.Novel 66: 7-16.  composites. composites. N)pent-2-en- x 2 O 3 -Dissobutyl -Dissobutyl )(ML y :Eu 2012. In 2012.In  2+ 2012. 2012. 2012. 1 2 South L O,O’) ,Dy 2 L 3 3+ )]

electrochemical oxidation potentialsof Conradie, J. 41: E monosolvate. iridium(I) hexafluoridophosphatemethanol Tricarbonylbis(triphenylphosphane- and [M(acac)(L’)(PPh Engelbrecht, I.,Visser,H.G.&Roodt,A. Section E methanesulfonate). with bulky and nickel(II) tetrapeptidecomplexes 2012. Proton-transferreactionsofcoppe(II)- Dennis, C.R.,Swarts,J.C.&Margerum,D.W. South AfricanJournalScience examinations andfirst-year performance. in first-year mathematics:School-leaving Dennis, C.R.&Murray,D.M. Carbohydrate Polymers sheets impreganatedwithAgnanoparticles. and antimicrobialactivityofcellolosefiber Djokovic, V. Brankovic, S.,Luyt,A.S.,Grozdits,G.& Csoka, L.,Bozanic,D.K.,Nagy,V., Dimitrijevic- Chemistry Surfaces: ADFTView. Spillover between RhodiumandTitania J.W. Conradie, J.,Gracia,J.&Niemantsverdriet, Journal ofOrganometallicChemistry diketonato)(cod)] complexes:ADFTapproach. Conradie, J. Acta complexes: ADFTstudy. iketonatobis(triphenylphosphite)rhodium(I) pentanamine- Bis[N,N-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)cyclo- Engelbrecht, I.,Visser,H.G.&Roodt,A. Mechanisms andCatalysis E68: m1187-m1188.

10633-10642. 392: 30-37. 2012. Energetic Driving Force of H 2012.EnergeticDrivingForceofH E68: m916-m917. 116: 25362-25367. 2012. Prediction of chemical and 2012.Predictionofchemicaland 2012. Viscoelastic properties 2012.Viscoelasticproperties  2012.Reactivityof[Rh(  Acta CrystallographicaSection -carbon. 2 P,P’]platinum(II)bis(trifluoro 3 )]. Acta Crystallographica The Journal of Physical The JournalofPhysical 90:1139-1146. Dalton Transactions Inorganica Chimica Inorganica Chimica 107: 27-38. Reaction Kinetics Reaction Kinetics 2012.Success 108: 7-8. 719: 8-13. 2012. 2012. 2012.   P)-  -d -

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Enow, C.A., Marais, C. & Bezuidenhoudt, B.C.B. plastic composites. Key Engineering Materials natural fibre-reinforced composites 2012. Catalytic epoxidation of stilbenes with 501: 27-31. with PP and PLA as matrices. Journal of non-peripherally alkyl substituted carbonyl He, W., Fang Q., Lin, W., Luyt, A.S. & Thermoplastic composite material 25(8): ruthenium phthalocyanine complexes. Ge, T. 2012. Study on Anti-fog Films of 927-948. Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines Polyethylene Modified with Inorganic Molokoane, P.P., Schutte, M. & Steyl, G. 16: 403-412. Micrometer Diatomite. Applied Mechanics 2012. 2-Ethyl-3-hydroxy-1-isopropyl-4- Erasmus, E., Niemantsverdriet, J.W. & Swarts, and Materials 200: 347-350. pyridone. Acta Crystallographica Section E J.C. 2012. Preparation and Characterization Herbst, L., Visser, H.G., Roodt, A. & E68: o3235. IV III of Supported Bimetallic Pd – Co Model Pretorius, C. 2012. (Acetylacetonato- Monnahela, O.S., Vilakazi, B.M., Wagener, Catalyst from Organometallic Single Source 2O,O’)dichloride-bis(methanolato-O) J.B., Roodt, A., Carstens, P.A.B. & Retief, Precursor for Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols. niobium(V). Acta Crystallographica Section W.L. 2012. A thermogravimetric study ib Langmuir 28: 16477-16484. E. E68: m1392-m1392. tge fkyirubatuib if zirconium and hafnium Erasmus, E., Thüne, P.C., Verhoeven, Hill, T.N. & Roodt, A. 2012. (Nitrato-O) oxides with fluorine gas. Journal of Fluorine Natural Sciences M.W.G.M., Niemantsverdriet, J.W. & Swarts, tris[tris(4-fluorophenyl)-phosphane-P] Chemistry 135: 246-249. J.C. 2012. A new approach to silver-catalysed copper(I). Acta Crystallographica Section E. Motaung, T.E., Luyt, A.S., Bondioli, F., aerobic oxidation of octadecanol: Probin E68: m1396-m1397. Messori, M., Saladina, M.L., Spinella, A., catalysts utilizing a flat, two-dimensional Hill, T.N., Kuo-C.-M. & Bezuidenhoudt, Nasillo, G. & Caponetti, E. 2012. PMMA- silicon-based model support system. B.C.B. 2012. 1-(3-Benzyl-4,6-dibenzyloxy- titania nanocomposites: Properties and Cataysis Communications 27: 193-199. 2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone. Acta thermal degradation behaviour. Polymer Erasmus, J.J.C. & Conradie, J. 2012. Crystallographica Section E E68: o2863. Degradation and Stability 97: 1325-1333. Oxidative addition of methyl iodide to Hill, T.N., Moeketsi, S., Mangwaela, S. & Steyl, Motaung, T.E., Luyt, A.S., Saladino, M.L., [Rh(PhCOCHCOPh)(CO)(P(OCH ) CCH )]: an 2 3 3 G. 2012. 5-(Phenyldiazenyl)tropolone. Acta Martino, D.C. & Caponetti, E. 2012. experimental and computational study. Crystallographica Section E E68: o941. Morphology, mechanical properties and Central European Journal of Chemistry 10(1): thermal degradation kinetics of PMMA- 256-266. Kamto, E.L.D., Atchadé, A.deT., Marston, A., Pegnyemb, D.E. & Van der Westhuizen, zirconia nanocomposites prepared by melt Erasmus, J.J.C., Conradie, M.M. & Conradie, J.H. 2012. Chemical constituents from bark compounding. eXpress Polymer Letters J. 2012. Kinetics and mechanism of the of Millettia mannii Baker (Papilionoideae- 6(11): 871-881. oxidative addition of methyl iodide to Leguminosae). Biochemical Systematics Motaung, T.E., Saladino, M.L., Luyt, A.S. [Rh(CH COCHCOCF )(CO)(P(OCH ) CCH )]: 3 3 2 3 3 and Ecology 45: 98-101. & Martino, D.F.C. 2012. The effect of An experimental and computational study. silica nanoparticles on the morphology, Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis Kemp, K.C., Nell, M.J., Van Rensburg, mechanical properties and thermal B105: 233-247. C.E.J. & Swarts, J.C. 2012. Cytotoxicity of Ruthenoncene-containing -Diketones. degradation kinetics of polycarbonate. Focke, W.W., Van der Westhuizen, I., Lofté Anticancer Research 32: 2915-2918. Composites Science and Technology 73: 34- Grobler, A.B., Nshoane, K.T., Reddy, J.K. & 39. Luyt, A.S. 2012. The effect of synthetic Kuhn, A., Von Eschwege, K.G. & Conradie, Muller, T.J., Conradie, J. & Erasmus, E. 2012. antioxidants on the oxidative stability of J. 2012. Reduction potentials of para- A spectroscopic, electrochemical and DFT biodiesel. Fuel 94: 227-233. substituted nitrobenzenes-an infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and density study of para-substituted ferrocene- Fourie, E., Erasmus, E., Swarts, J.C., functional theory study. Journal of Physical containg chalcone derivatives: Structure of Tuchschere, A., Jakob, A., Lang, G., Joone, G.K. t Organic Chemistry 25: 58-68. FcCOCHCH(r- BuC6H4). Polyhedron 33: 257- & Van Rensburg, C.E.J. 2012. Cytotoxicity of 266. Langner, E.H.G., Swarts, J.C., Tuchscherer, A., Hydrophylic Silver Carboxylato Complexes. Lang, H., Joone, G.K. & Van Rensburg, C.E.J. Nete, M., Purcell, W., Snyders, E., Nel, J.T. Anticancer Research 32: 519-522. 2012. Superior Cytotoxicity of Hydrophylic & Beukes, G. 2012. Characterization and Gericke, H.J., Muller, A.J. & Swarts, J.C. Gold Carboxylato Complexes over Hydrophylic alternative dissolution of tantalite mineral 2012. Electrochemical Illumination of Silver Carboxylates. Anticancer Research samples from Mozambique. The Journal of Intramolecular Communication in Ferrocene- 32(7): 2697-2701. the Southern African Institute of Mining and Containing tris--Diketonato Aluminum(III) Langner, E.H.G., Swarts, J.C., Tuchscherer, A., Metallurgy 112: 1079-1086. Complexes; Cytotoxicity of Al(FcCOCHCOCF ) . 3 3 Lang, H., Joone, G.K. & Van Rensburg, C.E.J. Nhlapo, L.P. & Luyt, A.S. 2012. Thermal Inorganic Chemistry 51: 1552-1561. 2012. Superior Cytotoxicity of Hydrophylic and Mechanical Properties of LDPE/Sisal Gohain, M., Loganathan, N., Bezuidenhoudt, Gold Carboxylato Complexes Over Fiber Composites Compatibilized with B.C.B. & Roodt, A. 2012. 4-(2-Bromophenyl)- Hydrophulic Silver Carboxylates. Anticancer Functionalized Paraffin Waxes. Journal of 2-phenylpyrano-[3,2-c]chromen-5(4H)- Research 32: 2697-2702. Applied Polymer Science 123: 3627-3634. one. Acta Crystallographica Section E. E68: Lötter, S.J., Purcell, W., Nel, J.T. & Snyders, Ochigbo, S.S., Luyt, A.S., Mofokeng, J.P., Antic, o3279-o3280. E. 2012. Alternative dissolution of zircon Z., Dramicanin, M.D. & Djokovic, V. 2012. Gohain, M., Marais, C. & Bezuidenhoudt, samples and simultaneous analysis of major Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Properties B.C.B. 2012. Al(OTf)3: An efficient recyclable and trace components. The Journal of the of the Composites of Thermoplastic Starch catalyst for direct nucleophilic substitution Southern African Institute of Mining and and Lanthanum Hydroxide Nanoparticles. of the hydroxyl group of propargylic alcohols Metallurgy 112: 1-8. Journal of Applied Polymer 10.1002/APP with carbon- and heteroatom-centered Mhike, W., Focke, W.W., Mofokeng, J.P. & Luyt, 37859: 699-709. nucleophiles to construct C-C, C-O, C-N and A.S. 2012. Thermally conductive phase- Patra, A.K., Dube, K.S., Sanders, B.C., C-S bonds. Tetrahedron Letters 53: 1048- change materials for energy storage based Papaefthymiou, G.C., Conradie, J., Ghosh, 1050. on low-density polyethylene, soft Fischer- A. & Harrop, T.C. 2012. A thermally stable Gohain, M., Marais, C. & Bezuidenhoudt, B.C.B. Tropsch wax and graphite. Thermochimica {FeNO}8 complex: Properties and biological Annual Report 2012 2012. An Al(OTf)3-catalyzed environmentally Acta 527: 75-82. reactivity of reduced MNO systems. benign process for the propargylation of Miller, B.J., Pieterse, T., Marais, C. & Chemical Science 3: 364-369. indoles. Tetrahedron Letters 53: 4704-4707. Bezuidenhoudt, B.C.B. 2012. Ring-closing Pitale, S.S., Gohain, M., Nagpure, I.M., Gohain, M., Muller, T.J. & Bezuidenhoudt, metathesis as a new methodology for the Ntwaeaborwa, O.M., Bezuidenhoudt, B.C.B. B.C.B. 2012. 5-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene)- synthesis of monomeric flavonoids and & Swart, H.C. 2012. A comparative study on 1,3-dimethyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione. neoflavonoids. Tetrahedron Letters 53: structural, morphological and luminescence Acta Crystallographica Section E, E68: o179. 4708-4710. characteristics of Zn3(VO4)2 phosphor Gusowski, M.A., Swart, H.C., Karlsson, Mochane, M.J. & Luyt, A.S. 2012. prepared via hydrothermal and citrate-gel L. & Trzebiatowska-Gusowski, M. 2012. Preparation and properties of polystyrene combustion routes. Physica B 407: 1485- NaYF4:Pr3+ nanocrystals displaying photon encapsulated paraffin wax as possible phase 1488. cascade emission. Nanoscale 4: 541-546. change material in a polypropylene matrix. Pretorius, C. & Roodt, A. 2012.

Natural and Argricultural Sciences He, W., Bao, G.H., Ge, T.J., Luyt, A.S. & Jian, G. Thermochimica Acta 544: 63-70. (Benzoylacetonato- 2O,O’)dicarbon- 2012. Artificial neural networks in prediction Mofokeng, J.P., Luyt, A.S., Tabi, T. & Kovacs, ylrhodium(I). Acta Crystallographica Section 68 of mechanical behavior of high performance J. 2012. Comparison of injection moulded, E E68: m1451-m1452. N one- Roodt, A. Schutte, M.,Brink,A.,Visser,H.G.& 459. Polymer DegradationandStability thermal degradationkineticsofPMMA. morphology, mechanicalpropertiesand The effectofsilicananoparticlesonthe Spinella, A.,Nasillo,G.&Caponetti,E. Saladino, M.L.,Motaung,T.E., Luyt,A.S., E68: m1442-m1443. disolvate. methanol)oxidovanadium(IV) methanol Trans- Pretorius, C.,Venter, J.A.&Roodt,A. and Electrochemistry. Ferrocenylthiophenes: Synthesis,Properties, Lang, H. T., Erasmus,E., Van As,L.,Swarts,J.C.& Speck, J.M.,Claus,R.,Hildebrandt,A.,Rüffer, Ecology formulations. tortuosum chemotypic variationof S., Marston,A.&Gericke, N. Shikanga, E.A.,Viljoen,A.M.,Combrinck, Composite Material composites. and propertiesofEVA/empy fruitbunch Sefadi, J.S.&Luyt,A.S. Crystallographica SectionE Braband, H. Schutte, M.,Visser,H.G.,Roodt,A.& Section E monohydrate. 2-(Ammoniomethyl)pyridinium sulfate Schutte, M.,Visser,H.G.&Roodt,A. n1359-m1360. Acta CrystallographicaSectionE ( A. Schutte, M.,Muller,T.J., Visser,H.G.&Roodt, E tetrasolvate. tetrakis[tricarbonyl-rhenium(I)] pyridine yeast. formation inthecytoplasmofafermenting Lodolo, E.J.&Kock, J.L.F. Coetsee, E.,Van Wyk,P.W.J., Swarts,J.C., Swart, C.W., Dithebe,K.,Phl,C.H.,Swart,H.C., E68: m1344-m1345. disolvate. ( Schutte, M.,Visser,H.G.&Roodt,A. 12006. Kinetice in Coordinated Aqua vsMethanolSubstitution Schutte, M.,Roodt,A.&Visser,H.G. o3472-3472. isatin. Roodt, A. Schutte, M.,Pretorius,C.,Visser,H.G.& Section E hemihydrate.  Tetrakis(5,7-dimethylquinolin-8-olato- Steyn, M.,Visser,H.G.&Roodt,A. 6373-6380. Complexes.   E68:m1208-m1209. 2  , N,O)zirconium(IV) dimethylformamide 1 2 2012.[Bis(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)amine- N -Methanolato- -2-amino-1-methyl-5H-imidazol-4-  , N  Bis(1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dionato) 2 FEMS Yeast Res Acta CrystallographicaSectionE N:N 44: 364-373. 2012.ElectronTransferStudieson E68: 0914. E68: 2012.5-(Trifluoromethoxy) alkaloidsandcommercialproduct fac Acta CrystallographicaSectionE Acta CrystallographicaSectionE ’ )-hexacarbonyldirhenium(I). 2012.Tetra-  Inorganic Chemistry 2012.N-Benzylisatin. Acta CrystallographicaSection ]tricarbonylrhenium(I)bromide

-Re(I) TricarbonylTropolonato m741-m742. Biochemical Systematicsand Journal ofThermoplastic Acta Crystallographica  Acta Crystallographica 25(7): 895-914. 1 O)- 12: 867-869. 12: 867-869. Organometallics 2012.Morphology  2012. Gas bubble 2012.Gasbubble 1 E68:o777. -methoxo-  3 2012.The -hydroxido- 51: 11996- Sceletium 97:452- 2012. E68: 2012. 2012. 2012. 2012. 2012.  E68: Acta 31: 1 O-  3

Phytochemistry mearnsii) chemical compositionofwattle( commercial proanthocyanidins.Part3:The der Westhuizen, J.H. Jordaan, M.,Jhan,P., Bonnet,S.L.&Van Venter, P.B., Senekal,N.D.,Kemp, G.,Amra- and of sulfitedquebracho( investigation intothechemicalcomposition Part 2.Anelectrospraymassspectrometry Analysis ofcommercialproanthocyanidins. Bonnet, S.L.&Van derWesthuizen, J.H. Venter, P.B., Senekal,N.D.,Amra-Jordaan,M., m666-m667. Acta CrystallographicaSectionE heartwood extract. ( Part 1.Thechemicalcompositionofquebracho Analysis ofcommercialproanthocyanidins. Bonnet, S.L.&Van derWesthuizen, J.H. Venter, P.B., Sisa,M.,Van derMerwe, M.J., 153-167. Crystallographica SectionE 2-carboxamido)pyridinium nitrate. & Muller,T.J. Van derBerg,P.C.W., Visser,H.G.,Roodt,A. Crystallographica SectionE J., Beavers, C.M.&Ghosh,A. Thomas, K.E.,Slemayehu, A.B.,Conradie, bos 2012. N,N’-(4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-phenylene) Van derBerg,P.C.W., Visser,H.G.&Roodt,A. and EngineeringAspects Colloids andSurfacesA:Physicochemical the presenceofpolyampholytecopolymer. Formation ofnano-platesilver particlesin Radhakrishnan, T. &Djokovic, V. Dimitrijevic-Brankovic, S.,Georges,M.K., Trandafilovic, L.V., Luyt,A.S.,Bibic,N., Polymers ZnO-alginate nanocomposites. Fabrication andantibacterialpropertiesof Brankovic, S.,Luyt,A.S.&Djokovic, V. Trandafilovic, L.V., Bozanic,D.K.,Dimitrievic- 45(8): 1203-1214. Insights. Quantum ChemistryStudiesAffordUnique Combined X-ray Crystallographyand Structural ChemistryofMetallocorroles: and DFTperspectives. dithizones –Synthesis,cyclic voltammetry Von Eschwege, K.G. 105. pent-3-en-2-onato- Dicarbonyl[4-(2,6-dimethylphenylamino) Venter, G.J.S.,Steyl,G.&Roodt,A. 02930-02931. one. 4-(2,3-Dimethylanilino)pent-3-en-2- Venter, G.J.S.,Steyl,G.&Roodt,A. E68: o3101-o3101. en-2-one. 2012. 4-(20Chlorophenylamino)-pent-3- Venter, G.J.S.,Brink,A.,Steyl,G.&Roodt,A. o3437-o3437. Acta CrystallographicaSectionE. 2,5-Dihexylthiophene 1,1-dioxide. N. &Bezuidenhoudt,B.C.B. Van Tonder, J.,Gohain,M.,Loganathan, Schinopsis lorentzii (pyridine-2-carboxamide. chinopsis balansae Acta CrystallographicaSectionE barkextract. 88: 263-269. Accounts ofchemicalresearch Acta CrystallographicaSectionE. 2012.2-Amino-6-(quinolinw- 78:

156-169. 2012. Oxidation resilient 2012.Oxidationresilient and Phytochemistry Polyhedron 2012.Analysisof ) heartwood extract.  Phytochemistry Schinopsis lorentzii Schinopsis lorentzii 414: 17-25. chinopsis balansae 2 N,O]rhodium(I). E68: E68: o2739. Carbohydrate 2012.The

39:99-105. o2808. 73: 2012. 2012. 2012. Acacia 2012. 2012. 2012. 2012. 2012. 2012. 2012.

E68: E68: E68: Acta Acta 83: 95- )

Warsink, S.&Roodt,A. Section E trimethyltin(IV). Reference abInitioCalculations. Corrole andCorrolazine:Multiconfiguration Low-Energy StatesofManganese-Oxo Swarts, J.C.,Conradie,J.&Ghosh,A. Zhao, H.,Pierloot,K.,Langner,E.H.G., Letters functional composites. micro relationshipinnanostrctured Caponetti, E.&Luyt,A.S. Zawnotto, A.,Spinella,Nasillo,G., m1374-m1374. Chemistry solvate. palladium(II)] dimethylformamidemono- 2012. m-(2,2’-Bipyrimidine)-bis[dichloride- Young, C.,Roodt,A.&Bezuidenhoudt,B.C.B. Chemistry Photochemistry andPhotobiologyA: 1,1,3-triarylpropan-2-ols. 2. Enantiomericallypurepolyhydroxy- J.H. Li, X-C., Ferreira,D.&Van derWesthuizen, Wilhelm-Mouton, A.,Bonnet,S.L.,Ding,Y., m1075-m1076. Acta CrystallographicaSectionE imidazole-2-ylidene]-dichloridopalladium(II). benzamidoethyl)-3-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) Warsink, S.&Roodt,A. m1053-m1054. Acta CrystallographicaSection John Wiley&Sons.Volume 3,Chapter12. P. Sarni-Manchado andS.Quideau.Oxford: Polyphenol Research, of Polyphenols. In current ChromatographyintheSeparation Marston, A. Chapter inBook N Aquino, M.A.S.&Cameron,T.S. Von Eschwege, K.G.,Swarts,J.C., o199-o200. Von Eschwege, K.G.,Muller,F. &Hill,T. E68: o425. (1,5-Diphenylthiocarbazonato- Section E. trimethyltin(IV). (1,5-Diphenylthiocarbazonato- Acta CrystallographicaSectionE hydrazinyl-idene}(nitro)methyl)diazene. 2-({(E)-2-[2-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl] E.C. Von Eschwege, K.G.,Muller,F. &Hosten, E68: o609. diazene. phenyl)hydrazinyl-idene](nitro)methyl} 1-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2{[2-(2-methoxy- formazan. Aquino, M.A.S.&Cameron,T.S. Von Eschwege, K.G.,Swarts,J.C., (h Von Eschwege, K.G. and DFTperspectives. dithizones –Synthesis,cyclic voltammetry A. Von Eschwege, K.G.,Hosten,E.C.&Muller,  4 2012.1,5- , -cycloocta-1,5-diene)-rhodium(I). N 2012.( 2012.Photochemistrysynthesis.Part  -di phenylthioureato- 6(5): 410-416. Acta CrystallographicaSectionE. E68:m1518. E68: Acta CrystallographicaSectionE 51: 227: 18-24. Acta CrystallographicaSectionE E )-1-[2-Methylsulfanyl)phenyl]- 2012.High-speedCounter-

4002-4006. Bis

m1518-m1518. (2-methylphenyl)-3-nitro- 2012. Oxidation resilient 2012.Oxidationresilient Acta Crystallographica Acta Crystallographica Polyhedron edited by V. Cheynier, 2012. Recent Advances in 2012.( eXPRESS Polymer 2012.Macro- Trans- Journal of 39: N -Benzoyl- Inorganic 2012. Bis[1-(2-

 99-105. 2012. E68: 2 2012. 2012.  S, E68: E68: E68: E68:  S)- O) S)

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

Chemistry personnel and students at the 2012 year-end function.

Staff

Main Campus Distinguished Professor: Prof. André Roodt. Marietjie Schutte-Smith, Charlene Marais and Ms. Anke Senior Professor: Prof. Andrew Marston. Wilhelm-Mouton. Professors: Profs. Jannie Swarts, Ben Bezuidenhoudt, and Jeanet Subject Coordinators: Dr. Marietjie Versteeg (Programme Conradie. director: Main and South campus), Ms. Rina Meintjes (Programme director: South campus) Dr. Johan Venter Affiliated Professors: Profs. Daneel Ferreira, Louis Ackerman, (Programme director: Main campus). Connie Medlen, Thys Botha, and Fanie Otto. Associate Professors: Profs. Walter Purcell, Robert Dennis, Jan QwaQwa Campus: van der Westhuizen, Deon Visser, and Gideon Steyl. Professor: Prof. Riaan Luyt. Senior Lecturers: Drs. Karel von Eschwege, and Susan Bonnet. Lecturers: Mr. Tsietsi Tsotetsi, Mss. Moipone Malimba, Maryam Lecturers: Drs. Johan Venter, Ernie Langner, Lizette Erasmus, Amra-Jordaan, and Mpondi Molefe. Rebotsamang Shago,Eleanor Fourie, Linette Bennie, Alice Brink, Junior Lecturer: Mr. Rantooa Moji.

Contact Details

Annual Report 2012 Prof. André Roodt Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State PO Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa Telephone: +27 51 401 9212 Fax: + 27 51 444 6384 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ufs.ac.za Natural and Argricultural Sciences 70 postgraduate students intheirstudies. devices areacquiredasnecessary toassistthe Department alsooffersadoctoral degree.Special can bestructuredwithasmaller dissertation.The degree consistsofaresearch dissertationonly,or includes thedevelopment ofasystem.TheMasters’ which oneisaresearchmodule, andaprojectthat The Honours’degreeconsistsofvariousmodules, background ofnaturalsciences’subjects. and human-computerinteraction;supportedby a as softwareengineering,network management database andsystemanalysisdesign,aswell with skillsinprogramming,Internet deliver highly-trainedinformationtechnologists new first-year studentsin2012.Theseprogrammes latter ishowever beingphasedoutastherewere no programmes, namelyB.Sc.(IT),andB.Com.(IT).The presented two majorundergraduatelearning The DepartmentofComputerScienceandInformatics Overview and Informatics Computer Science Department of Department’s own eye-tracker. Emphasis iscurrentlyonthe development ofthe aiding thedevelopment of,postgraduatestudents. be implementedtoprovide assistanceto,as well as partner. Theseprojectsareresearch-related andcan undertaken by theCOEare fundedby an industrial and theCentreofExcellence (COE).Theprojects Department’s moderneye-tracking equipment External fundsaregeneratedby usingthe Kotzé) andE-learning(Dr.LiezelNel). Warehousing (Prof.TheoMcDonaldandDr.Eduan (Prof. PieterBlignautandDr.LizettedeWet), Data Research focusesareHuman-ComputerInteraction Preparation ProgrammeontheSouthCampus. in theextendedprogrammeandUniversity campus andtheQwaQwacampus,aswell asstudents Literacy moduleforallnewstudentsontheMain The DepartmentisresponsiblefortheComputer 71

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences theme for SACLA 2012 was “Educating in a changing environment”. SACLA 2012 also enjoyed in- cooperation status with the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). Dr. Tanya Beelders was promoted to senior lecturer during 2012, while Dr. Patient Rambe started in the Department as a postdoctoral student and is doing research under the guidance of Dr. Liezel Nel. The Department’s “Friday IT Talks” consist of reports

Natural Sciences on research by staff and students, new technologies, and other topics of interest. The Department also hosted an informative Digital Forensics Workshop, presented by Ms. Riana Smalberger, head of the Digital Forensic Lab in South Africa, 18 – 19 June 2012, in one of the departmental laboratories.

Two second-year students from the Department of Mr. Brian Campbell was selected as one of only 13 Computer Science and Informatics, Eugene Botma (right) Microsoft Student Partners in South Africa. The and Ian van der Linde (left), each won a Nokia Lumia 710 training that he received enabled the Department to cell phone in a national Windows Phone 7 development be the first IT-department in the country that could challenge hosted by Microsoft South Africa. offer software development training for Microsoft’s latest operating system. On 20 April 2012, representatives from the Apple Core Group presented a workshop on the UFS campus Activities and Achievements and participants had the opportunity to work on and Prof. Pieter Blignaut received the 2012 Department of become familiar with using iPads. Trade and Industry (DTI) Technology Award: Runner- Mr. Victor Grobler, a third-year IT-student, received up in the THRIP advanced Hi-Tech Category for the the award as the best tutor in the Faculty of Natural research performed in the UFS Telkom Centre of and Agricultural Sciences. Excellence. The Department’s extension on the QwaQwa The Department organised the congress of the South Campus received the award for the best contribution African Computer Lecturers’ Association (SACLA) at to Teaching and Learning and the following staff the Black Mountain Resort near Thaba ‘Nchu, 1 – 3 members received individual awards for Teaching July 2012. Lecturers from all academic institutions and Learning: Messrs. M.B. Mase, T. Lesesa, V.F.S. in and across southern Africa were invited. The Mudavanhu, B. Sebastian and Mrs. R.D. Wario. Annual Report 2012 Natural and Argricultural Sciences Capacity-building in the community: students on QwaQwa Campus assisted people from the community to learn how to use 72 a computer. Anelize vanBiljon totalkagroupofschoolchildren The DepartmentofMineralResources invitedDr. Community Service Computer ScienceandInformatics. to studentsandpersonnel of theDepartment a lectureonGIS(GeographicInformationSystems) Technology StudentAssociation(ITSA)topresent of theUFSwasinvitedby theInformation Dr. CharlesBarker fromtheDepartmentGeography Academic Initiative. an agreementwassignedwithrespecttotheIBM visited theDepartmentonseveral occasionsand Mr. RomeoMabasafromIBM,Johannesburg Marketplace. successfully publishthemontheWindows Phone7 to develop a Windows Phone7applicationand 7 cellphonestothefirst40SouthAfricanstudents South Africa.Microsoftgave awayWindows Phone Phone 7development challengehostedby Microsoft Nokia Lumia710cellphoneinanationalWindows Eugene BotmaandIanvanderLinde,eachwon a Two second-year studentsfromtheDepartment, Golden Key InternationalHonourSociety. students. Shewasalsoselectedasamemberofthe Campus. Sheorganisedsomeexciting events forthe was selectedasaGoogleAmbassadorforKovsie Ms. Temi Adebayo-ojo (asecond-year ITstudent) computers. the QwaQwaCampuswasextendedfrom70to120 The capacityofthemaincomputerlaboratoryon Higher EducationStudies). Mrs. R.D.Wario (M.Sc.)andMr.V.F.S. Mudavanhu(MA Two staffmembersobtainedtheirMasters’degrees: During theworkshop thatwaspresentedby representatives ofAppleCorein2012.Various staffmembersattendedthisworkshop. laboratories on allthreeUFScampuses. In the The Departmenthaswell-equipped computer Facilities received certificates. ceremony washeldwherethe successfulindividuals the secondsemester.Atendofprogramme,a skills. Classeswere presentedatSouthcampusduring disadvantaged populationgroupsinbasiccomputer a groupofunemployed personsfrompreviously basic computerskills.TheRIS242studentstrained equipped anumberofpeopleinthecommunitywith Service module(RIS242)oftheDepartmentagain prospective studentsandthepublic.TheCommunity Department asitalsoshowcases theDepartmentto Community serviceisregardedahighpriorityinthe Victor GroblerandMr.LouwrensPotgieter. and continuedduring2012undertheguidanceofMr. for learnersbetween Grade7-9,commencedin2010 The Pythonproject,aprogrammingtrainingcourse to attendaninstitutionofhighereducation. qualifying forbursaries,thereby creatinganopportunity previous disadvantagedcommunitieswhenitcomesto the projectaimsatbetterpreparinglearnersfrom Monyetla isa Sesotho word for“opportunity”and Technology (CAT) toschool childrenonSaturdays. at theSouthCampustoteachComputerApplications Staff oftheMonyetla Projectusedthecomputerlab Euromaths 2012ConferenceinBulgaria. in HongKong andTaiwan. Shealsoattendedthe two groupsofschool childrentotheMathsOlympiads 2012 forcommunityinvolvement andaccompanied Dr. AnelizevanBiljonreceived theFacultyAward in everyday life. in Kimberleyabouttheusesofmathematics 73

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Mathematical Sciences Building on the Main campus for BRS lectures and practical sessions, as well as for there are two laboratories for undergraduate students RIS242 training during the second semester. of the RIS module and the Hans Messerschmidt Laboratory for postgraduate students. The Sasol Laboratory is used for BRS practical sessions and Staff Matters tests. The QwaQwa campus also has laboratories Prof. Theo McDonald and Mss. Maletsatsi Bless and where the students have BRS and RIS practical Palesa Rampeta left the Department at the end of sessions. On South campus the laboratories are used 2012. Natural Sciences

Research Articles Books Research Outputs De Wet, L., Greeff, F. & Nel, W. 2012. Compar- Beelders, T.R., Nel W. & Campbell, R.B. ing questionnaire and physiological usability 2012. Databases: The programmer’s guide. Department of Computer testing results for a social network. Interna- Bloemfontein: Xerox. tional journal of Information Technology and Science and Informatics Blignaut, P.J. 2012. Be Sharp with C#. Computer Science, May/June: 1-8. Bloemfontein: PL3 Databases. Dednam, M.J. & Dednam, E.H. 2012. Some remarks on the success rate data of an Research Reports extended LL.B. programme for the period Blignaut, P.J., Beelders, T.R. & Wium, D.J. 2005 - 2009. South African Journal of 2012. Noordfed maize meal packageing: An Higher Education 26(5): 941-959. eye-tracking study. Report no 1/2012, com- Kotze, J.E. & Mcdonald, T. 2012. A missioned by NWK (Noordfed), South Africa. longitudinal patient record for patients Beelders, T.R. & De Kock, H.S. 2012. receiving antiretroviral treatment. Journal Voermol: A consumer preference study. for New Generation Sciences 10(1): 49-62. Report no 2/2012, commisioned by Voermol Messerschmidt, J.J.E. & Messerschmidt, H.J. Feeds, South Africa. 2012. Voorwaardelike konstruksie met indi- en soos gebruik in wetenskaplike tydskrifte (Deel 2: Gemerkte Konstruksies). Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe 52(2): 271-289.

Staff Main Campus: QwaQwa Campus: Professors: Profs. Pieter Blignaut, and Theo McDonald. Lecturer: Mr. Robert Alfonsi, and Ms. Ruth Wario. Affiliated Professor: Prof. Hans Messerschmidt. Junior Lecturers: Mr. Ben Mase, Mr. Frederick Mudavanhu, Mr. Senior Lecturers: Drs. Anelize van Biljon, Lizette de Wet, Liezel Fani Radebe, Mr. Benedict Sebastian, Mr. Gavin Dollman, and Nel, Eduan Kotze, and Tanya Beelders. Mr. Teboho Lesesa. Lecturers: Ms. Engela Dednam, Mr. Andries Burger, and Mr. Administrative Officers: Ms. Beauty Leshoro, and Ms. Matsego Wynand Nel. Mahakoe. Junior Lecturers: Ms. Marina Botha, Mr. Rouxan Fouché, and Mr. Technical Officer: Mr. Peter Mosikili. Jaco Marais. South Campus: Administrative Officers: Ms. Erna Dippenaar, and Ms. Suezette Opperman. Lecturer: Mr. Ronnie Brown. Technical Officers: Mr. Brian Campbell, and Mr. Victor Grobler. Administrative Officer: Ms. Suretha de Klerk. Assistant, Special Equipment: Mr. Daniël Wium. Technical Officer: Mr. K. Masisi.

Contact Details

Annual Report 2012 Dr. Anelize van Biljon Department of Computer Science and Informatics Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa Telephone: +27 51 401 2754 Fax: +27 51 401 2754 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ufs.ac.za Natural and Argricultural Sciences 74 were registeredfortheB.Sc.Honours’Degree in in B.ScHomeEconomics(Foods). Sixteenstudents students intheB.ConsumerScience (Foods)andeight programme, 120studentswere registeredin2012, 24 degrees. IntheB.Consumer Science(General) undergraduate programmesandthreepostgraduate The DepartmentofConsumerScienceoffersthree consumer canbenefitinthefieldoftextilesandfoods. to strengthenthescientificbasisfromwhich postgraduate studentstoundertake researchprojects The Departmentalsostrives tomotivateandlead available resources. and theskillstohelpthemfulfiltheseneedswith and familiesregardingfood,clothinghousing to identifyandunderstandtheneedsofindividuals equip undergraduatestudentswiththeknowledge The DepartmentofConsumerScienceseeksto Overview Consumer Science Department of of thecommitteeon16JulyinMelbourne, Australia. Economics (IFHE).Bothattended theannualmeeting Sustainability oftheInternational FederationforHome the programmecommitteeHousehold Technology and Prof. H.J.H.SteynandMrs.J.S.van Zylaremembersof best presentationsatthecongress. Australia, 16–21July,wasawardedasoneofthefive at theXXIIWorld CongressoftheIFHEinMelbourne, delivered by J.F. Vermaas (presenter)andH.J.H.Steyn properties ofcotton,polyester cottonandpolyester”, environmentally-friendly disinfectantonthestrength The paper,“Theinfluenceofanolyteasan Activities andAchievements three forPh.D.degrees. Home Economics,two inM.Sc.HomeEconomicsand 75

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

The tour group of the Department of Consumer Science.

Dr. J.F. Vermaas is a member of the programme committee for Textiles and also for the committee for Mrs. P.Z. Swart in Melbourne in July 2012 at the 22nd IFHE Education of the International Federation for Home Word Conference with her poster presentation. Economics (IFHE). She attended the annual meetings of the committees on 16 and 17July in Melbourne, Australia. During the April 2012 holiday, a tour group of the Department of Consumer Science visited the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands. The tour kicked off with a Community Service visit to Shuttleworth weaving, where students saw The Department of Consumer Science continued with first-hand how a mohair carpet was manufactured the Mamello community development programme in for a client in New York. the “Old Milkshed” on the experimental farm of the Next on the itinerary was a visit to the Marakesh University of the Free State. In the first semester, Cheese Farm. Students learned more about cheese final-year students under the supervision of Mrs. and the production thereof. A fun afternoon was spent Petro Swart worked with a group of unemployed at Chocolate Heaven, where the quality of different members from the community. They identified the chocolate was tested. The owner of Terbodore Coffee needs of the group and with the group planned a Roasters taught the students more about roasting skills development plan for 2012. The students and coffee beans and processing the coffee beans on the the community group identified income-generating trees to the coffee one purchases in stores. skills as one of their major needs. They planned a series of lectures, demonstrations and workshops The artist, Caroline Zilenka, invited us into her studio to assist the community group members to develop where she makes incredible artwork from textile skills in making ragdolls, sewing dresses with crochet materials that she dyes herself. The tour group left work detail, doing upholstery, and decorating photo the Midlands and moved on to Durban, where the frames with mosaic work. Beacon factory and the Levi factory were visited. In between all the educational outings, there was also In the second semester, Mrs. Doretha Jacobs time for fun at a local Indian restaurant and U-Shaka continued with the Mamello group to improve their Marine World. This tour was indeed a great success. sewing skills. Most of them improved their sewing skills to enable them to sew chef jackets and they

Annual Report 2012 made some that were sold to students to wear in the Research Foods laboratory. Research done in the Department of Consumer Science in 2012 mainly included projects that: Collaboration Investigated the possibility of using electrochemically- Prof. H.J.H. Steyn took part in the efforts of the activated water (anolyte and catholyte) as an programme committee Household Technology and alternative detergent and the effect of the treatment Sustainability of the International Federation for on the properties of the textile fibres, and Home Economics (IFHE) to compile “best practices” Investigated natural textile fibres and fabrics available for household activities. She was responsible for best Natural and Argricultural Sciences in Southern Africa. Projects on Gonometa Postica silk practices in hand laundering that was published on 76 and Alpaca Huycayafibres are currently in progress. the website of the IFHE. Donna Pendergast, Sue McgregorandKaija Turkki). economics futures:Thenext100years” (editedby the future”,achapterinbook“Creatinghome boxes tosmartgrids:Technology inthehomesof and Ms.MiraAhnfromMexiko towrite“Fromice and Dr.C.PakulafromGermanyProf.G.Hustveld Prof. H.J.H.Steynworked withProf.R.Stamminger that waspublishedonthewebsite oftheIFHE. responsible forbestpracticesinhomefoodpreservation for householdactivities.SheandDr.C.Bothmawere Home Economics(IFHE)tocompile“bestpractices” Sustainability oftheInternationalFederationfor programme committeeHouseholdTechnology and Mrs. J.S.vanZylparticipatedintheeffortsof Consumer Science Department of Research Outputs Junior lecturers: Lecturers: Associate professor: Staff Dr.J.Vermaas, andMrs.I.vanderMerwe. Mrs.J.S.vanZyl,andP.Z. Swart. Prof.H.J.H.Steyn. of the5 use offoodlabels.Proceedings and students’interpretation 2012. Anevaluationoffoodlabels Mmopelwa, M.&Steyn,H.J.H. Research Articles properties of locally produced properties oflocallyproduced 2012. Evaluationofthephysical Vermaas, J.F. &Steyn,H.J.H. Review 6.6 fabric. efficacy ofcatholyteonpolyamide & Schall,R. Van Heerden,N.,Steyn,H.J.H. Conference: 1-7. 11(7):682-689. th IFHE–AfricaRegional 2012.Soilremoval Chinese Business Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Department ofConsumerScience Prof. H.J.H.Steyn Contact Details M.A. Heyman,M.Makhapela,andMs.S.Senokoane. Administrative staff: community development programme. Rachel withacrochetdressshecompletedinthe +27514019995 [email protected] www.ufs.ac.za +27514012304

Mrss.D.Jacobs,W. vanderWalt, Chapter 11. Australian Academic Press. Mcgregor andK.Turkki.Australia: years, economics futures:Thenext100 of thefuture.In grids: Technology inthehomes 2012. Fromiceboxes tosmart H.J.H. Ahn,M.&Stamminger,R. Hustvedt, G.,Pakula,C.,Steyn, Chapter inBook Gonometa postica and ConsumerSciences fabrics. editedby D.Pendergast, S. Journal of Family Ecology Journal ofFamilyEcology silkandwool Creating home 40:74-82.

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

Department of Genetics

Professional activities The Plant Genetics Group consists of Prof. Johan Mr. Maleka’s research is specifically focused on Spies, Ms. Paula Spies and Mr. Frank Maleka. Ms. genes regulating the biosynthesis of flavonoid Paula Spies received a cluster bursary and progress pigments in flower tissues. So far, a total of eight has been made on her research on the plant genera regions homologous to previously-characterised Lachenalia, Clivia and Gethyllis. DNA barcodes genes involved in the regulation of flavonoid of about 130 species in Lachenalia and all the pigmentation have been identified. These genes will Clivia species have been established as part of the be analysed using bioinformatics approaches and

Annual Report 2012 International Barcode of Life (IBOL) initiative. Various later with molecular biology techniques to determine new chromosome counts have been determined in changes in expression during flower development Lachenalia. The difficult technique of genomic in situ in C. miniata. Additionally, studies on the molecular hybridization has been incorporated as part of the evolution of some of the key genes will also be cytogenetic analyses of Lachenalia and progress has performed to unravel polymorphisms that may be been made on improving this technique. responsible for trait variation. The study approach is feasible as demonstrated recently by Ms. M.E. Botha, Mr. Frank Maleka’s research interest is on the genetics a student supervised by Mr. Maleka. of flower pigmentation in Clivias. He previously used a high-throughput sequencing technology to The research group on Human and Behavioural Ge- Natural and Argricultural Sciences sequence the Clivia miniata flower transcriptome. netics (HBG) is led by Prof. J.J. Spies, Ms. Zurika 78 Over 37 000 transcript sequences were identified. Odendaal and Ms. Sue-Rica Schneider. Three projects identification in rhino.Inafollow-up programme, used forparentagedetermination andindividual Ph.D. thatyieldednewgenetic markers thatcanbe species areunderway.Karen Ehlerscompleted her management andforensicstudies involving the a numberofprojectsaimedat assisting conservation environment, withincreasedpoachingofwhiterhino, of animalspeciesareongoing.Inthecurrent projects aimedattheconservationofanumber Desire DaltonandMs.HesmarivanderWesthuizen), (under Prof.PaulGrobler,Ms.AntoinetteKotze, Dr. In theConservationGenetics(CG)researchgroup experts fromaroundtheworld. research were presentedby renowned forensicscience Technology, wherethemostrecenttechnologiesand on theHumanIdentificationTrendsinForensicDNA at theendof2012hostedby Life Technologies, focusing attend theopening.Theyalsoattendedaseminarseries members ofatertiaryinstitutionwhowere invitedto of theSAPS.Dr.EhlersandMrs.Wessels were theonly tertiary institutionsfortheeducationofmembers highlighted theneedforprogrammeslike these in in CapeTown, MinisterNathiMthethwaspecifically the launchofPlattekloofForensicLaboratory Laboratories whowanttofurthertheirstudies.At accommodate employees oftheForensicScience South AfricanPolice Service(SAPS)tospecifically was developed inconjunctionwithmembersofthe part timeB.Sc.inForensicGenetics.Thisprogramme fell onthedevelopment andimplementationofa and Mrs.LeteciaWessels, themainfocusfor2012 For theForensicGeneticsGroupunderDr.Karen Ehlers chemical clustergenesonAnxietyandDepression. population groups;and(iii)theeffectsofneuro- neurochemical clustergeneswithinSouthAfrican gressive behaviour; (ii)theallelicdiversity ofselected fects ofserotonergicneurotransmittergenesonag- are currentlyongoing.Theseprojectscover (i)theef- Ndyogolo, Mr.JamesBarassa,Dr.RomulusAbila,Prof.GroblerandMosesNjahira. Prof. PaulGroblerwithstaffandstudentsattheILRI-BeCAhubinNairobi,Kenya. Lefttoright:Dr.RobSkilton,Ms.Bongo new markers aspartofan efforttounderstand the SouthernGroundHornbill.The teamalsodeveloped structure andtodeterminelevel ofgeneticdiversity in that canbeusedtodetermine relatedness,genetic collaboration withTUT, alsodeveloped novel markers plan fortheAfricanPenguin. TheCGteam,in markers inordertodevelop ageneticmanagement the University ofCapeTown (UCT),developed novel Moving tobirds,theCGteam,incollaborationwith the prevalenceofthisvirusinwildpopulations. HIV. Initialresultsin2012generatedthefirstdataon epidemiology oftheSIVvirus,acloseanalogue populations were usedasamodeltostudy UCLA continued,whereby wildvervet monkey In afinalprojectonmammals,collaborationwith between blueandblackwildebeest,alsocontinues. at findingmolecularmarkers toidentifyhybrids using theBMP4gene.Along-termproject,aimed variation ingrowth rateinspringbokwasstudied Aswegen completed aprojectwhereinterpopulation species areongoing.M.Sc.studentMs.Elzetvan Several projects onSouthernAfricanantelope adaptation willbeinvestigated. and temporalgeneticconnectivity,co-evolution and tree ( the Mopanemoth( project focusesonthecloserelationshipbetween Conservation Geneticsgroupduring2012.HerPh.D. Ms. HesmarivanderWesthuizen joinedthe on thisspeciesinSouthAfrica. is thefirstmolecularstudythathasbeenconducted populations ofgroundpangolininSouthernAfrica.This genetic diversity andpopulationstructureofdifferent – TUT)isalsoinvolved withthedeterminationof The team(withtheTshwaneUniversity ofTechnology are extremelypowerful inestimatesofrelatedness. Single NucleotidePolymorphism (SNP)markers that Ph.D. studentChristiaanLabuschagnedeveloped novel Colophospermummopane Imbrasiabelina ). Aspectsofspatial ) andtheMopane 79

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Staff matters • A chapter by Riana Kleynhans (Ph.D. student), Paula Spies (Ph.D. Student) and Johan Spies in a special edition of Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology (Global Science Books) was contributed on invitation from the editors. • Staff of the Department of Genetics attended two congresses during the year and this resulted in three conference contributions. Four members of the new Executive Council of the South Natural Sciences African Genetics Society (SAGS) at the biennial conference • Ms. Paula Spies was elected as vice-president of in Stellenbosch. Left to right: Ms. Zurika Odendaal (UFS), the South African Genetics Society (SAGS) during Dr. Albie van der Merwe (Tukkies, old Kovsie), Prof. Rouvay the SAGS conference. Roodt-Wilding (University of Stellenbosch, President of SAGS and old Kovsie) and Mrs. Paula Spies (UFS, Vice- • Ms. Paula Spies attended a course at the University President of SAGS) of Stellenbosch on species distribution modelling using the statistical software R. • Ms. Sue-Rica Schneider obtained her M.Med.Sc. the population structure of Red-billed Oxpeckers degree cum laude during 2012. throughout the distribution range in South Africa. • Ms. Zurika Odendaal, another staff member In the aquatic environment, M.Sc. student, Bongo attached to the HBG research group, was elected Ndyogolo, assisted by Honours’ student Daniella to the Executive Committee of the South African Strauss, started a project to determine the genetic Genetics Society (SAGS). structure of African Catfish in South Africa. This is part of a bigger collaboration between the CG group • Ms. Nadia Laubscher obtained her M.Sc. cum and researchers from two Kenyan Universities, laude during 2012 and was also invited as a aimed at elucidating the genetic structure of catfish Young Investigator to attend the XXth World in the two countries. As part of this collaboration, Meeting of the International Society for Research Prof. Grobler and Ms. Ndyogolo visited two research on Aggression (ISRA) 2012, at the University of institutes in Kenya in May 2012. Luxembourg, Walferdange, Luxembourg.

Kleynhans, R., Spies, P. & Spies, J.J. 2012. dynamics of the Marabou Stork in an isolated Research Outputs Cytogenetic and phylogenetic review of population, Swaziland. Plos One 7: e46434. the genus Lachenalia. Floriculture and Naidoo, V., Wolter, K., Espie, I. &Kotzé, A. Ornamental Biotechnology 6 (Special Issue Department of Genetics 2012. Lead toxicity: consequences and 1): 98-115. interventions in an intensively managed Kotze, A. & Morgan, D. 2012. Research vulture (Gyps coprotheres) colony. Journal in African zoos: Stepping up to the plate? of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 43: 573-578. International Zoo Yearbook 46: 232-238. Osmers, B., Petersen, B.X., Hartl, G.B., Labuschagne, C., Kotzé, A. & Dalton, D.L. 2012. Grobler, J.P., Kotzé, A., Van Aswegen, Isolation and characterization of SNP markers E.&Zachos, F.E. 2012. Genetic analysis of for African Penguin (Spheniscusdemersus). Annual Report 2012 southern African gemsbok (Oryx gazelle) Conservation Genetic Resources 4: 1067-1069. reveals high variability, distinct lineages and Labuschagne, C., Kotzé, A., Grobler, J.P. & strong divergence from the East African Oryx Dalton, D.L. 2012. A targeted gene approach beisa. Mammalian Biology 77: 60-66. to SNP discovery in the White Rhino (Cera- Schwab, P., Debes, P.V., Witt, T., Hartl, G.B., totheriumsimum). Conservation Genetic Hmwe, S.S., Zachos, F.E. &Grobler, J.P. 2012. Resources 5: 265-266. Genetic structure of the common impala Research Articles Labuschagne, C., Kotzé, A., Van Wyk, A.M. & (Aepycerosmelampusmelampus) in South Danzy, J., Grobler, J.P., Freimer, N. & Turner, Dalton, D.L. 2012. Isolation and characteri- Africa: Phylogeography and implications T.R. 2012. Sunbathing: A behavioral- zation of species-specific microsatellite loci for conservation. Journal of Zoological response to seasonal climatic change in African Penguin (Spheniscusdemersus). Systematics and Evolutionary Research 50: among South African Vervet Monkeys Conservation Genetic Resources 5: 169-171. 76-84. Natural and Argricultural Sciences (Chlorocebusaethiops). African Primates 7: Monadjem, A., Kane, A., Botha, A., Dalton, Soma, P., Kotzé, A., Grobler, J.P. & Van 80 230-237. D. &Kotze, A. 2012. Survival and population Wyk, J.P. 2012. South African sheep Resources red-billed oxpecker. tion ofspecies-specificmicrosatellitelociin &Kotzé, A. Spies, R.,Dalton,D.L.,Labuschagne,C. Research conservation implications. breeds: Population geneticstructureand Schneider, andMr.FrankMaleka. Lecturers: Affiliated SeniorLecturer: Affiliated Associate-Professor: Affiliated Professor: Professors: Staff 103:112-119. 4:869-871. 2012.Isolationandcharacteriza- Dr. Karen Ehlers,Mrs.PaulaSpies,Ms.Sue-Rica Profs. JohanSpies,andPaulGrobler. Conservation Genetic Conservation Genetic Prof. TrudyTurner. Small Ruminant Dr. DesiréDalton. Prof. AntoinetteKotzé. W.D. S-R., Apffelstaedt,J.P., Wijnen,J.T.&Foulkes, Van derMerwe, N.C.,Hamel,N.,Schneider, Genetics the Western CapeofSouthAfrica. non-Afrikaner breastcancerpatientsof 2012.Afounder 81:179-184. Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Department ofGenetics Prof. JohanSpies Contact Details BRCA2 Senior ProfessionalOfficer: Westhuizen, andMrs.LeteciaWessels. Junior Lecturers: Affiliated Lecturer: +27865187317 [email protected] mutationin www.ufs.ac.za +27514012595 Clinical Ms. ZurikaOdendaal,Hesmarivander Lt. Col.AntonLucassen. Ms. SusanReinecke. 81

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

Department of Geography

Overview Bloemfontein Campus The Department of Geography prides itself on being Collaborative research with foreign and local one of, if not the oldest, geography departments at institutions and the involvement of postgraduate a South African tertiary institution. A Department students continues to flourish. of Earth Sciences was established at the then Visitors to the Department included Prof. Jarkko University of the Orange Free State in 1918. Professor Saarinen (Oulu University, Finland), Prof. Clive W. von Bonde was appointed Lecturer of Geography Barnett (Open University, UK), and Dr. Alec Thornton in 1919. (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia). Annual Report 2012 Geography, on both the Bloemfontein and the To cater for the growing number of undergraduate Eastern Free State (QwaQwa) campuses continues students taking GIS modules, plans have been to attract students in both the natural sciences and approved and the necessary funding has become the humanities because of its vocational possibilities. available to expand the Department’s GIS laboratory. There is also growing environmental awareness This involves internal alterations to physical teaching amongst students, and a significant increase in the space, as well as extensive recabling and the interest in Geographical Information Systems (GIS), purchase of 30 new GIS-dedicated computers. It is which is perceived as a real value-added component expected that this project will be completed during of Geography. the second semester of 2013. Natural and Argricultural Sciences 82 of Prof.VissertheCentrefor Development Studies; 2012: MarkIngleobtainedaPh.D. undertheleadership The following postgraduatedegreeswere awardedin Postgraduate Outputs academic geomorphologyinsouthernAfrica. and internationalexperts,reflectthecurrentstateof appear since1988.Its15chapters,writtenby local exclusively toSouthernAfricangeomorphology by SUNPress,isthefirstmajorcontributiondevoted from theUniversity ofCapeTown. Thebook,published edited by Prof.Peter HolmesandProf.Mike Meadows book entitled“SouthernAfricanGeomorphology”, The year 2012sawthepublicationofabrandnewtext Special Achievements Dr. ShirleyBrooke and wasreplacedby Dr.CharlesBarker. Chair attheendof2011afteratermeightyears, Prof. Peter Holmessteppeddown asDepartmental management. of waterqualityandmanagement,landuse for thefinalisingofChairsinbroadcategory Prof. Holmesserved ontheNRFSarchiChairspanel Staff Matters provides aninterestinglandscapefromageographicalpointofview. The combinationofnaturalandhumanphenomenaintheBlueRidgeMountainRangenearBoone,NorthCarolina,USA, between theASU andtheUFS. of aUFSdelegationtofosterresearchcooperation University (ASU) inBoone,NorthCarolina,aspart Geography andPlanningattheAppalachianState Dr. CharlesBarker visitedthe Department of Ms. SheilaVrahimisretiredattheendof2012. of theWestern Cape. the firstsemestertotake upapostatthe University s lefttheDepartmentatendof landforms andlandscapestoappear since1988. first newbookonthegeomorphology ofSouthernAfrica’s Holmes andUCTcolleague,Prof.Mike Meadows, isthe Southern AfricanGeomorphology, edited by Prof.Peter and Dr.Brooksrespectively. AshleyMarchandand their M.degreesundertheleadershipofProf.Holmes Mulalo RabumbuluandMnqobiNgubaneobtained 83

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Appalachian State University (ASU) founded in 1899 is home to about

Natural Sciences 17 000 students.

Juanita Moolman both obtained M.Sc. degrees under was involved in the training of municipal personnel in leadership of Ms. Kruger and Dr. Barker respectively. LED (Local Economic Development). Ms. Naidoo chaired the Campus Going Green QwaQwa Campus Committee. Ms. Naidoo attended a postgraduate Dr. Hennie Claassen, Dr. Geofrey Mukwada and Ms. course on Earth Observation and Integrated Water Merle Naidoo compiled and submitted the final draft Resources Management in Kenya during the first of the new programme in Environmental Geography semester of 2012. in September 2012. The recommended date of Postgraduate Outputs introduction of this programme is January 2014. Ms. P.J. Lekhotla obtained an M. degree with the Dr. Mukwada is involved in the setting up of the dissertation “Limitations on the growth of economic Montane Research Initiative. The aim of this initiative multipliers in the small business sector in the Eastern is to spearhead research in various fields of the Free State” under the supervision of Dr. Tom Ruhiiga life sciences in the eastern parts of the Free State (external supervisor/assessor) from NWU. The internal Province. By way of community service, Dr. Mukwada co-supervisor and assessor was Dr. Hennie Claassen.

Hammett, D.P. 2012. Reworking and political-temporal contingency in South resisting globalising influences: Cape Town African second homes tourism research. Research Outputs hip-hop. Geojournal 77: 417-428. Critical Arts 26: 253-271. Department of Geography Hammett, D.P. 2012. Tales from the road: Houghton, J.L. & Bass, O. 2012. Routes Reflections on power and disciplining within through the academy: Critical reflections the academy. Environment and Planning A on the experiences of young geographers in 44: 445-457. South Africa. Singapore Journal of Tropical Hammett, D.P. 2012. W(h)ither South Geography 33: 308-313. African human geography? Geoforum 43: Manatsa, D. & Mukwada, G. 2012. Rainfall 937-947. mechanisms for the dominant rainfall mode Hammett, D.P. & Hoogendoorn, G. 2012. over Zimbabwe relative to ENSO and/or Reflections on the politics and practices of IODZM. The Scientific World Journal 2012: knowledge production beyond the Anglo- 1-15.

Annual Report 2012 American core: An introductory note. Manatsa, D., Reason, C. & Mukwada, G. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 33: 2012. On the decoupling of the IODZM from Research Articles 283-286. Southern Africa Summer rainfall variability. Hammett, D.P. 2012. Envisaging the nation: Hammett, D.P. & Sporton, D. 2012. Paying International Journal of Climatology 32: 727- The philatelic iconography of transforming for interviews? Negotiating ethics, power 746. South African national narratives. Geopolitics and expectation. Area 44: 496-502. Mukwada, G. 2012. Scales of vulnerability: 17: 526-552. Holmes, P.J., Thomas, D., Bateman, M., Resettlement and exposure to multiple Hammett, D.P. 2012. Negotiating the Wiggs, G. & Rabumbulu, M. 2012. Evidence stressors and shocks in Zimbabwe. Journal academic periphery: Critical reflections on for land degradation from aeolian sediment of Human Ecology 40: 101-113. early career mobility. Singapore Journal of in the west-central Free State province, Mukwada, G. & Dhlamini, S. 2012. Tropical Geography 33: 286-290. South Africa. Land Degradation and Challenges of event tourism in local

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Hammett, D.P. 2012. Requiring respect: Development 23: 601- 610. economic development: The case of Searching for non-racialism in post- Hoogendoorn, G. & Visser, G.E. 2012. Bethlehem, South Africa. Journal of Human 84 apartheid South Africa. Politikon 39: 71-88. Stumbling over researcher positionality and Ecology 39: 27-38. Insight Africa: Anotheron-goingstruggle. Uneven tourismdevelopment inSouth Visser, G.E.&Hoogendoorn,G. 207. South AfricanGeographicalJournal site andsurrounds:Arevisedsynthesis. sitional environmentsoftheFlorisbadSpring Rabumbulu, M.&Holmes,P.J. 40: 69-84. drivers model. using thecapacitycontinuum-multiple resource managementintheSavannas Assessment ofcommunity-basednatural Mukwada, G.&Manatsa,D. stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating.Prof.Peter Holmes andcolleagues, blown sandarebeyond deep depositsofwind- to determinetheonset nuclide datinginorder the rangeofoptically- of large-scaleaeolian Carr (Leicester),hope deposition withinthe to applycosmogenic (Sheffield) andAndy Prof. MarkBateman Cover sanddeposits Steenekamp. Junior Lecturers: Sheila Vrahimis. Lecturers: Senior Lecturers: Professors: Bloemfontein Campus: Staff near Knysna.These 42:66-76. Knysna area. Mss. EldalizeKruger,Tobeka Mehlomakhulu,and Journal ofHumanEcology Profs. Peter Holmes,andGustavVisser. Mss. MulaloRabumbulu,andAretha Drs. CharlesBarker, andShirleyBrooks. 2012.Depo- 2012. 2012. 94:191- Africa

sensing. In: 2012. Landscapeinventories andremote Eckardt, F., Barker, C.H.&Meadows, M.E. Bloemfontein: SunPress.pp.305-328. edited by P.J. HolmesandM.E.Meadows. phology: Recenttrendsandnewdirections, degradation. In: & Wiggs, G.F.S. Boardman, J.,Hoffman,M.T., Holmes,P.J. Chapters inBooks Sun Press. trends andnewdirections. Southern AfricanGeomorphology:Recent Holmes, P.J. &Meadows, M.E. Book Southern AfricanGeomorpholo- 2012.Soilerosionandland Southern AfricanGeomor- Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Department ofGeography Dr. CharlesBarker Contact Details Senior Lecturer: QwaQwa Campus: Junior Lecturer: Merle Naidoo. Lecturers: +27514013816 Bloemfontein: (editors).2012. [email protected] www.ufs.ac.za +27514012255 Mr. AlexAdjei, Dr.GeoffreyMukwada,andMs. Mr. PululuMahasa. Dr. HennieClaassen.

Sun Press.pp.23-39. Holmes andM.E.Meadows. Bloemfontein: trends andnewdirections, Southern AfricanGeomorphology:Recent structural controlsonlandforms.In: Holmes, P.J. ows. Bloemfontein:SunPress.pp.351-370. tions, morphology: Recenttrendsandnewdirec- geomorphology. In: Garland, G.G.&Holmes,P.J. fontein: SunPress.pp.371-399. by P.J. HolmesandM.E.Meadows. Bloem- gy: Recenttrendsandnewdirections, edited by P.J. HolmesandM.E.Mead- 2012.Lithologicaland Southern AfricanGeo- 2012.Applied edited by P.J. edited 85

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

Department of Geology

Overview The Department of Geology constitutes a varied more than thirty, despite efforts to keep the intake at menu of disciplines that includes specialities such twenty-five. as Geology, Geochemistry, Environmental Geology Three senior staff members (Prof. W.A. van der and Geochemistry as well as Mineral Resource Westhuizen, Dr. H. Praekelt and Prof. M. Tredoux) are Throughput Management. The Department of nearing the end of their careers and a new appointee, Geology is proud to serve the South African and Dr. Johann Claassen, joined the Department on the African Mining Communities. 1st of January 2012. Dr. Claassen will concentrate on

Annual Report 2012 Mineral Resource Throughput Management (MRTM) The year 2012 was once again an active year for the and will also add value to a number of existing Department of Geology. An important strategy was to courses, especially in the field of geo-metallurgy. reduce student numbers to align the intake with the teaching and research capacity of the Department. Student numbers of the first-year intake dropped as Activities a result of the selection process while the number of The well-known MINQUIZ competition for schools second-year students also decreased. The third-year (Free State Province) was hosted by the Department number remains high and an increase in honours’ of Geology. The Department took the task over students resulted from the high third-year numbers from the Department of Chemistry that hosted the Natural and Argricultural Sciences of the 2011 class. The honours’ intake increased to competition in the past. 86 on topicsrelatedtotheeastern Bushveld Complex. Potsdam, wherehepresentedtwo researchpapers at GFZ,theGermanResearchCentre forGeosciences, attended the9 – similaritiesanddifferences”. Prof.Gauertalso public talkon“TheBushveld andUitkomst Complexes Berlin, Germany,whereProf.Gauertpresenteda C. GauerttovisittheNaturalHistoryMuseumin Dr. LutzHechtandProf.W.-U. ReimoldinvitedProf. principles ofthecoursewere explained. number ofminingcompanieswheretheaimsand in Australia.Meetingswere alsoscheduledwitha 2012 todiscusstheMRTMcoursewithroleplayers Dr. J.ClaassenvisitedBrisbaneduringFebruary South Africa”. rich GraniticBasementofVaalputs, Namaqualand, Radionuclides inGroundwaterhostedtheUranium- she presentedapaperentitled“BehaviourofNatural Geological CongressinBrisbane,Australia,where minerals. Shealsoattendedthe34 possibility forthediscovery ofoneormoreunknown Marianne Tredoux.Preliminaryresearchindicatesa forms partofaprojectundertheauspicesProf. samples (BonAccord) fromBarberton.Thisresearch technique toconcentrateuniquemineralsfrom in SudburyCanadawheresheinvestigated a of 2012.ShealsovisitedtheLaurentianUniversity (MIT) inBostonforthreemonthsduringthelatterhalf research attheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology Mrs. H.C.F. Pretorius conducted mineralogical Staff MembersVisitingAbroad Students atNamaquaSandswhereheavymineraldepositilmeniteandothermineralsaremined. th AnnualInkabaye Africaworkshop th International Dr. F. Roelofseattended the9 Uitkomst ComplexintheMpumalangaProvince. mineralisation criticalforthegeo-metallurgyof a paperonthemappingofdeutericalterationand Germany whereheandMr.C.Guentherpresented he participatedintheGeoHannover Conferencein author ontwo papers.AtthebeginningofOctober 2012, inPort ElizabethinOctoberwherehewasaco- attended theInternationalLASIVConference–Karoo co-author onthreeresearchpapers.Prof.Gauertalso Conference inFrankfurt,Germany,wherehewasa Prof. GauertattendedtheFirstEuropeanMineralogical H.Giebel were co-authors. Students, MissE.Kotze, MissJ.J.Beukes andMr. and Dr.RonaldBakker. Prof.Tredouxalsoattended spectrometer withcollaborators, Dr.FedericaZaccarini where sheusedtheelectronmicroprobe andRaman visit toLeobenUniversity inAustria,16–24November, accompanied heronthevisit.This wasfollowed by a part ofthePh.D.work ofMs.MeganPurchase, who Chris Ballhausaboutcollaborative work whichforms 15 November, whereshehaddiscussionswithProf. The visitsincludedtheBonnUniversity, Germany,12– Prof. M.Tredouxconductedafewshortoverseas visits. Tredoux. an Honours’student,Mr.A.Bentile,andProf.M. Dr. Roelofsewasalsoco-authoronapaperwith paper onhisBushveld IgneousComplexresearch. for Geosciences,Potsdam, wherehepresenteda Africa workshop atGFZ,theGermanResearchCentre th AnnualInkabaye 87

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Honours’ students visit Namdeb on the Orange River where diamonds are mined.

the 9th Annual Inkaba ye Africa workshop at GFZ, the at Aveiro, Portugal, 15 – 22 July. He presented a German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, paper co-authored by Profs. M. Tredoux and C. Germany, from 25 – 30 November 2012. She was a Van Huysteen. The title of the paper was “The co-author of five presentations with her students: environmental geochemistry of mercury in Mr. A. Bentile (Hons.), Miss R. Makhadi (Hons.), Miss Bloemfontein, South Africa”. J. Markram (Hons), Mr. K. Milanzi (M.Sc.), and Miss M. Miss B. Kennedy, another M.Sc. student supervised by Purchase (M.Sc.). Prof. Tredoux also presented a talk Prof. Tredoux, attended a congress on “Ophiolites” entitled “International programmes as vehicles for (2012) in Trabzon, Turkey, 16 – 22 May 2012, where capacity building: An overview of Inkaba Phase 2”. she was presented with the prize for the best presentation. Her presentation was entitled “A novel Student Matters mechanism to explain the highly enriched PGE ores Miss R. Makhadi won the second prize for Best in cumulus phases of ophiolite complexes”. (Co- Presentation at the 9th Annual Inkaba ye Africa authors were Tredoux, M. and Steyl, G.). workshop at GFZ, the German Research Centre for The postgraduate Mineral Resource Management Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany. programme is still popular with 19 students registered Miss J. Markram, a Magister student, visited Potsdam for 2012 (15 students enrolled for 2011). Workshops in Germany during November 2012 to attend the 9th were conducted at the University of Pretoria and at Annual Inkaba ye Africa workshop where she present- the Council for Geoscience in Pretoria. The following ed a talk entitled “Mineralogical and geochemical in- Geology degrees were conferred in 2012: 49 B.Sc., 16 terpretations on the pegmatoidal and non-pegmatoi- B.Sc. (Honours), five M.Sc. and seven MRM degrees, dal Merensky Reef, Western Bushveld Complex”. Her two MRM diplomas and one Ph.D. Graduates from this

Annual Report 2012 co-authors were Prof. M. Tredoux and Dr. F. Roelofse. institution continue to be preferred by employers in Other Magister students attending the 9th Annual the mining industry. Inkaba ye Africa workshop included Mr. H. Giebel, It is expected that student numbers will continue Miss M. Kotze, and Miss J.J.Beukes. All these to decrease for the next two years after which the students presented scientific talks and posters at the numbers should remain constant. First-year student conference. Profs. M. Tredoux and C. Gauert put in numbers declined from 194 students (GLG114) in 2011 much time and effort to manage the Inkaba ye Africa to 118 in 2012. Second-year student numbers were project at the UFS. 85 for GLG214 (98 in 2011) while third-year numbers th

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Mr. J. Clark (M.Sc.) attended the 9 International for GLG324 were 79 (64 in 2011). Honours’ students Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry (ISEG) totalled 30 (29 in 2011). 88 studying geology. ore andalsohadacontactsession withthestudents presented alectureongeological explorationforiron the DepartmentofGeologyin September2012.He the Kolomela MinenorthofPostmasburg, visited Ore), whoconductedgeologicalexplorationaround Mr. DeonNelfromAngloAmerican(KumbaIron Gold Ashantifortheerectionofacorestore. Fund, aswell astopresentadonationfromAnglo- matters relatingtotheMineralsEducationTrust visited theDepartmentinDecember2012todiscuss Dr. D.Harney(Anglo-AmericanBaseMetals)also komatiite volcanology andgeochemistry. Nick Arndt,presentedalecturecovering aspectsof where theworld-renowned komatiite expert,Prof. hosted by the GeologyDepartmentinAugust2012 The prestigiousbiannualAlexduToit Lecturewas bursary wasawardedtoMr.K.C.Mahlahlane. a bursarytostudentforanhonours’project.The Department inAugust2012.GWBasemetalsprovided Mr. R.daSilvafromGWBaseMetalsvisitedthe that isapplicabletotheminingenvironment. she gave apresentation onSableSoftware,apackage 20 April2012.Afterdiscussionswithstaffmembers Mrs. MarciavanAswegen, visitedtheDepartmenton The PresidentoftheGeologicalSocietySouthAfrica, Industry onthetertiaryeducationfront. organisation representingtheSouthAfricanMining a memberoftheMineralsEducationTrustFund,an with thelecturingstaff.Heactedinhiscapacityas Department on19April2012andhaddiscussions Mr. DennisHoffmanfromLonminvisitedthe February todiscussresearchmatters. Witwatersrand paidavisittoDr.F. Roelofsein Prof. LewAshwalfromtheUniversity ofthe Visitors totheDepartment held inGrahamstown. Learners enjoy avolcano experimentduringSciFestAfrica 30 school forstudentsintheMRTMprogrammefrom The DepartmentofGeologyhosteditsfirstwinter Management (MRTM) Mineral ResourceThroughput the annualMinquizProvincial Competition. Schools intheGoldcategoryduringoralcompetitionof (copper, notinproduction) theNorthernCapeas Namaqua Sands(heavyminerals) andCopperton Kolomela (ironore),Aggeneys(leadandzinc), visited; includingKuruman, Sishen(ironore), excursion lastedeightdaysandninesmineswere their nature,genesisandage relationships.This geology visittominesandoredepositsinvestigate two honours’studentsontheirannualeconomic During July2012,Prof.Gauertaccompaniedtwenty- geochemistry andmetamorphicpetrologyofthearea. relating totheimpactofalargemeteorite,aswell asthe 2012. Sixtystudentswere introducedtophenomena to theVredefortImpactStructureduringSeptember annual geochemistry/metamorphicgeologyexcursion Prof. M.TredouxandDr.F. Roelofseconductedtheir Johannesburg (UJ),respectively. and geometallurgyatMintektheUniversity of attended two seminars onanalyticaltechniques plant inSprings,Mintek’sresearchfacilitiesand in March2012.ThegroupvisitedGoldOne’sgold sixteen MineralogyhonoursstudentstoJohannesburg Mrs. H.PretoriusandDr.J.Claassenaccompaniedthe Geological Excursions this winterschoolwillbecomeanannualevent. of reportsandmini-dissertations.Itisenvisagedthat were alsoadvised regardingaspectsofthecompilation of thetopicscovered duringthesymposium.Students management intheminingenvironmentwere some the applicationofthroughputaccountingandchange symposium. Casestudiesonminingoptimisationand which includedpracticalworkshops andamini- delegates fromtheindustryattendedschool,

July to1August2012.Thirty-five studentsand 89

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Honours students collecting samples at Rosh Pinah, southern Namibia. Sphalerite is a zinc sulphide that occurs at the Rosh Pinah mine.

well as Namdeb (diamonds) and Rosh Pinah (Namibia, Mr. A. Odendaal entertained the first-year students zinc) and Scorpion (Namibia, zinc) on the lower on a number of excursions around the Bloemfontein Orange River. area to introduce them to the local geology and for them to appreciate the wonders of the Karoo Prof. Gauert also conducted economic geology Supergroup with all its geological splendour. Included excursions to the Free State Gold Fields that in their wanderings were plant and reptile fossils, constituted three groups of honours’ students intrusive geological relationships, as well as a variety visiting the Tsepong, Masimong and Phakisa shafts of of sedimentary rocks and structures. Harmony Gold Mines during September 2012. Dr. H. Praekelt and Mr. A. Odendaal conducted the Prof. Gauert also accompanied 75 third-year students second-year students’ excursion to Barkly East and the for one-day visits to the New Generations group of students were exposed to the upper part of the Karoo companies’ dolerite quarry (aggregates supplier to succession consisting of mudstone, sandstone and Ready Mix Concrete) in Bloemfontein-East and to the lava. Interesting volcanological and sedimentological dolerite quarry on the Kimberley road for open-pit characteristics were studied and discussed. An ancient mapping. volcanic neck occurs in the area and this usually gives Prof. W.P. Colliston undertook an excursion to the rise to intense discussions and speculation. Free State Goldfields during March 2012 where the students were enlightened regarding the Degrees Conferred

Annual Report 2012 complexities of underground mapping in a deep gold Ph.D. graduate during 2012: mine. The Masimong Shaft of Harmony Gold Mines was used for the mapping exercise that lasted for • Nel, L. The geology of the Springbok Flats. five days. Afterwards, the students had to submit the (Supervisor: Prof. W.A. van der Westhuizen). plans that resulted from their mapping exercise. The following M.Sc. students graduated Dr. H. Praekelt and Prof. W. Colliston took the during 2012: second-year students on a number of excursions to • Globig, J. Phase relationships of lherzolites from the the Austin’s Post area south of Bloemfontein where Rovic mine, South Africa: a pilot study of extensive they were taught the skills of geological field work, and intensive parameters using mineralogical; Natural and Argricultural Sciences mapping and the draughting of geological sections. phase equilibria. 90 was “Journeytothecentreof Earth”. festival was“ScienceRocks”and theFaculty’stheme the annualSciFestinGrahamstown. The themeofthe Faculty ofNaturalandAgricultural Sciences,UFS,at EarthWISE assistedthescience exhibitionofthe SciFest Africa,Grahamstown learners fromdifferentschools. brim. Thepresentationsentertainedgrade8–10 each ofthetwo dayswiththeclassroomfilledto sessions were soldoutandwere presentedeighttimes tation entitled:“Whoa!Mycontinentismoving!” The Meeting inBethlehem.Thecoordinatorhadapresen- EarthWISE participatedintheScienceUnlimited Science Unlimited,Bethlehem four metamorphicrockswere includedintheboxes. different sedimentaryrocks,two igneousrocksand Education. Onlydifferentrockswere requested.Three Ten Geologyboxes were madefortheDepartmentof Geology boxes EarthWISE activitiesfor2012includedthefollowing: science teachersandlearnersintheNorthernCape. and helpedwithanenrichmentweekend for 2012, TecnoX 2012andtheMinQuizcompetition, facilitators fortheEarthWISEparticipationinSciFest outreach project,Inkabastudentsactedas Although InkabanolongersupportstheEarthWISE Community Service Sheppard,D.A. • Mogwera, K.G. • Management: Postgraduate diplomainMineralResource Van Heerden,C.N. • Van denHeever, M.B. • Van denHeever, M. • Moller,W.R. • Mmebe,S.G.T. • Henderson,D. • Claassen,J.O. • Management (MRM): Magister inMineralResource • • • • South Africa. in theBonAccord oxide body,Barbertonregion, Wildau, A. from Vaalputs, Namaqualand, SouthAfrica. radionuclides inbasement-hostedgroundwater Pretorius, H.C.F. mineralised quartzveins insoutheasternRwanda. investigation ofSn-W-Nb-Ta-rich pegmatitesand Ngaruye, J. carbon intheWitwatersrandBasin. Joubert, A Aninvestigation ofmicroscopicphases . Structural-stratigraphiccontrolson Apetrographicandgeochemical The content and behaviour of natural Thecontentandbehaviourofnatural (14 –20March) (8 &9March) (19 July–21July) Astronomy Fair,UFS,Bloemfontein Competition inRandburg. test were invited totake partintheNationalMinquiz money. Thetwo highestscoringlearnersinthewritten Platinum andGoldcategorywalked awaywithprize in thecompetitionwheretopthreeschools Geology. Thirty-nineFreeStateschoolsparticipated in conjunctionwithMintekandtheDepartmentof organizing theannualMinquizProvincial Competition The EarthWISEcoordinatorwasresponsiblefor Bloemfontein Minquiz Provincial Competition,UFS, geology. Department ofGeologytoencouragelearnersstudy EarthWISE organisedaninteractive exhibitionforthe State, Bloemfontein Kovsie OpenDay,University oftheFree Centre fromtheS&Ttrain”. and delivered apresentationentitled:“Vehicle Science EarthWISE attendedtheabove-mentioned workshop Matjiesfontein Space GeodesyObservatoryWorkshop, Second Science&Technology Trainand (ARM-Impala), Exxaro,andAngloGold Ashanti. Rohstoff AG, HarmonyGoldMines,Two Rivers Platinum Rainbow Minerals/Nkomati Mine,NorilskNickel, Dt. Samancor Chrome,EasternChrome Mine,African Interaction withIndustry lectures toaround300learners. manager participateinthisdayandtheypresented High School.Sixsciencepresentersandamarketing EarthWISE againpresentedtheScienceDayatDeAar Science Day,DeAar experiments wheretheymademooncraters. and realmeteorites.Learnersconductedtheirown and learnerswere shown rocksamplesofimpactsites was entitled“Meteorites,Impacts&MassExtinction” were heldfor eight schoolsthroughouttheweek. It Interactive presentations andexperimentsessions EarthWISE toformpartoftheactivitiesattheirsite. to 3August2012andBoyden Observatoryinvited The NationalScienceWeek washeldfrom30July Observatory, Bloemfontein National ScienceWeek, Boyden between thedifferent spaceobjectsandcraters. the differenttypesofmeteorites,anddifference from theVredefortDomeandpostersexplaining exhibition wassetupwithmeteorites,rocksamples only, butitwasopentothepubliconlastday.An first two days ofthefairwasforUFS101students Astronomy FairandinvitedEarthWISEtoattend.The The University oftheFreeStatepresentedan (10 May) (15 April–21April) (24 &25October) (1 May) 91

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Research Articles Chapter in Book Research Outputs Colliston, W.P., Schoch, A.E. & Praekelt, H.E. Tredoux, M. 2012. The mixed blessing of 2012. Stratigraphy of the Mesoproterozoic large mineral resources. In: Terra, edited by Department of Geology Aggeneys Terrane, Western Namaqua Mobile A. Lamprecht and I. Powel. Cape Town: SoSo Belt, South Africa. South African Journal of Press. pp. 96-109. Geology 115(4): 449-464. Roelofse, F. & Ashwal, L.D. 2012. The Book lower Main Zone in the Northern Limb Roelofse, F. 2012. Mineralogical, geo chemical of the Bushveld Complex - A >1.3 km and isotopic constraints on the evolution thick sequence of intruded and variably of the lower Main Zone and Platreef on the contaminated crystal mushes. Journal of Northern Limb of the Bushveld Complex: Petrology 53(7): 1449-1476. Bulletin 141. Pretoria: Council for Geoscience. Zintwana, M.P., Cawthorn, R.G., Ashwal, L.D., Roelofse, F. & Cronwright, H. 2012. Mercury in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa and the Skaergaard intrusion, Greenland. Chemical Geology 320-321: 147-155.

Staff Professor: Prof. W. Van der Westhuizen. Affiliated Lecturers: Messrs. A. Dunne, J. Grobler, I. Hunt, P.G. Associate-professors: Profs. W. Colliston, C. Gauert, and M. Laurens, R. Vrijens, Dr. P. Viljoen, and Dr. H.B. Prinsloo. Tredoux. Senior Officer: Ms. R. Immelman. Senior Lecturers: Drs. H. Praekelt, F. Roelofse and J. Claassen. Secretary: Ms. P. Swart. Junior Lecturers: Ms. H. Pretorius and Mr. A. Odendaal. Technician: Mr. A. Felix. Part-Time Lecturers: Drs. J. Loock and L. Nel. Officer: Professional Services: Mr. P. Roodt. EarthWise-officer: Ms. M. du Plessis. Assistant Officer: Mr. J. Choane. Technical Officer: Mr. D. Radikgomo.

Contact Details

Annual Report 2012 Prof. Willem van der Westhuizen Department of Geology Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa Telephone: +27 51 401 2515 Fax: +27 51 401 3815 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ufs.ac.za Natural and Argricultural Sciences 92 constitutes aSouth Africanrecordinthe field of students atasinglegraduation ceremonyprobably van derMerwe graduated.To graduatethree Ph.D. students andoneMasters’student ofProf.Abrie At theJune2012graduationceremony, threePh.D. record) to16.9unitsin2012. more than50%;from11.2unitsin2011(theprevious publication outputs.Publicationunitsincreasedby The Departmentfinished2012withanewrecordin Activities andAchievements with theInstituteofActuaries intheUnitedKingdom. South Africaunderamutualrecognitionagreement is accredited(Level 1)withtheActuarial Societyof 40 postgraduatestudents.TheActuarial programme Actuarial Science hasabout2000undergraduateand The DepartmentofMathematicalStatisticsand Overview and Actuarial Science Mathematical Statistics Department of submission ofan asyet unpublished paperby each their work. Theselectionwasbasedon the Congress inHongKong (August2012)toshowcase African statisticianstoattend theWorld Statistics The competitionidentified a numberofyoung Statisticians, sponsoredby StatisticsSouth Africa. 2013 InternationalCompetitionforYoung African Prof. RobertSchall)were amongthewinnersof der Merwe) andRuaanvanZyl,M.Sc.(Supervisor: Justin Harvey, Ph.D.(Promotor:Prof.Abrievan Sciences, UFS. member) fromtheFacultyofNaturalandAgricultural the 2012FacultyAward forMentorship(seniorstaff achievement, Prof.AbrievanderMerwe received only forthefieldofMathematicalStatistics.Forthis African recordforaretiredacademic,probablynot keeps statisticsofthisnature);itcertainly is aSouth Mathematical Statistics(althoughnostatistician 93

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Graduate students of Professors Abrie van der Merwe and Robert Schall. Back, from left to right: Justin Harvey, Ph.D. and winner of 2013 International Competition for Young African Statisticians; Prof. van der Merwe; Johan Hugo, Ph.D. Front: Elzanne du Plessis, M.Sc.; Ruaan van Zyl, M.Sc. and winner of 2013 International Competition for Young African Statisticians; Lizanne Raubenheimer, Ph.D.; and Prof. Schall.

entrant. Of the five South African prize winners, two by the Department in March 2012. The workshop came from the Department. was organised by Mr. Frans Koning, leader of the Department’s Actuarial Programme. Mr. Michael von Maltitz, lecturer in the Department, received the 2012 Faculty Award for Teaching (young staff member) from the Faculty of Natural and International Collaborative Agricultural Sciences, UFS. Research Projects Prof. Daan de Waal was elected Honorary Member Prof. Max Finkelstein, an international authority in the of the South African Statistical Association (SASA) in area of mathematical reliability, has three ongoing November 2012. international research projects. The first project is with Prof. J.H. Cha (Ewha Women’s University, South In April 2012, Dr. Morné Sjölander, lecturer in the Korea) on “Burn-in and heterogeneous populations”. Department, obtained his Ph.D. in Mathematical The second project, with Profs. J. Vaupel and T. Missov Statistics from the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, University with a thesis entitled “Time series models Rostock, Germany) is on “Stochastic models for for paired comparisons”. mortality”; the collaboration includes annual visits A first-year student in Actuarial Science, Thinyane of six weeks each to the Max Planck Institute. Mosala, won a bursary sponsored by the Hannover Prof. Finkelstein also collaborates with the Dr. Reinsurance Group, which comprehensively covers Rozenhaus of the Reliability Unit of the St. Petersburg the costs of his studies through to Honours’ level. Elektropribor Institute in Russia on “Reliability Annual Report 2012 modeling of complex systems”; this project includes Visitors to the Department annual visits to the Elektropribor Institute for about two months a year. The Department received several national and international visitors, among them Prof. Jan Dhaene Prof. Finkelstein gave a keynote address on “Reliability th (CU Louvain), Mr. Lusani Muluadzi and Dr. Senzo approaches to human mortality modeling” at the 5 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Advanced Myeni (ESKOM), Mr. Dawie Roodt (Efficient Group) and Reliability and Maintenance Modeling (APARM 2012) Ms. Hesna Rheeder (Price-Waterhouse-Coopers), all in Nanjing, China. of whom presented lectures at the annual Workshop Natural and Argricultural Sciences on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Prof. Finkelstein is the Editor, and Prof. Schall an 94 Energy, Finance and Actuarial Science; hosted Associate Editor, of the South African Statistical Journal. based thinningofpoint processesanditsappli- Cha, J.H.&Finkelstein, M. Risk andReliability shocks foravoiding largerisks. Cha, J.H.&Finkelstein, M. Journal ofRiskandReliability continuous heterogeneouspopulations. and theperformancequalitymeasures in Cha, J.H.&Finkelstein, M. Planning andInference curable shockprocesses. Cha, J.H.&Finkelstein, M. bactericidal activityofanti-tuberculosisdrugs”. involves the“Statisticalcharacterization oftheearly joint projectwithTBAlliance(withDr.CarlMendel) development ofnewtreatmentsfortuberculosis.The non-governmental organisation dedicatedtothe organisation, andtoTBAlliance,aninternational Quintiles, aninternationalclinicalcontractresearch Prof. RobertSchallisastatisticalconsultantto Research Articles Actuarial andStatisticsStudentsCouncil(ASSC)picnic. and Actuarial Science Mathematical Statistics Department of Research Outputs 226:318-325. 142:3146-3151. 2012.Information- Journal of Statistical Journal ofStatistical 2012.Burn-invia 2012. A note on 2012.Anoteon 2012.Burn-in 226:417-425. Journal of Development inAfrica in Harare,Zimbabwe. urbanizing cities:AcaseofHighfieldsuburb challenges ofsolidwastedisposalinrapidly Chikobvu, D.&Makarati,F. and AppliedStatistics gold Market. walk theory:Empiricalevidencefrom the Chikobvu, D.&Chinhamu,K. Journal regression approach. the SouthernOscillationIndex:Weighted Predicting Zimbabwe’s annualrainfallusing Chikobvu, D.&Chifurira,R. and InformationSciences external shocks. survival modelswithevents triggered by Cha, J.H.&Finkelstein, M. Research Letters heterogeneous populations. analysis ofpreventive maintenancein Cha, J.H.&Finkelstein, M. Methods Communications inStatistics-Theoryand as burn-ininheterogeneouspopulations. Cha, J.H.&Finkelstein, M. ture Engineering wear increments. minating renewalprocesswithindependent Cha, J.H.&Finkelstein, M. Planning andInference cation toshockmodels. 15:87-107. 41:325-340. Pioneer JournalofTheoretical 8:403-408. Probability in the Engineering Probability intheEngineering 40:416-421. Structure andInfrastruc- 4:29-45. 142:2345-2351. 13:184-199. The AfricanStatistical Journal ofSustainable 26:183-195. Journal of Statistical Journal ofStatistical 2012. Stochastic 2012.Stochastic 2012.Stochastic 2012.Onater- 2012.Shocks 2012.Random 2011.The Operations 2012. reviewed proceedingsofthe54 tion. demand usingageneralizedParetodistribu- Modelling dailyincreasesinpeakelectricity Chikobvu, D.,Sigauke, C.&Verster, A. of EnergyinSouthernAfrica electricity demandinSouthAfrica. Regression-SARIMA modellingofdailypeak Chikobvu, D.&Sigauke, C. Management South Africa. to dailypeakelectricityloadforecastingin frequentist andBayesian regressionanalysis Chikobvu, D.&Sigauke, C. mortality andlongitudinal data.Commenton Finkelstein, M. 292-299. ages. tions andpopulationmortalityatadvanced Finkelstein, M. Research Mildvan modelofmortality. Finkelstein, M. Engineering Index Jointly. high river flows andSouthernOscillation De Waal, D.J.&Verster, A. South AfricanStatisticalJournal South Africausingextremevaluetheory. Winter peakelectricityloadforecastingin Chikobvu, D.,Sigauke, C.&Verster, A. Association, SpecialIssue1:58-66. Conference oftheSouthAfricanStatistical South AfricanStatisticalJournal Theoretical Population Biology 26:191-206. 8:367-372. 6:10524-10533. 2012.DiscussingtheStrehler- 2012.Onorderedsubpopula- 2012.TheGompertzlawof African JournalofBusiness Structure ofInfrastructure 2012.Modelling 23:23-30. 2012.A 46:377-393. Demographic Demographic 2012. th Annual Annual Journal : Peer- 2012. 2012. 2012. 2012. 81: 95

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

“The quadratic hazard model for analyzing (with M. Shafiee and S. Chukova). Asia-Pacific distribution. Communications in Statistics longitudinal data on aging, health and Journal of Operational Research 29: 1-23. – Simulation and Computation 41: 544-553. life span” by Yashin, Arbeev, Akushevich, Sigauke, C. & Chikobvu, D. 2012. Short-term Van Zyl, J.M. 2012. The state of research Kulminski, Ukraintseva, Stallard & Land. peak electricity demand in South Africa. output in South Africa with respect to Physics of Life Reviews 9: 189-190. African Journal of Business Management 6: economy size and Population. South African Harvey, J. & Van der Merwe, A.J. 2012. 9243-9249. Statistical Journal 46: 393-410. Bayesian confidence intervals for means Sigauke, C., Verster, A. & Chikobvu, D. 2012. Van Zyl, J.M. & Schall, R. 2012. Parameter and variances of lognormal and bivariate Tail quantile estimation of heteroskedastic estimation through weighted least-squares lognormal distributions. Journal of Statistical intraday increases in peak electricity demand. rank regression with specific reference Planning and Inference 142: 1294-1309. Open Journal of Statistics 2: 435-442. to the Weibull and Gumbel distributions. Raubenheimer, L. & Van der Merwe, A.J. Sjölander, M. & Litvine, I. 2012. The log linear Communications in Statistics – Simulation 2012. Bayesian inferences on nonlinear Bradley-Terry model and its application in and Computation 41: 1654-1666. functions of Poisson rates. South African forecasting exchange rates. Forecasting and Verster, A., De Waal, D.J., Schall, R. & Prins, C. Statistical Journal 46: 299-325. Modeling Exhibits (FAME) 2: 53-73. 2012. A truncated Pareto model to estimate Schall, R. 2012. The empirical coverage of Van Heerden, N., Steyn, H.J.H. & Schall, R. the under recovery of large diamonds. confidence intervals: Point estimates and 2012. Soil removal efficacy of catholyte Journal of Mathematical Geosciences 44: confidence intervals for confidence levels. on polyamide 6,6 fabric. Chinese Business 91-100. Biometrical Journal 54: 537-551. Review 11: 682-689. Von Maltitz, M.J. & Van der Merwe, A.J. 2012. Shafiee, M., Finkelstein, M. & Chukova, S. 2012. Van Zyl, J.M. 2012. A median regression An application of sequential regression Warranty and optimal upgrade strategy for model to estimate the parameters of multiple imputation on panel data. South used systems: An electronic drill case study the three-parameter generalized Pareto African Journal of Economics 80: 77-90.

Staff Senior Professor: Prof. Max Finkelstein. Part-time Lecturers: Dr. Ariane Neethling; Mr. Stefan Britz, and Professors: Profs. Daan de Waal, Robert Schall, and Abrie van Mr. Rodrique Gnitchogna. der Merwe. Secretary: Mrs. Elize Mathee. Senior Lecturers: Dr. Andréhette Verster, Dr. Delson Chikobvu, Dr. Assistant Officer: Mrs. Ella Hayes. Martin van Zyl; Ms. Linda van der Merwe, and Mr. Frans Koning. Messenger: Mr. William Baranye. Lecturers: Dr. Morné Sjölander; Mss. Elizabeth Girmay, Zani Ludick, and Wallina Oosthuizen; Messrs. Dries Naudé, Sean van der Merwe, and Michael von Maltitz.

Contact Details Prof. Robert Schall Annual Report 2012 Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa Telephone: +27 51 401 2945 Fax: +27 51 444 2024 E-mail: [email protected]

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Website: www.ufs.ac.za 96 colleague inMiskolc, Hungary,aswell asacolleague Prof. JohanMeyer continuedhisresearchby visitinga Activities andAchievements are interestedinMathematicsOlympiads. are closelyinvolved withthetrainingoflearnersthat happening onschoollevel. Someofthestaffmembers The Departmentisalsoconcernedwithwhat directions, suchasBiology. to manystudentsthatstudyinotherscientific sometimes even BA.We alsoofferservicemodules typically obtainthedegreesB.Sc.,B.Comand Students thatfinishtheirstudiesintheDepartment and othersontheapplicablesideofMathematics. emphasis onthemoreabstractsideofMathematics, Mathematics offersavarietyofmodules–somewith The DepartmentofMathematicsandApplied Overview Applied Mathematics Mathematics and Department of South AfricainJuly2014. International MathematicalOlympiad tobeheldin the problemsselectioncommittee oftheupcoming as well. Hewasalsoappointedastheconvener for has beenappointedasreviewer for for internationally. Healsoreviewed several papers respect toMathematicsOlympiads,nationallyand years) withthetrainingandsettingofpapers Prof. Meyer wascloselyinvolved (asinthepast20 were writtenduetothesevisits.Furthermore, (one ofwhichisalreadyacceptedforpublication) the student’sdissertation.Two researchpapers to continuefurtherresearchthatresultedfrom He alsoreceived avisitfromformerPh.D.student at theNationalTaitung University, Taitung, Taiwan. During thelattervisit,hepresentedaninvitedtalk from theNationalChengKungUniversity inTaiwan. Zentralblatt Math (publishedby Springer),and Math Reviews

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Dr. S. Dorfling collaborated with Dr. M.J. Dorfling in the area of graph theory and a paper entitled “Graph colourings with forbidden k-coloured subgraphs” was accepted for publication. Prof. T.M. Acho reviewed two papers for the American Mathematical Society Math Review database. Prof. J. Schröder paid a research visit to “Arbeitsgruppe (AG) Diskrete und Algorithmische Mathematik”, Technical University, Berlin, June to December 2012.

Natural Sciences During this time, on 31 August 2012, he gave a talk entitled “Eigen sequences; Kirchhoff and Graphs” at the research seminar in the context of the AG Diskrete Mathematik. A paper entitled “Finite Euler Transformation” was also submitted for publication. Dr. Schröder also reviewed an article for Quastiones Mathematicae.

Research Articles Research Outputs Dennis, C.R. & Murray, D.M. 2012. Success Dorfling, M.J. & Meyer, J.H. 2012. On in first-year mathematics: School-leaving polynomials and divisibility. American Department of Mathematics examinations and first-year performance. Mathematical Monthly 119: 502-506. South African Journal of Science 108: 7-8. and Applied Mathematics Ke, W-F. & Meyer, J.H. 2012. Matrix near- Meyer, J.H., Szigeti, J. & Van Wyk, L. 2012. rings and 0-primitivity. Monatshefte für A Cayley-Hamilton trace identity for 2 x 2 Mathematik 165: 353-363. matrices over Lie-solvable rings. Linear Algebra and its Applications 436: 2578-2582.

Staff Main Campus: Professors: Profs. Johan Meyer, Alain Cloot, Litthauer, Marina Botha, and Hermina Oosthuizen, and and Schalk Schoombie. Mr. Jon Smit and Mr. Ben-Eben de Klerk. Associate-professor: Prof. Thomas Acho. Postdoctoral fellow: Dr. Simon Childs. Senior lecturers: Dr. Hubertus Bargenda and Ms. Julia van Niekerk. Qwaqwa Campus: Lecturers: Dr. Samantha Dorfling, Ms. Ansa Kleynhans, and Associate-professor: Prof. Jo Schröder. Mr. Christiaan Venter. Lecturer: Mr. Patrick Mbambo. Temporary lecturers: Prof. Dana Murray, Mss. Larisse Bolton, Junior lecturer: Ms. Christa Faber. Elizabeth Viljoen, Magrietha Theron, Anita Swart, Annelie Temporary lecturer: Mr. Nallapan Sebastian.

Contact Details Prof. Johan Meyer Annual Report 2012 Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa Tel: +27 51 401-2428 Fax: +27 51 401-3805 E-mail: [email protected]

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Website: www.ufs.ac.za 98 high international profileduring2012.Some ofthe Academics fromtheDepartmentmaintained a laboratory andofficespace. building andtoprovide muchneededadditional needed upgradingofthecurrent Biotechnology 2013 fiscalyear thatwastobeusedfortheurgently- Education hadallocatedafurtherR22millionforthe the wonderful newsthattheDepartmentofHigher Towards the end oftheyear theDepartmentreceived the practicalteachingandlearningexperience. opinion thatthesenewfacilitiesgreatlyenhanced exceed 600.Bothlecturersandstudentswere ofthe first-year Biologystudents,whosenumbersusually especially usefultohostpracticalsessionsforthe the academicyear. Theselargelaboratoriesare million, were taken intouseatthebeginningof undergraduate laboratories,builtatacostofR15.9 One ofthehighlights2012wasthatnew Overview and FoodBiotechnology Microbial, Biochemical Department of world. Anarticleonthisnewworm speciesappeared USA, andacommitteeofscientists fromaroundthe Species Exploration(IISE)atArizona StateUniversity, The listispublishedby theInternationalInstitute for it intothelistofTop Ten New SpeciesoftheWorld. 2012. leader oftheUFSscientists,stillmake headlinesin research team,withProf.EstavanHeerdenasthe Welkom atadepthof1.3kmby aninternational 0.5 mminlengththeBeatrixgoldminenear The discovery ofaminusculenematodeabout Activities andAchievements headlines, asindicatedbelow. the publishedwork madeinternationalandnational mines totheloftyfoothillsofHimalayas.Some excursions rangingfromthedarkdepthsofgold research doneintheDepartmentwasbasedon Halicephalobusmephisto (devil’s worm) made 99

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

Halicephalobusmephisto (devil’s worm) discovered in a gold mine at a depth of 1.3 km.

In August, Prof. Kock presented the opening and plenary lecture at an international symposium organised by the famous Mayo School of Continuous Professional Development in Minneapolis, USA. His lecture was on the application of a new Prof. Esta van Heerden on the cover of Engineering News. nanotechnology to medicine, developed by the Kock team in collaboration with Prof. Pieter van Wyk (Centre for Microscopy) and Prof. Hendrik Swart and Dr. Liza Coetsee of the UFS Department of Physics. This was followed by an invited lecture on this nanotechnology at the Boys’ Town National Research Hospital in Omaha, in the authoritative journal, Nature, in June 2011 Nebraska, US. Prof. Kock was invited to present the (474: 79-82). As far as is known, this nematode is opening and plenary lecture at the 4th International the deepest-living terrestrial multicellular organism Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology held in the subsurface. The work of Prof. van Heerden’s at the UFS. In addition, he gave the keynote lecture group on extremophiles in South African deep on nanotechnology in medicine at the BITs 3rd Annual mines also featured in the April/May 2012 issue of International Conference of Medichem (ICM-2012) in Engineering News, with Prof. van Heerden becoming Beijing, China. Here he was the Renowned Speaker the Department’s first “cover girl”. and Session Chair. Also at this conference, Dr. Chantel Prof. Lodewyk Kock experienced a phenomenal year. Swart-Pistor gave a lecture on invitation. Following His research also made it to the cover of a journal: this, Prof. Kock and Dr. Chantel Swart-Pistor presented an article authored by C.W. Swart, K. Dithebe, C.H. lectures at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Pohl, H.C. Swart, E. Coetsee, P.W.J. van Wyk, J.C. Prof. Kock was also invited to give one of the two Swarts, E.J. Lodolo and J.L.F. Kock and published opening keynote lectures at the First International in FEMS Yeast Research 12 (2012): 867-869, was Conference on Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine selected for promotion by the Wiley-VCH Verlag (ICIDN), held in December in Kathmandu, Nepal. Prof. house-journal Biotec Visions as one of a few “very Kock literally ended the year on a high note, as after interesting articles”. This discovery was also selected the latter conference he undertook an excursion to from 20 000 articles by Global Medical Discovery for collect samples for yeast isolations along the Mount worldwide promotion. Everest “highway” that winds through the villages of the Sherpa tribe. This took three days of up to six A colour enhanced nano-micrograph from this ar- hours of walking per day in icy cold conditions. Annual Report 2012 ticle was selected for the cover of the 2013 issue of FEMS Yeast Research. The micrograph was obtained Also at the above conference in Nepal, Prof. Rob Bragg by nano-scanning Auger microscopy linked to argon gave two excellent lectures entitled “Bacteriophages etching in scanning electron microscopy mode; show- as potential treatment option of antibiotic-resistant bacteria” and “Bacterial resistance to quaternary ing for the first time gas bubbles inside the cytoplasm ammonium compounds”. of a fermenting yeast cell. The group also found that the anti-malarial drug, chloroquine, is in fact a fertility In April, Prof. James du Preez presented an invited drug with implications to the present treatment of this paper on the biotechnological potential of the yeast disease. A yeast genus (Kockiozyma gen. nov.) was Kluyveromycesmarxianus at the BITs 5th Annual World Natural and Argricultural Sciences named in his honour for his contributions to yeast sys- Congress of Industrial Biotechnology (ibio-2012) in 100 tematics, especially the lipomycetaceous yeasts. Xi’an, China. In June 2012 Prof. Du Preez attended and sixawards. nanotechnology, earninghima M.Sc.inmicrobiology a groundbreakingdiscovery concerningfuture in thehealthcategory,had madeheadlinesfor education, health,lawandarts. Dr.Sebolai,listed achievers invariousfields,suchasbusiness, science, (35 years andyounger) whoarethemostinfluential Olihile Sebolaiinthelistof200young SouthAfricans On nationallevel, the Brussels forthe2013roundofapplications. required attendanceoftwo meetingsofthepanelin submitted tothisinstitution.Thisappointment Research Counciltoevaluategrantapplications Medical BiotechnologyPaneloftheEuropean a memberoftheAppliedLifeSciencesandNon- access onlinejournal,andwasinvitedtoserve as of Prof. DuPreez on Yeasts ascommissionersrepresentingSouthAfrica. attended themeetingofInternationalCommission systems” atthiscongress.Profs.DuPreezandKock entitled “Newgenetic,transformationandexpression USA. Prof.Albertynorganisedandchairedasession Congress onYeasts heldinMadison,Wisconsin, student, RuanElls,participatedinthe13 James duPreez,Koos Albertynandpostgraduate August, agroupcomprisingProfsLodewykKock, he attendedseveral ASMambassadormeetings.In his capacityasASMambassadortoSouthAfrica, for Microbiology(ASM)inSanFrancisco,where, the AnnualGeneralMeetingofAmericanSociety the FEMSYeast Research Prof. LodewykKock and cover page(Adapted by F. Belliard,FEMSCentral Biotechnology forBiofuels Office). was appointed Mail &Guardian , ahigh-impactopen- joint Editor-in-Chief th includedDr. International International During the4 published intheMarch23issueof of pigfeedwithconjugatedlinoleicacid,whichwas wrote onthehealthbenefitsofsupplementation Mr. CobusFeirreiraandsupervisor,Prof.ArnoHugo, in theMarch23issueof feed withconjugatedlinoleicacidthatwaspublished Hugo onthehealthbenefitsofsupplementationpig student CobusFeirreiraandsupervisorProf.Arno the researchofDr.CarinaBothma,post-graduate Also makingthenewswasanarticleoriginatingfrom Achievements ofStudents aspects ofthe beer-brewing process.Thestudents presented alectureonthetheoretical andpractical and affiliateassociate-professor intheDepartment, burg. Prof.BettieLodolo,brewing consultantatSAB Brewery andtheSABWorld ofBeerinJohannes- excursion totheSABTrainingInstitute,Alrode Kilian, undertookwhathasnow becomeanannual biology students,withProfs.DuPreezandStephanus In October,agroupcomprising62third-year Micro- Association’s mostprestigiousstudentof2012. Association forFoodScienceandTechnology) asthis the BrianKoeppen Award fromSAAFoST(SA Science (supervisorDr.Koos Myburgh),received Ms. Esti-AndrineSmith,aPh.D.studentinFood Swart-Pistor. supervisors were Prof.LodewykKock andDr.Chantel the bestM.Sc.posterpresentationinbiology.The student KhumishoDithebereceived anawardfor science andNanotechnologyheldinAprilattheUFS, th InternationalConferenceonNano- Farmer’s Weekly Farmer’s Weekly . . 101

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences found this exposure to industry highly stimulating and thoroughly enjoyed the excursion (and the free beer). SAB partially sponsored the tour.

Research The Department comprises two divisions, namely Microbiology and Biochemistry, and Food Science. Within these two divisions there are various research groups.

Natural Sciences Research led by Prof. Garry Osthoff of the Food Science Division on milk of non-dairy animals has provided new insight in the control of the chain length of synthesised fatty acids. In the mammary gland, the fatty acid synthesis process is terminated by a thioesterase after the addition of 8 to 16 carbon atoms. In the milk of the domesticated species, e.g. cow and goat, the termination is mainly focused at 16 carbon atoms in length, while for one ruminant family, Alcelaphinae (blesbok and hartebeest), it is at 14 carbon atoms. In the African elephant and the rhinoceros it is at 12 carbon atoms or shorter, which shows that this property is determined genetically. The synthesis does not change much in most species; however, it was observed that in the African elephant and the rhinoceros the synthesis of short chain fatty acids is favoured as lactation progresses. The Prof. Lodewyk Kock at the Everest viewpoint with Mount Everest in the background. difference being that in rhinoceros milk the amount of 12:0 fatty acids increases together with the short chain fatty acids, whereas in the elephant milk it increases together with the longer chain fatty acids. Application of milk with a specific fatty acid composition would find application in products for people who suffer slimy appearance. It is investigated for its role as from a genetic disorder in their fat metabolism, fat replacer, water binder and gelling agent in food specifically a defective enzyme, acylCoA synthase. products such as carrot cake and marshmallows. Another application would be butterfat with different Cactus cladode flour is rich in dietary fibre and melting properties, resulting in improved spreadability. was investigated for use in traditional fermented The research on elephant milk led to an invited beverages such as mageu and beer, as well as baked contribution of a chapter in the book “Elephants: products such as health bread. Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation”. The research of Prof. Celia Hugo on the microbial Dr. Koos Myburgh’s research group is involved quality of food is ongoing, especially on the with the improvement of dairy processes. During chryseobacteria and their significance in food. Upon 2012, a final patent, number 2012/01139, was filed invitation, a chapter on the food-related members of on the improvement of the yoghurt process. Dr. the Flavobacteriaceae (of which Chryseobacterium is Myburgh was appointed to the South African National one of the genera) was published in the “Handbook Committee of the International Dairy Federation (IDF) of Culture Media for Food and Water Microbiology” and also to a specialised international IDF workgroup (third edition). on the adulteration of milk with whey powder. Prof. Arno Hugo and his postgraduate students The research of Dr. Maryna de Wit and her co-workers continued with investigations into the manipulation Annual Report 2012 focused on an investigation of the antioxidant quality of the lipid component of the diets of farm animals (content and potential) of the fruit (pulp and peel), with the aim of improving the technological and/ seeds and cladodes of cactus pears (Opuntia ficus- or health properties of fat tissue from such animals. indica and Opuntia robusta). The project was further Several of the completed projects were successful expanded to include the effect of processing (juicing, in improving the health properties of products from drying, whole preserves, pickling and chutney- monogastric animals such as pigs and chickens (and making) on the antioxidant content and potential eggs). The researchers also succeeded in improving of the fruit and cladodes. The cladodes are being the fatty acid profiles of ruminants with the inclusion investigated as a source of nutraceutical compounds. of Acacia karroo leaves in goat diets. This research Natural and Argricultural Sciences These include mucilage, a major compound in cactus programme produced a large number of congress 102 pear fruit and cladodes, which is responsible for the contributions and several peer reviewed articles. of geologyand microbiology. Workshop toextendthemultidisciplinaryinteraction Climate andEarthSystemScience) HabitablePlanets also involved withtheACCESS (AppliedCentrefor at theBoyden Observatoryonastrobiologyandis group participatedinaninvited publiclectureseries African environmentalremediationstrategies.The in bioremediationforimplementationSouth Consultants, USA,toinvestigate several developments was extendedwitharesearchvisittoGeosyntec bioremedial collaborationforplatformdevelopment the PathwayTools Workshop intheUSAand During theyear, Prof.EstavanHeerdenattended terrestrial storageinSouthAfrica. Ph.D. studenttoinvestigate carbonsequestrationfor Centre forCarbonCaptureandStorage)tosponsora Energy ResearchInstitute)andSACCCS (SouthAfrican molecules, allowing SANERI(SouthAfricanNational hydrogen fluxes andabiogenicproduction of organic transformations inenvironmentsinfluencedby high The researchspecificallyaddressesmicrobialcarbon (DCO), sponsoredby theAlfredP. SloanFoundation. continued fundingby theDeepCarbonObservatory of Bern.Theprojecthasalotmomentumwith and ledby Dr. Roland PurtschertfromtheUniversity that isfundedby theNationalGeographicSociety included anewaspectof international researcherstotheUFS.Thesamplingalso subsurface samplingyear thatincludedaninfluxof Metagenomics Platformishosted,hadabusydeep The ExtremeBiochemistrygroup,wheretheTIA/UFS South AfricansAwards thatwasheldonthe21stofJuneinSandton. Dr. OlihileSebolai(left)withMr.Trevor Manual,Ministerinthe Presidency,atthe2012MailandGuardian’sTop 200Young 81 Kr dating of groundwater Kr datingofgroundwater beverages. Researchactivities focusedonthemicro- of themicro-organismsnative tothesefermented biochemical activitiesandtechnological properties ing fundamentalknowledge ofthegrowth kinetics, local entrepreneurshipandfood securityby obtain- dietary staplesforadults.The project contributesto ments forimmune-compromisedindividuals,andas and/or complementaryfoodsforchildren,assupple- These areimportantbeverages utilisedasweaning – koyo andChibwantu (maize/grits ormilletandroots tive toZambia,namelyMabisi(milk-based),Mun- the development ofuniquefermentedproductsna- through improved technologiesforprocessingand of ruralcommunitiesandsmall-scaleprocessors was aimedatimproving thelivelihoods andincomes sis onfoodsecurityinruralareas.Aspecificproject enous fermentedfoodsandbeverages withempha- Bennie Viljoen,continuedresearchtofocusonindig- The FoodBiotechnologyresearchgroup,ledby Prof. early detectionforcontamination. This canalsoidentifyenvironmentalbiomarkers asan industry asaselectiontoolforsoilandwaterhealth. to make microbialdiversity assessmentsavailableto the researchgrouphascreatedaservicecomponent the knowledge gainedfromthedeepsubsurfacework, demonstration ofthistechnologyinSouthAfrica.Using engineered systemsarecurrentlyavailableas linked toindustrialpartnersfortheuseof biological and industrialcontamination.Threeupscaledprojects The grouphasseveral projectsthatdealwithmining Rynchosiainsignis and Rynchosiaheterophylla ). 103

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

Profs. James du Preez, Lodewyk Kock, Koos Albertyn and postgraduate student Ruan Ells at the 13th International Congress on Yeasts held in Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

bial loads (yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and pathogens) Swart and Pieter van Wyk of the UFS Department of associated with these products, which might be ap- Physics and the UFS Centre for Microscopy, respec- plied as starter cultures, probiotics, and antagonists tively. The applicability of NanoSAM to nanomedicine or as agents of biological control. The influence of a has been identified as a research priority and will be range of environmental variables on their growth, researched in collaboration with laboratories from their interactions with other micro-organisms and the Mayo Clinic Medical School and Boys’ Town Na- their contributions to food quality, safety and shelf- tional Research Hospital, all based in the USA. life were explored. The most significant finding was A second research focus is the metabolism of lipids the unique application of indigenous roots as enzyme by pathogenic fungi. Some of these fungi are able to inducers during the fermentations, which will be fur- produce lipid hormones, a virulence factor important ther investigated to evaluate its commercial value. Two Ph.D. students focused on the enzymes asso- in host pathogen interaction. This group found that a ciated with the rapid utilization/breakdown of the rare fatty acid can be incorporated into host lipids and maize in the fermented product. Preliminary results may reduce the production of this virulence factor indicated an enhanced amylase activity. during infection by pathogenic yeasts and so reduce the associated inflammation. In addition, long- The Lipid Biotechnology research group (includ- chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which elicit their ing its community service unit, SAFOI – South Afri- antifungal activity by inducing apoptosis of the yeast can Fryer Oil Initiative) under the leadership of Prof. cells, can be used in combination with commercial Lodewyk Kock, Dr. Carlien Pohl-Albertyn and Dr. Ch- antifungals to synergistically increase their antifungal antel Swart-Pistor, was very productive in 2012 (see activity. These findings indicate the importance of Overview above and www.ufs.ac.za/myoilguide). Dr. fatty acids during infection by pathogenic yeasts. Chantel Swart and two M.Sc. students (sponsored by The work on oxylipins in pathogenic yeasts was th SAFOI) successfully presented their work at the 4 presented at the 13th International Congress on Yeasts International Conference on Nanoscience and Nano-

Annual Report 2012 in Madison, USA. technology held at the UFS, as well as at the BITs 3rd Annual International Conference of Medichem in The Molecular Virology Research Group of Dr. Trudi Beijing, China. In line with their mission, this group O’Neill focuses on gastroenteritis-causing viruses, concentrated on the development of novel medicines specifically rotavirus. Current research involves the such as antifungal and anticancer drugs. Here, yeasts development of a rotavirus reverse-genetics system linked to nanotechnology, specifically Nano Scanning and is conducted in collaboration with Prof. Albie van Auger Microscopy (NanoSAM), are used to uncover Dijk at the North West University in Potchefstroom. novel medicines. Nanobiotechnology methods utilis- This work was funded by a senior fellowship awarded ing Scanning Electron Microscopy, in conjunction to Dr. O’Neill by the European Foundation Initiative for Natural and Argricultural Sciences with NanoSAM and targeted ion etching, have been Neglected Tropical Diseases (EFINTD) and Dr. O’Neill 104 further developed in collaboration with Profs. Hendrik attended a grantees meeting in Maputo, Mozambique of variousproteins. Theseincludeacollaborative that wasdeveloped fortheheterologousexpression of anovel yeast expressionsystem,patentedin2011, Prof. Koos Albertyn,furtherinvestigated theapplication The Yeast MolecularBiology ResearchGroup,ledby several projectsacrossthetwo faculties. and make valuablecontributionstotheprogressof to dotheirhigh-throughputsequencingon-site sequencer fortheUFS.Thiswillallow researchers and Training(DHET)topurchaseanext-generation funding fromtheDepartmentofHigherEducation and HealthSciencesthatwassuccessfulinobtaining the FacultiesofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences headed acommitteeconsistingofmembersfrom Genomics inCapeTown, 4–8June.Dr.O’Neillalso attended aworkshop onPopulation Geneticsand preparation fortheanalysisofdata,Dr.O’Neill renders themreadyforexcretion. Aspartofthe by conjugating themtoglycine andindoingso, of detoxification whereitdeactivatessubstrates is animportantroleplayer inthesecondphase a SouthAfricancohortofdescent.GLYAT polymorphisms (SNPs)withintheGLYAT geneof generation sequencingtodetectsinglenucleotide cellular detoxification. Thecurrentwork uses next- by Dr.FransO’Neill, iscurrentlyfocusedonhuman The researchoftheClinicalBiochemistrygroup,led in collaborationwithProf.Koos Albertyn. virus-like particlesinyeast isanotherresearchfocus to thereverse-genetics project,theproductionof was alsopartlyfundedby thefellowship. Inaddition Juan, PuertoRico(27November –1December2012), 11 (30 January–1February2012).Attendanceofthe th InternationalSymposiumondsRNAvirusesinSan Prof. BettieLodoloattheSABTrainingInstituteduringalecturetothird-year Microbiologystudents. isozymes associated withethanolmetabolism in ADH genesencodingalcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) Prof. Koos Albertyn,onthephysiologicalroleoffive Du Toit Schabort.Research, incollaborationwith with groupmembersMs.Laurinda SteynandMr. led by Profs.JamesduPreezandStephanus Kilian, The FermentationBiotechnologyresearchgroupis previously attributedtoADH2. only ADH1wasabletoutiliseethanol,afunction important observationwasthatastrainexpressing harbouring onlyonefunctionalADHgene.One behaviour ofquadrupledeletionmutants,each growth parameters,physiologicalandtranscriptional by Dr.OlgadeSmidt,wasdoneby analysingthe in collaborationwithProf.duPreezandconducted in of eachthefive alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes The resultsofanexpandedstudytoevaluatetherole possible drugtargeting. pathogenic yeast enzymes involved inprostaglandinsynthesisthe Pohl-Albertyn attemptstoidentifyandinvestigate away in2011.Anothercollaborative projectwithDr. Professor affiliatedwiththeDepartment,whopassed eminent yeast taxonomist andformerExtraordinary named inhonourofProf.JohannesvanderWalt, an assimilate cyanide,and cyanovorans, species in2012.Thesewere named led tothedescriptionoftwo newly-discovered yeast SANBI (SouthAfricanNationalBiodiversity Institute) with Dr.CarlienPohl-Albertyn, aprojectfundedby in anumberofselectedyeast species.Incollaboration project withDr.TrudiO’Neilltoexpressviralparticles S.cerevisiae referring to the ability of this strain to referringtotheabilityofthisstrain were publishedin2012.Thisstudy, Cryptococcus neoformans Trichosporon vanderwaltii, Cryptococcus Cryptococcus for for

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Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Saccharomyces cerevisiae continued (see above). collected by HPLC for use in further characterisation The metabolic effects of multiple ADH gene deletions of the oligosaccharides. were investigated using a high-throughput analytical The aim of the Biocatalysis research group of Prof. approach. The metabolic profiles of these deletion Martie Smit and Dr. Dirk Opperman is to develop mutants were determined using an OmniLog® excellent whole-cell biocatalysts for hydroxylation Phenotype MicroArray™ system, which facilitates reactions. The group focuses on the hydroxylation of the rapid and precise quantitation of phenotypes, linear and cyclic alkanes and alkenes by cytochrome thereby providing a deeper understanding of the P450 mono-oxygenases, as well as the synthesis of functional substitution of the five ADH isozymes. esters and lactones from the corresponding ketones. The investigation of ethanol production from a This research is funded by the DST-NRF Centre of Natural Sciences novel lignocellulosic biomass source, the cladodes Excellence in Catalysis and SASOL. During July 2012, of the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica), Dr. Opperman spent two weeks in the laboratory using Kluyveromyces marxianus was concluded of Prof. Frank Hollmann to present a course on in 2011. The advantage of using this feedstock is computational methods in protein modelling. Prof. that O. ficus-indica is well-adapted for cultivation Smit and Dr. Opperman were invited speakers at the in semi-arid regions. The year saw the conclusion Structural Biology in the Bio-Economy Conference, 2 – of the second phase of this research, namely the 4 December 2012, held at the University of Cape Town protein enrichment of an enzymatic hydrolysate of as part of the Germany-South Africa Year of Science. the cladodes through the cultivation of the yeasts The structural biology effort at the UFS was boosted K. marxianus and Candida utilis. The total protein by the installation of a Rigaku X-ray diffractometer content of the hydrolysate was increased up to 2.8- for protein/macromolecular crystallography. Dr. fold and the amino acid profile of the yeast biomass Opperman received the Faculty Prize in Academic compared favourably with the FAO reference. K. Entrepreneurship for negotiating the donation of this marxianus proved its potential as an alternative diffractometer by the University of the Western Cape. to C. utilis for single-cell protein production from The main highlights of the Veterinary Biotechnology lignocellulosic biomass at an elevated temperature. Research Group of Prof. Rob Bragg and Ms. Charlotte To further the metabolic engineering of K. marxianus Boucher included the establishment of a molecular for ethanolic fermentation, the ploidy of the yeast diagnostic laboratory serving mainly the poultry was determined using flow cytometry. Cassettes for and parrot industries. Dr. Arina Jansen, who recently the disruption of the K. marxianus KU70 genes were obtained her Ph.D. after studying in the group, was constructed from a Candida albicans SAT1-flipper appointed as a postdoctoral student to run the plasmid; disruption of the KU70 gene would make diagnostic laboratory. The group was invited to host the yeast more amenable to genetic transformation a beak and feather disease virus information day for with foreign genes. The bioinformatics and systems parrot-breeding clubs in the North West province. biology aspects of K. marxianus (investigated by This very successful day was attended by about 200 Mr. Schabort) resulted in the complete sequencing, parrot breeders, many of whom submitted samples to assembly and annotation of this yeast, revealing the diagnostic laboratory. Prof. Bragg was invited to approximately 5 000 genes. A genome scale participate in a panel discussion at the launch of the metabolic pathway model was constructed from Tshwane Animal Health Innovation Cluster Initiative the annotated genome, which could soon be used (TAHICI), which was held in Pretoria in October. Dr. for predictive simulations for metabolic engineering. Arina Jansen and Prof. Bragg were invited to attend Software was developed for a convenient assembly a Mycoplasma seminar, which was arranged by and annotation workflow, which can be used for the South African Poultry Association (SAPA) in similar projects in the future. Also, various other Johannesburg. This led to a visit by representatives computer programs were developed for high- from SAPA to investigate possible cooperation and throughput genome-scale systems biology to handle funding in 2013. This was as a result of the excellent data from high-throughput sequencing and GC-MS Masters’ project on the diversity of Mycoplasma in and LC-MS analyses. An experimental protocol for Southern African poultry by Serena Moretti. Prof.

Annual Report 2012 intracellular metabolomics using LC-MS was also set Bragg was also invited as a keynote speaker to a up and protocol for GC-MS is in progress. workshop with a group of poultry veterinarians from all of the major poultry producers, and to a workshop Prebiotics beneficially modify the intestinal held in Portland, USA, by IDEXX, the major supplier of microbial population when ingested, resulting in diagnostic reagents in the poultry industry around the an improvement of the individual’s health. Prof. world. Ms. Charlotte Boucher received a certificate in Kilian’s research remained focused on prebiotic bio-entrepreneurship from the University of Pretoria. oligosaccharides produced by yeasts. A total of 32 g l-1 of oligosaccharide was produced from sucrose using shake flask cultures of Leucosporidium scottii. Staff Matters Natural and Argricultural Sciences The two trisaccharides and one tetrasaccharide in Drs. Frans and Trudi O’Neill were appointed as senior 106 the product mixture were separated and fractions lecturers in Biochemistry as from January 2012. face bacterium, 2012. ReductionofU(VI)by thedeepsubsur- Cason, E.D.,Piater,L.A.&Van Heerden, E. Express C=C doublebonds. Chemoenzymatic reductionofconjugated Opperman, D.J.&Hollmann,F. Bernard, J.,Van Heerden,E.,Arends,I.W.C.E., Research Articles surface displayon rDNA basedplasmidforenhanced cell Moleleki, N. Bulani, S.I.,Moleleki,L.,Albertyn,J.& Science fat sources. affected by abioflavonoid antioxidant and and oxidative stabilityoflambs’meatas Fair, M.D. A., Van derMerwe, H.J.,Slippers,S.C.& Booyens, K.E.,Einkamerer,O.B.,Hugo, 199. porter protein. and thenovel involvement oftheABCtrans- Food Biotechnology Microbial, Biochemicaland Research Outputs 42:483-487. 2:27. 2012.Fattyacidcomposition 2012.Development ofanovel South AfricanJournalofAnimal Chemosphere Thermus scotoductus Yarrowia lipolytica ChemCatChem 86:572-577. 2012. 4:196- SA-01, SA-01, . AMB

Merwe, H.J.&Fair, M.D. King, E.J.,Hugo,A.,DeWitt,F.H., Van der Journal ofAnimalScience performances oflayers. dietary lipidsaturationonproduction Merwe, H.J.&Fair,M.D. King, E.J.,DeWitt,F.H., Hugo,A.,Van der Biotechnology CYP153A6 operon. of n-octaneby & Smit,M.S. D.J., Olaofe,O.A.,Harrison,S.T., Albertyn,J. Gudiminchi, R.K.,Randall,C.,Opperman, Communications biocatalytic redox isomerisation. U., Arends,I.W. &Hollmann,F. Gargiulo, S.,Opperman,D.J.,Hanefeld, and Engineering protein production. on cassavapeelhydrolysates forsingle-cell dubliniensis. cells duringinfectionwith Steyn, L. Ezekiel, O.O.,Aworh, O.C.,DuPreez,J.C.& Mediators prostaglandin E Pohl, C.H. Ells, R.,Kock, J.L.F., Albertyn,J.,Hugo,A.& Disease in pathogenicyeasts. C.H. 2012. Ells, R.,Kock, J.L.F., Albertyn,J.&Pohl, FEMS Yeast Research metabolism of of alcoholdehydrogenases intheethanol 2012. Molecularandphysiologicalaspects De Smidt,O.,DuPreez,J.C.&Albertyn,J. Research International coli The incidenceofdiarrhoeagenic Charimba, G.,Hugo,C.&A. inmincedbeefandboerewors. 11:100. 2012.Cultivationof 2012.Sciadonicacidmodulates 97:66-71. 2012.Whole-cellbio-oxidation

Arachidonic acidmetabolites 96:1507-1516. Prostaglandins &OtherLipid E. coli 2:452-461. 2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 48:6630-6632. productionby epithelial Applied Microbiologyand Journal ofFoodScience 12:33-47. strainsexpressingthe 47:353-358. Lipids inHealthand 2012.Effectof 2012.Effectof 42: 515-519. C. albicans South African Candida utilis 2012.A Escherichia Chemical 2012. and Food C. .

prophage remnants withinthegenomeof 2012. Identificationofprophages and Roodt, Y., Bragg,R.R.&Albertyn,J. Animal Science of finishinglambs. yeast productonthegrowth performance M.D. Merwe, H.J.,Hugo,A.,Scholtz,G.D.J.&Fair, Pienaar, G.H.,Einkamerer,O.B.,Van der Journal ofWildlifeResearch okapi andSouthernpudu. scimitar oryxwithobservationsonlechwe, ranging elandandkudugemsbok Comparison ofthemilkcompositionfree- Osthoff, G.,Hugo,A.&DeWit,M. of AnimalScience African cattlebreeds. milk compositionoffree-rangingindigenous Nel, K.&Fourie,D. Myburgh, J.,Osthoff,G.,Hugo,A.,DeWit,M., Microbiology Journal ofSystematicEvolutionary cyanide-contaminated soil. nov., Abasidiomycetous yeast isolatedfrom C. Motaung, T.E., Albertyn,J.,Kock, J.L.F. &Pohl, boerewors. lipid stabilityandsensoryevaluationof preservatives onthemicrobialquality, & Hugo,A. Mathenjwa, S.A.,Hugo,C.J.,Bothma,C. Production Science under artificialhaemonchosis. sensory attributesofXhosalop-earedgoats leaves onfattyacidprofilesandconsumer dietary supplementationwith Muchenje, V. &Dzama,K. Marume, U.,Hugo,A.,Chimonyo, M., of AnimalScience lipid oxidation ofeggs. dietary fatsourceonfattyacidprofileand 2012. 2012.Theeffectsofanactive live 2012.Effectofalternative Meat Science 62:1208-1214. Cryptococcus cyanovorans 42:464-468. 42:1-14. 42:503-506. 2012.Comparisonofthe 52:1099-1106. South AfricanJournalof South AfricanJournal South AfricanJournal 91:165-172. 2012.Effectof 42:23-34. South African Acacia karroo International International 2012. Animal sp. sp.

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Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Avibacterium paragallinarum bacterium. dubliniensis biofilms. Biochimica et Biophysica gy. In Culture Media for Food Associated Gen- Sequencing 2012: Article ID 953609. Acta – General Subjects 1820: 1463-1468. era in the Family Flavobacteriaceae, edited Sebolai, O.M., Pohl, C.H., Kock, J.L.F., Thibane, V.S., Kock, J.L.F., Van Wyk, P.W.J., by J.E.L. Corry, G.D.W. Curtis and R.M. Baird. Chaturvedi, V. & Del Poeta, M. 2012. Review: Ells, R. & Pohl, C.H. 2012. Stearidonic acid Cambridge: RSC Publishing. pp. 508-556. The presence of 3-hydroxy oxylipins in acts in synergism with amphotericin B in pathogenic microbes. Prostaglandins and inhibiting Candida albicans and Candida Patents Other Lipid Mediators 97: 17-21. dubliniensis biofilms in vitro. International Myburgh, J. & Smith, E-A. 2012. Production Swart, C.W., Dithebe, K., Pohl, C.H., Swart, Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 40: 284-285. of a fermented foodstuff. Patent number H.C., Coetsee, E., Van Wyk, P.W.J., Swarts, Van der Westhuizen, W. & Bragg, R.R. 2012. 2012/01139 DM Kisch INC. J.C., Lodolo, E.J. & Kock, J.L.F. 2012. Gas Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for Van Heerden, E. & Botes, E. 2012. bubble formation in the cytoplasm of a screening avian pathogenic Escherichia coli Bioremediation of acid mine drainage using fermenting yeast. FEMS Yeast Research 12: (APEC) for virulence genes. Avian Pathology sulfate reducing bacteria. Patent Application 867-869. 41: 33-40. Number P2195ZA00/MVS. Natural Sciences Swart, C.W., Olivier, A., Dithebe, K., Pohl, Workneh, T.S., Osthoff, G. & Steyn, M. 2012. Van Heerden, E. & Erasmus, J. 2012. Appa- C.H., Van Wyk, P.W.J., Swart, H.C., Coetsee, E. Effects of preharvest treatment, disinfections, ratus and method for conducting microbio- & Kock, J.L.F. 2012. Yeast sensors for novel packaging and storage environment on logical processes. Patent Application Number drugs: Chloroquine and others revealed. quality of tomato. Journal of Food Science P2195ZA00/MVS. and Technology 49: 685-694. Sensors 12: 13058-13074. Van Heerden, E. & Jugdave, A.G. 2012. Thibane, V.S., Ells, R., Hugo, A., Albertyn, J., Description of a novel protein system Janse van Rensburg, W.J., Van Wyk, P.W.J., Chapter in Book responsible for platinum microbial reduction Kock, J.L.F. & Pohl, C.H. 2012. Polyunsaturated Hugo, C.J. & Jooste, P.J. 2012. Handbook of and transformation. Patent Application fatty acids cause apoptosis in C. albicans and C. culture media for food and water microbiolo- Number P2195ZA00/MVS.

Staff Division of Microbiology and Biochemistry: Distinguished Professor: Prof. Lodewyk Kock. Senior Officers: Ms. Leonie Myburgh, and Carin Badenhorst. Professors: Profs. James du Preez, Koos Albertyn, Rob Bragg, Senior Assistant Officer: Ms. Ezelle van den Heever. Stephanus Kilian, Hugh Patterton (part-time; research cluster Storeman: Ms. Merriam Mogopodi. director), Martie Smit, Esta van Heerden, and Bennie Viljoen. Technical Help: Mss. Susan Leeuw, Lydia Mazwi, Messrs. Senior Lecturers: Drs. Frans O’Neill, Trudi O’Neill, Dirk Stanford Isaac, Petrus Mereko, and Jack Mvula. Opperman, Carlien Pohl-Albertyn, and André van Tonder. Lecturer: Dr. Olihile Sebolai. Division of Food Science: Junior Lecturers: Ms. Charlotte Boucher, and Mr. Du Toit Professor: Prof. Garry Osthoff. Schabort. Associate Professor: Profs. Arno Hugo, and Celia Hugo. Researcher: Ms. Laurinda Steyn. Senior lecturers: Drs. Maryna de Wit, Koos Myburgh, and Mr. Affiliate Associate Professor: Prof. Bettie Lodolo. Neels Bezuidenhout (part-time). Research Associate: Prof. Derek Litthauer. Lecturer: Dr. Carina Bothma. Secretary: Ms. Millie Cohen. Secretary: Ms. Ilze Auld. Senior Officers, professional services: Mr. Sarel Marais, and Officer, professional services: Dr. G. Charimba, and Ms. Nel-Marie Aggenbag. Ms. Eileen Roodt. Officers, professional services: Mss. Suzanne Brandt, Technical Help: Mss. Tinah Mkololo, and Sarah Senokoane. Yvette Makaum, Christelle Möller, Dalene van den Berg, and Cleaner: Mr. Edward Mtshotana. Andri van Wyk.

Contact Details Prof. James du Preez Annual Report 2012 Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa Telephone: +27 51 401 2679 Fax: +27 51 401 9376 E-mail: [email protected]

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Website: www.ufs.ac.za 108 such state-of-the-art equipment. of onlyafewresearchlaboratories intheworld with surface characterisationtechniques makingitone partment. TheDepartmenthosts threeofthemain Surface CharacterisationFacilities (NNSCF)intheDe- a newcharacterisationtechnique intheNewNano- eter (TOF-SIMS) wasinstalledandcommissionedas A newTime-of-FlightSecondaryIonMassSpectrom- Research Highlights mary oftheannualreportisattached. through theBoyden ScienceCentre,ofwhichasum- The communityservicesaremainlycoordinated nationally foritsresearchandcommunityservices. and communityservices.Itiswell-recognised inter- ments inSouthAfricabasedonresearch,education is fastbecomingoneoftheleadingPhysicsdepart- Physics hadanexceptional year onceagain andit Overview Physics Department of K. Cronje,hostedthe4 Prof. J.J.Terblans, Dr.R.E.Kroon, Ms.Y. LootsandMs. Ntweaeborwa andsupportedby Prof.H.C.Swart, The Department,underthe leadershipofProf. Prof. W.D. Roos). Department (Prof.H.C.Swart,Prof.J.J.Terblans and using thesophisticatedpracticalequipmentof (Dr. R.E.Kroon),aswell asobtainingexperiencein they attendedlecturesonthetheoryofNanophysics Students were hostedforamonth;duringwhich University, andtheUniversity ofJohannesburg. the Western Cape,NelsonMandelaMetropolitan operated incollaborationwiththeUniversity of Masters’ DegreeProgramme.Thisprogrammeis Physics studentsfromthenewNationalNanoscience During 2012,theDepartmentreceived itsfirst Activities andAchievements – 4April)atthe UFS. Nanoscience andNanotechnology (NanoAfrica2012,1 th International Conferenceon 109

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

Ms. Duvenhage, Prof. Terblans, Prof. Swart, Mr. Barnard, Mr. Cronje and Dr. Coetsee-Hugo at the new Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer.

Prof. H.C. Swart was awarded the prestigious At the Faculty’s annual reward ceremony, three of research chair in Solid State Luminescent and the Physics staff members received awards, namely: Advanced Materials from the South African Research • Prof. Swart received the Dean’s Excellence medal Chairs Initiative (SARChI) at the end of 2012. for his contributions to the Faculty. It was an excellent year for the Department’s post- • Prof. Meintjes received the prize for research given graduate students at the 57th Annual Conference of to researchers over 36 years of age. the South African Institute of Physics (SAIP), where • Prof. Hoffman received the Kovsie Ambassador they won several prizes in the fields of Condensed Award during an Alumni function. Matter Physics and Materials Sciences and Dr. Vinay Kumar from the School of Physics, Shri Astrophysics. The winners were: Mata Vaishno Devi University (SMVDU), India, a • Best M.Sc. presentation in Applied Physics: former postdoctoral student of the UFS, visited us for Sipho Dlamini (Profs. Swart and Ntwaeaborwa). a month to do some collaborated research. • Best M.Sc. poster – Solid State: Puseletso Two other postdoctoral students, Dr. Indrajit Nagpure Mokoena (Profs. Ntwaeaborwa and Swart). and Dr. Shreyas Pitale, completed their postdoctoral • Best M.Sc. publication – Semi-conductors: studies during the year; both of them spent about Luyanda Noto (Profs. Swart and Terblans). two years in the Department. Several papers followed • Best M.Sc. publication – Solid State: Mantwa from their research. Lephoto (Profs. Ntwaeaborwa and Swart). • Best Ph.D. publication – Solid State: Yousif Prof. Swart went to Linköping, Sweden, for collabo- Mohammed (Profs. Swart and Ntwaeaborwa). ration talks. A workshop was held to promote col- • Best Ph.D. poster – Solid State: Samy Shaat (Profs. laboration between South Africa and Sweden during Ntwaeaborwa and Swart). his visit. • Best M.Sc. presentation – Astrophysics: Jacques Dr. Kroon was granted beam-time at the DESY Annual Report 2012 Maritz (Prof. Meintjes). synchrotron in Hamburg, Germany, together with an • Best Ph.D. presentation – Astrophysics: Alida NRF travel grant. Odendaal (Prof. Meintjes). A team consisting of Profs. Swart and Ntwaeaborwa During the Square Kilometre Conference in and the postgraduate student, Luyanda Noto, Stellenbosch, Alida Odendaal won the prize for the measured the luminescent properties of various best poster presentation at Ph.D. level. phosphor materials using VUV (vacuum-ultraviolet) light not currently available in South Africa. Prof. P.J. Meintjes, part of the Astrophysics Research Group, gave an invited talk at Vulcano 2012: The Department participated in the review of Natural and Argricultural Sciences Frontier Objects in Astrophysics and Particle Physics Undergraduate Physics Education organised by the 110 Conference in Vulcano, Italy, in June. South African Institute of Physics (SAIP) in conjunction included improvements totheBoyden entrance, Site upgradesattheobservatory during2012 part oftheBoyden calendar. Astronomy QuizandNationalScience Week, also form a regularbasis.Specialprojects, suchastheannual and communitygroupsthatvisit theobservatoryon presented, aswell asvariousprogrammesforschool include openevenings wherepubliclecturesare at Boyden Observatoryarewell-established and The sciencecommunicationandeducationalactivities celestial objectstroughtelescopes. and localscientists,theopportunitytoview offers ordinarypeoplepersonalcontactwithvisiting presentations. Asapublicfacility,Boyden Observatory attractions arenumerouseducationprogrammesand indigenous veld experience.Atthecoreofthese significance, thespectacularviews,andauthentic many peopleforvariousreasons,includingitshistorical in centralSouthAfrica.Itisaversatile sitethatengages Boyden Observatoryhasbecomeauniqueattraction Two ObservatoriesProject Science Centreandthe Boyden Observatory Soelen. B.D. Dem,B.Oruru,H.A.A.SeedAhmed,andvan The following Ph.D. studentsobtainedtheirdegrees: L.L. Noto,A.Odendaal,M.A.Tshabalala,andWako. P.E. Barnard,K.E.Foka, M.A.Lephoto,M.J.Madito, The following M.Sc. studentsobtainedtheirdegrees: Postgraduate Students members ofthiscollaboration. South Africanside,onlytheUFS,NWUandWitsare Collaboration, withthetelescopesinNamibia.On international HESS(HighEnergyStereoscopicSystem) was formallyincorporatedintothevery prestigious sources. In2012,theUFSAstrophysicsResearchGroup multi-wavelength studiesofhighenergyastrophysical The UFSAstrophysicsresearchgroupfocuseson in 2013. believed thatthespectrographwillarrive atBoyden for studenttrainingandresearchprogrammes.Itis State University. Thiswillbeavery valuableasset the UFS-Boyden 1.5mtelescope by theAppalachian the buildingofamedium-resolutionspectrographfor exciting aspectforthcomingfrom thesediscussionsis as establishingformalresearchcollaboration.Avery in theUSAandfinalisedacademicexchange, aswell Prof. MeintjesvisitedtheAppalachianStateUniversity assess thecapabilitiesofprospective students. are usedinconjunctionwithmatriculationresultsto Setting oftheNationalBenchmarkTests (NBT),which was alsoinvitedtobeonthePanelforStandard acted asthedepartmentalrepresentative. Dr.Kroon with theCouncilforHigherEducation(CHE).Dr.Kroon Ion MassSpectrometer. Barnard helpstoinstallthenewTime-of-FlightSecondary Pat vanHeerden,EdwardHlazo,ShaunCronjeandPieter • The Lamont-Hussey Observatory, focusing on more TheLamont-Hussey Observatory,focusingonmore • • The Boyden ObservatoryandScienceCentre, Observatories Project.Thetwo observatoriesare: Science CentreProjectevolved tobecometheTwo Thus, inthisperiod,theBoyden Observatoryand building hassufferedsomeneglect. into disuseinthepast35years, andthebeautifulold the MangaungMetropolitanMunicipality)hasfallen Observatory (whichissituatedonlandbelongingto almost inthecenterofcity.TheLamont-Hussey was foundedby theUniversity ofMichiganonNavalHill of Bloemfontein,whiletheLamont-HusseyObservatory established by Harvard University onasitenorth-east observatory. Inthelate1920s,Boyden Observatorywas Hussey ObservatoryisBloemfontein’ssecondoptical request fromtheProvincial Government. The Lamont- through thePlanetariumproject.Thisfollowed a Project toincludetheLamont-HusseyObservatory 2012 wastheexpansionofBoyden Observatory The singlemostsignificantprojectdevelopment in walled entranceandattractive waterchannels. Visitors arenow welcomed by abeautiful stone- paving, landscaping,andstormwatermanagement. launched after a numberofinteractionswith local A fundraisingcampaignfor the planetariumwas the middleofBloemfontein. have adigitalplanetariumwithingamereserve in popular publicandedutainment programmes,will specialized educationprogrammes;and which willcontinuetofocusonresearchand 111

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Dr. Du Toit presents the Kovsie Ambassador Award to Prof. Hoffman. Natural Sciences

and provincial government officials in late 2011. A from the Astronomy Society in Bloemfontein, made breakthrough was made with a commitment of a substantial contribution to this renovation project. R6 million from DETEA Free State (Department of The renovation of the Roberts telescope (circa 1838 – Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental the oldest telescope at Boyden) is almost completed Affairs) to the UFS for the planetarium. A further and will be on exhibition soon. The exhibit will include very positive and essential Planetarium Project Roberts’ library and scientific papers which were breakthrough took place in April 2012 when the donated to Boyden in the 1950s. national Department of Science and Technology Ongoing programmes: During the period under approved a grant of R6 million to the UFS to purchase review a large variety of programmes were presented the digital technology needed for the planetarium. – 101 at Boyden Observatory, and 28 outreach Thus, in the period, a total amount of R12 million was programmes at other venues in the Free State and secured for the project. the Northern Cape. Development and Infrastructure Educational and outreach programmes included the following high impact events: Projects at Boyden Observatory • Programmes and workshops to Grade 10 – 12 The Boyden Environment Projects: Contributions learners; from the Charl van der Merwe Foundation, the • Two-hundred and forty top achievers in Physical Hermann Ohlthaver Trust, as well as the University Science, Mathematics and Biology attended an of the Free State, funded some improvements that Energy Focus Week in June. This two-day event included the completion of a beautiful stone wall at for learners from schools in inland provinces, the entrance, the installation of an electric sliding was held in collaboration with the Department of gate, additional paving, and, significantly, the Energy and PetroSA; building of several stone pond areas at the side of • The NEC 302 Community Service Module of the the koppie to make provision for storm water control UFS made an important contribution to two and to establish permanent watering spots to attract township schools; wildlife to the koppie. Annual Report 2012 • Approximately 340 Grade 7 learners from Boyden Heritage and Museum Projects: The project approximately 84 schools all over the Free State received additional momentum this year with the participated in the SAASTA’s Astronomy Quiz visit of the Science History Professor, Keith Snedegar, competition. The Free State leg of the competition from the Utah Valley University, USA. During his visit, is co-coordinated by the Boyden Science Centre, he gave public lectures at the University and at the in collaboration with the Free State Department of Boyden Observatory, as well as academic lectures to Education; the Community Service Learning class (NEC302). • During the DST (Department of Science and The Boyden Museum Project also involved the Technology) National Science Week, a number of Natural and Argricultural Sciences restoration of some of the old telescopes and other activities and programmes were presented and 112 instruments. Mr. Frans Human, one of the volunteers coordinated by the Boyden Science Centre team; On8September2012, aspecialepisodeofthe • Prof.Hoffmanalsohelpedtokeep Boyden Obser- • Seven astro-tourism programmeswere presented • Prof.Hoffmanis aregularguestonthepopular • • Manypublicandschoolgroupsvisited Boyden above, thefollowing activitiesalsotookplace: to thenumerouseducationprogrammesmentioned Public events and sciencecommunication:Inaddition TheBoyden andUFS101AstronomyFairtookplace • Boyden Observatorypresentedthemodule“Are • SABC programme, dreds ofthousandspeople; tion. Thenationalradiobroadcastsreachedhun- as onamonthlybasiscommunityradiosta- lar radiointerviewsonSABC(e.g. vatory andScienceCentreinthenewswithregu- at variousvenues intheFreeState incollaboration at Boyden Observatory; SABC programme Observatory onappointment; on 22July2012. year students; we alone?”as part oftheUFS101courseforfirst- Third-year toursattheHartebeesthoekRadioAstronomyObservatory (HartRAO). Sterre enPlanete Sterre enPlanete Monitor ; , wasrecorded ), aswell these observations have beenaccepted forpublication. Southern AfricanLargeTelescope in2012.Resultsfrom research groupsubmittedthree proposalstothe Regarding observingproposals, theUFSAstrophysics September 2012. upgrade ofthisinstrument has commencedin Boyden, hadanotherproductive year andanother College DublininIreland,whichislocatedat The Watcher RobotictelescopeoftheUniversity models forfuturescientistswhovisitBoyden. this waytheymake avaluablecontributionasrole make popularpresentationsabouttheirresearch.In the Boyden educationalactivitiesandtheyregularly students. Mostofthesestudentsareinvolved with steady increaseinthenumberofM.Sc.andPh.D. substantially duringthelastfewyears, witha The AstrophysicalResearchteamhasgrown Research atBoyden Observatory and theSABCprogramme, (DETEA), theAfrikaanseHandelsInstituut(AHI) Development, Tourism andEnvironmentalAffairs with theFreeStateDepartmentofEconomic Sterre enPlanete . 113

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Godbole, M., Olivier, E.J., Coetsee, E., Swart, phosphors prepared by solid state reaction H.C., Neethling, J.H. & Botha, J.R. 2012. method. Physica B: Physics of Condensed Research Outputs Dependence of surface distribution of Matter 407: 1679-1682. self-assembled InSb nanodots on surface Physics Msomi, J.Z., Moyo, T. & Abdallah, H.M.I. morphology and spacer layer thickness. 2012. Magnetic Properties of MgxMn1− Physica B 407: 1566-1569. xFe2O4 Nanoferrites. The Journal of Super- Gusowski, M.A., Swart, H.C., Karlsson, L.S. conductivity and Novel Magnetism 25: & Trzebiatowska-Gusowska, M. 2012. 2643-2646. NaYF :Pr3+ Nanocrystals Displaying Photon 4 Murape, D.M., Eassa, N., Nyamhere, C., Cascade Emission. Nanoscale Research Neethling, J.H., Betz, R., Coetsee, E., Swart, Letters 4(2): 541-546. H.C., Botha, J.R. & Venter, A. 2012. Improved Jafta, C.J., Ozoemena, K.I., Mathea, M.K. & GaSb surfaces using a (NH4)2S/(NH4)2S04 Roos, W.D. 2012. Synthesis, characterisa- solution. Physica B: Physics of Condensed Natural Sciences tion and electrochemical intercalation ki- Matter 407: 1675-1678. netics of nanostructured aluminium-doped Murape, D.M., Eassa, N., Neethling, J.H., Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 cathode Betz, R., Coetsee, E., Swart, H.C., Botha, material for lithium ion battery. Electro- J.R. & Venter, A. 2012. Treatment for GaSb Research Articles chimica Acta 85: 411-422. surfaces using a sulphur blended (NH4)2S / Abdallah, H.M.I., Moyo, T. & Msomi, J.Z. 2012. Kroon, R.E., Seed Ahmed, H.A.A., (NH4)2SO4 solution. Applied Surface Science The Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Ntwaeaborwa, O.M., Koao, L.F., Nagpure, 258(18): 6753-6758. Magnetic Properties of MnxCo1−xFe2O4 I.M., Gusowski, M.A., Botha J.R. & Swart, H.C. Mwakikunga, B.W., Maaza, M., Hillie, K.T., Ferrites Nanoparticles. The Journal of Super- 2012. Luminescence from Ce in sol-gel SiO . 2 Arendse, C.J., Malwela, T. & Sideras-Haddad, conductivity and Novel Magnetism 25: Physica B: Physics of Condensed Matter 407: E. 2012. From phonon confinement to pho- 2625-2630. 1595-1598. non splitting in flat single nanostructures: Lephoto, M.A., Ntwaeaborwa, O.M., Abdallah, H.M.I., Msomi, J.Z., Moyo, T. A case of VO2@V2O5 core–shell nano-rib- Swart, H.C., Botha, J.R. & Mothudi, B.M. & Lanˇcok, A. 2012. Mössbauer and bons. Vibrational Spectroscopy 61: 105-111. Magnetic Studies of Co0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 and 2012. Synthesis and Characterization of 2+ Nagpure, I.M., Duvenhage, M.M., Pitale, S.S., Mn0.1Mg0.2Co0.7 Fe2O4 Nanoferrites. The BaAl2O4:Eu co-doped with different rare Journal of Superconductivity and Novel earth ions. Physica B: Physics of Condensed Ntwaeaborwa, O.M., Terblans, J.J. & Swart, Magnetism 25: 2619-2623. Matter 407: 1603-1606. H.C. 2012. Synthesis, thermal and spectroscopic characterization of Caq (calcium Ali, A.G., Dejene, F.B. & Swart, H.C. 2012. Ma, C.G., Brik, M., Ryba-Romanowski, 2 8-hydroxyquinoline) organic phosphor. Effect of Mn doping on the structural and W., Swart, H.C. & Gusowski, M.A. 2012. Journal of Fluorescence 22(5): 1271-1279. optical properties of sol-gel derived ZnO Spectroscopy and Calculations for nanoparticles. Central European Journal of 4fN4fN−15d Transitions of Lanthanide ions Nagpure, I.M., Pitale, S.S., Coetsee, E., Ntwaeaborwa, O.M., Terblans, J.J. & Swart, Physics 10(2): 478-484. in K3YF6. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 116: 9158-9180. H.C. 2012. The cathodoluminescence Asante, J.K.O. & Roos, W.D. 2012. Comparing degradation and surface characterization segregation profiles of Sn and Sb in single Mbela, K., Moyo, T. & Msomi, J.Z. 2012. Tin, of -Ca (PO ) :Tb nanophosphor. Optical and polycrystalline Cu. Surface Review and Manganese Doped Chromium Iron Oxides 3 4 2 Materials 34: 1398-1405. Letters 19(1): 1-4. of Composition -Sn0.2Cr1.8−xFexO3 and -Mn0.2Cr1.8−xFexO3. The Journal of Nagpure, I.M., Pitale, S.S., Coetzee, E., Bem, D.B., Dejene, F.B., Luyt, A.S. & Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism25: Ntwaeaborwa, O.M., Terblans, J.J. & Swart, H.C. 2012. Luminescence Studies of Combustion-synthesized Blue-green 2637-2641. Swart, H.C. 2012. Lattice site dependent 2+ 3+ Mbule, P.S., Mhlongo, G.H., Pitale, S.S., Swart, cathodoluminescence behaviour and BaAlxOy:Eu ,Dy Nanoparticles. Physica B: Physics of Condensed Matter 407:1561-1565. H.C. & Ntwaeaborwa, O.M. 2012. Sensitizing surface chemical changes in Sr5(PO4)3F host. Physica B: Physics of Condensed Matter 407: Bem, D.B., Swart, H.C. & Luyt, A.S. 2012. Effects of ZnO Quantum Dots on Red-emitting Pr3+-doped SiO Phosphor. Physica B: Physics 1505-1508. Temperature-Dependence of the Struc- 2 tural and Afterglow Luminance Properties of Condensed Matter 407: 1607-1610. Ndlovu, G.F., Roos, W.D., Wang, Z.M., 2+ 3+ Asante, J.K.O., Mashapa, M.G., Jafta, C.J., of Polymer/SrAlxOy:Eu ,Dy Composites. Meintjes, P.J. & Nkundabakura, P. 2012. The Physica B: Physics of Condensed Matter 407: search for blazars among the unidentified Mwakikunga, B.W. & Hillie, K.T. 2012. 1556-1560. EGRET sources. American Institute of Physics Epitaxial deposition of silver ultra-fine nano- clusters on defect-free surfaces of HOPG- Dejene, F.B. & Kebede, M.A. 2012. Synthesis Conference Proceedings 1505: 554-557. derived few-layer graphene in a UHV multi- and Characterization of Structural and Meintjes, P.J., Oruru, B. & Odendaal, A. 2012. chamber by in situ STM, ex situ XPS, and Luminescence Properties of green The multi-frequency properties of AE Aquarii ab initio calculations. Nanoscale Research BaAlxOy:Eu2+, Dy3+ nanophosphors by and its evolution from a high mass transfer Letters 7(173): 1-8. Solution –Combustion Method. Central history. Memorie Della Societa Astronimica European Journal of Physics 10(4): 977-982. Italiana 83(2): 643-650. Nizamudin, A., Hussien, A.M., Mohammed, M., Tessema, F.B., Dejene, F.B. & Mesfin, Dhlamini, M.S., Mhlongo, G.H., Swart, H.C., Meintjes, P.J. & Van Soelen, B. 2012. Modeling Ntwaeaborwa, O.M. & Hillie, K.T. 2012. the IC gamma-ray emission in the Be-pulsar R-A. 2012. Solvent Polarity and Excitation Concentration effect of Tm3+ on cathodo- binary PSR B1259-63. Memorie Della Societa Wavelength Dependence of the Dual 3+ Fluorescence in N,N-Diethyl-4-Nitrosoaniline. luminescence properties of SiO2:Tm and Astronomica Italiana 83: 246-250. 3+ 3+ Journal of Fluorescence 22(1): 451-456. SiO2:Ho ,Tm systems. Physica B: Physics Moleme, P.A., Pitale, S.S., Ntwaeaborwa, O.M. of Condensed Matter 407: 1582-1585. & Swart, H.C. 2012. Investigation on ageing Nkundabakura, P. & Meintjes, P.J. 2012. Dolo, J.J., Swart, H.C., Terblans, J.J., Coetsee, characteristics and identification of surface Unveiling the nature of two unidentified EGRET Annual Report 2012 3+ blazar candidates through spectroscopic E. & Ntwaeaborwa, O.M. 2012. X-ray Photo- chemical changes on SrGa2S4:Ce display electron Spectroscopy analysis for degraded phosphor under electron beam bombardment. observations. Monthly Notices of the Royal 3+ Astronomical Society 427: 859-871. and undegraded Gd2O2S:Tb phosphor thin Physica B: Physics of Condensed Matter 407: films. Physica B: Physics of Condensed Mat- 1645-1648. Noto, L.L., Pitale, S.S., Terblans, J.J., ter 407: 1586-1590. Mothudi, B.M., Lephoto, M.A., Ntwaeaborwa, Ntwaeaborwa, O.M. & Swart, H.C. 2012. 3+ Duvenhage, M.M., Ntwaeaborwa, O.M. & O.M., Botha, J.R. & Swart, H.C. 2012. Surface chemical changes of CaTiO3:Pr Swart, H.C. 2012. UV exposure and photon Thermoluminecence and stuctural properties upon electron beam irradiation. Physica B: 2+ 3+ 3+ Physics of Condensed Matter 407: 1517-1520. degradation of Alq3 powders. Physica B: of BaAl2O4:Eu ,Nd ,Gd phosphors prepared Physics of Condensed Matter 407: 1521-1524. by combustion method. Physica B: Physics of Ntwaeaborwa, O.M., Zhou, R., Qian, L., Pitale, Eassa, N., Betz, R., Coetsee, E., Swart, H.C., Condensed Matter 407: 1620-1623. S.S., Xue, J., Swart, H.C. & Holloway, P.H. Venter, A. & Botha, J.R. 2012. Surface Mothudi, B.M., Ntwaeaborwa, O.M., 2012. Post-fabrication annealing effects on

Natural and Argricultural Sciences modification of bulk n-InAs (111)A etched in Kumar, A., Sohn, K. & Swart, H.C. 2012. the performance of P3HT:PCBM solar cells bromineemethanol. Current Applied Physics Phosphorescence and thermoluminescence with/without ZnO nanoparticles. Physica B: 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 114 13: 366-370. properties of SrAl2O4:Eu ,Re (Sm ,Dy ) Physics of Condensed Matter 407: 1631-1633. white lightemittingCa 2012. Synthesisedandcharacterizationof Shaat, K.K.,Swart,H.C.&Ntwaeaborwa,O.M. Matter gel silica. 2012. 5D3 Gusowski, M.A.,Botha,J.R.&Kroon,R.E. Seed Ahmed,H.A.A.,Ntwaeaborwa,O.M., Matter route. synthesized viacitrate-gelcombustion L. Van Wyk,P., Swart,H.C.,Coetsee,E.&Kock, Swart, C.,Olivier,A.,Dithebe,K.,Pohl, C., Yeast Research the cytoplasmofafermentingyeast. E. &Kock, J. Coetsee, E.,Van Wyk,P., Swarts,J.,Lodolo, Swart, C.,Dithebe,K.,Pohl, C.,Swart,H.C., Materials Express phosphor forsolidstatelighting. O.M., Fisher,G.L.&Terblans, J.J. Swart, H.C.,Nagpure,I.M.,Ntwaeaborwa, 12964-12980. Chloroquine andOthersRevealed. earth metaliondopedZn & Swart,H.C. Ntwaeaborwa, O.M.,Bezuidenhoudt,B.C.B. Pitale, S.S.,Gohain,M.,Nagpure,I., 1557-1568. of theRoyal AstronomicalSociety distribution ofAEAquarii. characteristics andthespectralenergy Oruru, B.&Meintjes,P.J. 2012.Y 407:1653-1655. 407:1485-1488. Researcher: Lecturer: Senior Lecturer: Associate Professors: Meintjies, andMartinNtwaeaborwa. Professors: Main Campus: Staff Physica B:PhysicsofCondensed Physica B:PhysicsofCondensed  2012.Gasbubbleformationin east SensorsforNovel Drugs: 7FJ emissionofTbdopedsol- 2012.Alkaliandalkaline 12:867-869. 2(7): 962-968. Dr. BrianVan Soelen. Profs. HendrikSwart,Koos Terblans, Pieter Dr. LizaCoetsee-Hugo. x Dr. Ted Kroon. Sr 3 1-x (VO 2012.X-ray Monthly Notices Al Profs. WietsRoos,andMatieHoffman. 4 2 ) O 2 Sensors 4 phosphor :Tb 2012. Optical 3+ FEMS 421: ,Eu 12: 3+

scattering from the circumstellar disc in PSR scattering fromthecircumstellardiscinPSR Van Soelen,B.&Meintjes,P.J. Condensed Matter Polyethylene Glycol. characterization ofZnOnanoparticlesusing H.C. Tshabalala, M.A.,Dejene,B.F. &Swart, Technology B phosphor. converting Ce Enhanced greenemissionfromUVdown- I.M., Swart,H.C.&Ntwaeaborwa,O.M. Tshabalala, K.G.,Cho,S.H.,Park,J.K.,Nagpure, Condensed Matter ZnAl2O4 phosphor. SrAl acterization andluminescentpropertiesof P.D. &Terblans, J.J. Swart, H.C.,Ntwaeaborwa,O.M.,Nsimama, Imaging. Doped Sr Identification ofEuOxidationStatesina properties ofCe & Ntwaeaborwa,O.M. S.S., Nagpure,I.M.,Kroon,R.E.,Swart,H.C. Tshabalala, K.G.,Cho,S.,Park,J.K.,Pitale, Physics ofCondensedMatter SrAl and CLdegradationcharacteristicsof O.M., Kroon,R.E.&Mothudi,B.M. Swart, H.C.,Terblans, J.J.,Ntwaeaborwa, 1663. B: PhysicsofCondensedMatter 2 2012.Low temperaturesynthesisand 2 O O 4 4 :Eu :Eu Optics Express 5 2+, 2+, (PO Journal ofVacuum Scienceand Dy Dy 30(3): 031401-1-031401-6. 30(3): 031401-1-031401-6. 3+ 4 3+ ) 3+ - Tb 3 phosphors. F Phosphorby TOF-SIMS nanothinfilms 3+ 407:1668-1671. 407:1489-1492. andTb 3+ PhysicaB:Physicsof 2012.Surfacechar- PhysicaB:Physicsof 2012.Luminescence co-activatedZnAl Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Department ofPhysics Prof. HendrikSwart Contact Details 20(15): 17119-17125. Senior Lecturer: Associate Professor: QwaQwa Campus: Lecturer: 2012. Anisotropic 2012.Anisotropic +27514013507 407: 1664-1667. 407:1664-1667. 3+ co-activated [email protected] Physica B: PhysicaB: www.ufs.ac.za 407:1660- 2012. PL 2012.PL . Physica +2751 401 2926 Mr. SetumoMotloung. 2012. 2012. 2 Dr. JappieDolo,andMr.RichardOcaya. O 4

Prof. FrancisDejene. O.M. Yousif, A., Swart, H.C.&Ntwaeaborwa, 426: 3135-3147. Notices oftheRoyal AstronomicalSociety circumstellar discinPSRB1259−63. Compton scatteringofphotonsfromthe & Townsend, L.J. Van Soelen,B.,Meintjes,P.J., Odendaal,A. Proceedings American InstituteofPhysicsConference from thecircumstellardiscinPSRB1259-63. Anisotropic inverse Comptonscattering Van Soelen,B.&Meintjes,P.J. Physics: ConferenceSeries B1259-63. SiO 2012. S.S., Dhalmini,M.S.,Kroon,R.E.&Swart,H.C. Ntwaeaborwa, O.M.,Mhlongo,G.H.,Pitale, Chapter inBook Publishers. Science, Vol. 174. State Lighting:SpringerSeriesinMaterial K. Shinde, K.N.,Dhoble,S.J.,Swart,H.C.&Park, e-Book Yamamoto. Online:InTech. pp.233-252. In Applied SurfaceScience phosphor underelectronbeambombardment. 2012. 2 :Ce Cathodoluminescence 2012.SurfacestateofY

3+ Cathodoluminescence propertiesof ,Tb Phosphate phosphorsforSolid- 3+ 1505:394-397. International Journal of Modern International JournalofModern ; SiO 2012.Anisotropicinverse 2 NewYork: Springer :Ce 258(17): 6495-6503. 3+ 8:400-403. ,Pr , editedby N. 3+ andSiO 3 (Al,Ga) 2012. Monthly 5 2 O :PbS. 12 :Tb :Tb

115

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

Department of Zoology and Entomology

Overview The Department is organized into eight research students of the Department of Zoology and groups, each with its own objectives and specific Entomology, even Prof. Ivan Horak, who received study areas. There is also a satellite department on a D.Sc. under the supervision of Prof. Jo van As in the QwaQwa Campus. The groups do, however, 2008. Papers and a poster were presented by the share common goals within the strategic priorities of Department’s research group, as well as by other the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences and colleagues from the Department. At the gala evening the UFS. Prof. Jo van As, Departmental Chairperson, of the conference, Josef Moller received the Junior is also involved in activities of the Cluster for Water

Annual Report 2012 Neitz medal for the best M.Sc. in Parasitology. Management in Water-Scarce Areas at the UFS, During August 2012, Aquatic Ecology went on whilst Prof. Schalk Louw participates in the Cluster field trips to the ephemeral rivers of the Okavango concerning Technologies for Sustainable Crop System to do follow-up surveys in the Boteti River Industries in Semi-arid Regions. (the first one was done in 2009 and the second in 2011) to collect plankton and fish parasites. Another Aquatic Ecology survey was done in Lake Xua that was flooded During October 2012, Aquatic Ecology hosted the 41st for the second time since 2011. Lake Ngami was annual Conference of the Parasitological Society of surveyed for the seventh time, after it received Natural and Argricultural Sciences Southern Africa (PARSA) on the campus of the UFS. water for the first time in 2006 after a drought of 116 All the invited speakers were former postgraduate more than 40 years. Lyle (ARC– PlantProtectionResearch Institute, of Prof.AnsieDippenaar-Schoeman andMs.Robin Limpopo andFreeStateProvinces. Ateamconsisting species fromtheEasternCape, KwaZulu-Natal, submitting apaperwiththe description of19new Wanda Wesolowska (WrocławUniversity, Poland); on SouthAfricanjumpingspiderswithProf. Dr. Haddadalsocontinuedcollaborative research publication. most oftheotherchaptershave beensubmittedfor Several chaptershave alreadybeenpublishedand 37 newspeciesandredescriptionsof20species. and thedescriptionoftwo newgenera;totalling treatment ofselectedspeciesthreeothergenera, the genera,revisionsoffive genera,thetaxonomic Afrotropical Castianeirinaespiders;includingakey to June 2012.Hiswork includedanoverview ofthe his degreeatthewintergraduationceremonyin thesis forexaminationandsubsequentlyreceived Early inFebruary2012,CharlessubmittedhisPh.D. Neethling (Honours’student). Haddad (lecturerandresearcher)Mr.Jan-Andries The ArachnologygroupconsistsofDr.Charles Arachnology South AfricanAgriculturalDemonstrationCentre. 2013, includingavisittotheXariepDam,andChina- were madeto13 dams,fromDecember2012toMarch and fishparasiteswere simultaneouslycollected.Trips surveyed thefishpopulationsofprovince’s dams Free State.Thisisacollaborative projectwhereLeon Affairs), duringvariousfieldsurveys todamsinthe Economic Development, Tourism andEnvironmental Barkhuizen (currentlyemployed by theDepartment of Aquatic Ecology alsojoinedaformerstudent,Leon Collecting planktonatLake Xau. An Africanperspective” inBloemfonteinon30July2012. Launch ofthebook“Thestorylifeandenvironment: His travels tookhimtoallSouth Africa’sprovinces that thegrouphasbeenpoorly sampledhistorically. has generatedalargenumberof specimens;indicating poor representationofthisfamily buthisfieldwork pseudoscorpions. Museumcollections generallyhave namely arevisionoftheSouth AfricanGeogarypidae work inSouthAfricatogeneratematerialforhisstudy, of thefirstyear ofhisM.Sc.degreeconductingfield Mr. Jan-AndriesNeethlingspentaconsiderableportion species richness. importance andpatternsoffamilyabundance including dataontheirdistribution,conservation of the792speciesrecordedfrombiomesofar; South Africa.Thispaperprovides adetailedchecklist paper onthespiderdiversity oftheGrasslandBiomein Bloemfontein), submittedforpublicationareview Thohoyandou) and Mr.LeonLotz(NationalMuseum, Pretoria), Prof.StefanFoord(University ofVenda, 117

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences ince. The aim of the workshop was the promotion of sustainable farming through integrated management practices, including cultural and biological methods. The workshop was attended by farmers and farming groups, mostly involved in the organic fruit production industry. Mr. Fourie presented a talk on the implementation of farmscaping tactics towards the promotion of beneficial insects and the sustainability of beneficial insect populations. Mr. Fourie presented a guest lecture at the Central Natural Sciences University of Technology (CUT), Bloemfontein, on research methodology and techniques in the biological sciences. The lecture was attended by B.Tech. students in agriculture and was organized by Prof. P. Fourie, Departmental Head of Agriculture at CUT. Mr. Fourie was also invited to attend the XXIV International Congress of Entomology (ICE): New Era Josef Moller received the Junior Neitz medal for the best in Entomology which took place 19 – 25 August in M.Sc. in Parasitology from Prof. Barnie Penzhorn. Daegu, South Korea. The ICE is the largest and most comprehensive congress in the field of entomology and is hosted every four years; each time in a different country. The 2012 conference was hosted except the Northern Cape and North West, which he at the beautiful and modern EXCO Conference Centre will sample during 2013. To date, only ten species of and was attended by approximately 2 700 delegates Geogarypidae have been described from South Africa, from countries all over the world. After the congress, five each in the genera Afrogarypus and Geogarypus. Mr. Fourie travelled to Beijing, China. Presenting talks So far Mr. Neethling has collected more than ten together with Mr. Vaughn Swart, the primary purpose morphospecies in each genus, which will result in the there was to encourage collaborative research, to description of a considerable number of new species. meet with researchers at the China Agricultural He has taken detailed habitus photographs of each University, and to promote the Department of species, and the material he sampled will be included Zoology and Entomology and Strategic Cluster 4: in a molecular phylogeny of the family as a basis for a Technologies for Sustainable Crop Industries in semi- discussion on the biogeography and speciation of the arid Regions. family in the country. Environmental Entomology Bio-pesticide Management The group consists of Mr. Vaughn Swart (junior Appointed as junior lecturer at the start of 2012, lecturer); M.Sc. students Jaco Saaiman and André van Mr. De Villiers Fourie established the Bio-Pesticide Rooyen; and B.Sc. honours’ students Ms. Alta Lotriet Management Research Group. The aim of the group and Mr. Schalk Kotze. is to investigate a wide field of biological control methods in agriculture, with emphasis on the use Research during 2012 involved investigations into the of botanical extracts as insecticides, and the use of interactions between stinkbugs (Hemiptera: Pentato- other biological control agents towards an integrated, midae) and fungi in pecan (Caryaillinoensis) orchards holistic insect management programme. in South Africa; the possible migration of economically- important Lepidoptera borer species from citrus (Citrus Research focused on indigenous plant extracts to be sinensis) to pecan nuts (Caryaillinoensis), and vice ver- used as botanical insecticides. sa, at Vaalharts, Northern Cape; the effects of different The purified extracts from two plants, one an environmental conditions, such as temperature, rainfall

Annual Report 2012 indigenous perennial and the other an ornamental and humidity, as well as the different lunar phases on plant, holds potential for further tests and delivered the flight behaviour of maize stem borers; a compari- good results in preliminary trials conducted on stable son between the length of the maize stem borer tunnels flies Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae); an with the RIA (Reciprocal Index of Attack) and an attempt important veterinary pest. The eventual aim of the to isolate total RNA from maize stem borer (Busseo- study is to find and isolate viable molecules for use lafusca) larvae. as natural pesticides on several insect species of The following two projects were in partial fulfilment agricultural and veterinary importance. of Mr. Jaco Saaiman and Mr. Andre van Rooyen’s Mr. Fourie was invited as a guest speaker to a farmers’ M.Sc. degrees. Mr. Jaco Saaiman’s study involved Natural and Argricultural Sciences workshop funded and organized by Ecosoil, a com- research on the interactions between stinkbugs 118 post tea producer situated in the Western Cape Prov- (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and fungi in pecan Alternaria of thenuts.Theseincluded may bepathogeniconpecansoractascontaminants the fungalspeciesisolatedfromvarioussamples phytopathogens comparedtostinkbugs.Several of the phylospheremayplayinharbouringpossible he alsoinvestigated therolethatsoil,air,and the productionseasonofpecannuts.Inaddition, stinkbug, of fungalspeciesoccurringonthegrey-brown aim ofhisstudywastodeterminetheprogression ( pests onpecan nutswere investigated toascertain were foundtocongregateincitrusorchards.Stinkbug moth asthedominantcitrusborer pest.Carobmoths are moving tocitrusfruit;displacingthefalse codling orchards. Sofarevidenceshows thatcarob moths pecan orchardswhicharenon-adjacent tocitrus orchards adjacenttocitrusiscompared incidence ofthesetwo lepidopteranspeciesinpecan are establishedpestsoncitrusandpecannuts.The (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)arespeciesofinterestwhich carob moth (Meyrick, 1913)(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) and false codlingmoth(FCM) ( between citrus( of economically-importantLepidopteraborerspecies Mr. Van Rooyen investigated thepossiblemigration completed inearly2013. the variousfungalisolatessothatprocessmaybe December 2012,Mr.SaaimanextractedtheDNAof of incidenceobserved inthenutsandleaves. During and soil.Thesewere notconsistentwiththepatterns of incidencewere observed between thestinkbug, air spp. and Caryaillinoensis Caryaillinoensis Epicoccumsorghi spp., Coenomorpha nervosa Ectomyeloisceratoniae Cladosporiumcladosporioides ) orchardsinSouthAfrica.Themain ) atVaalharts, NorthernCape.The Citrus sinensis . Overall, similar patterns Thaumatotibialeucotreta ) andpecannuts Aplosporella Dallas,during (Zeller,1839) Field labatRustfonteinDam. , spp., Mucor tunnels. Itwasobserved thatBT-maize exhibited less between theRIAvalueandtotallengthof clear thatbothvarietiesshowed astrongcorrelation conventional andBT-plants were examined.Itwas level ofdamage.Duringthisinvestigation, both indicates nodamageandfive indicatesthehighest the maizeplantbetween oneandfive; whereone is given aRIAvaluedependingonthedamageto system whereeachinternodeofthemaizeplant RIA (ReciprocalIndexofAttack).Theisarating stem borertunnelsandhow itcomparedwiththe Mr. SchalkKotze investigated thelengthofmaize temperatures andlow humidity. that themaizestemborerisvulnerabletohigh the terminationofdiapauses.Itwasalsoconfirmed humidity wasobserved tohave agreatereffecton rainfall isneededtoterminatediapausesalthough yield lossamongstregions.Itwasconfirmedthat wild andcultivatedhostplants;thuscausingvaried factors, naturalenemies,andtheavailabilityof stem borerareaffectedby humanactivity,climatic to themaizestemborer.Populations ofthemaize manipulated maizeandwasengineeredtoresist of maizestemborers.BT-maize isgenetically- environmental conditionsontheflightbehaviour Ms. AltaLotrietinvestigated theeffectofdifferent BT-maize andthemaize stemborer( projects withsupportfromMonsantopertainingto Lotriet andMr.SchalkKotze, focusedonyear- Two B.Sc.entomologyHonours’students,Ms.Alta stinkbugs duringactive searching. and Bartonwere foundtohave highpopulationsof susceptibility tostinkbugattacks,suchasWichita in thepecantrees.Cultivarsthatindicatehigh outside orchardshasonthestinkbugpopulation the effectthatplantgrowth insideandimmediately Busseolafusca ). 119

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

Field lab at Sterkfontein Dam.

damage than the conventional maize but showed a SAPPA has donated annually for research purposes higher frequency of spiral feeding within the plant since 2009. Recent developments have led to the itself. Diapausal larvae were found in both the establishment of a statuary levy for research on conventional and BT-plants, illustrating that maize pecan nuts. In addition, funding has been provided by stem borers already indicate resistance against BT- Insect Science and BayAgro for a two-year project on endotoxins. pecan nuts, which has already commenced. An attempt was made to isolate total RNA from maize stem borers to identify resistance genotypically. Eco-ethology Larvae of the maize stem borer larvae were obtained Two members of the academic staff, Mr. Hennie from various locations in South Africa and DNA was Butler and Ms. Lindi Heyns, work within the Eco- extracted. Since the maize stem borer cadherin gene ethology Research Group, actively combining is not yet cloned, three pairs of degenerate primers teaching and research. They formed a study group were designed using the encoded polypeptides from with eight postgraduate students that encourages various insects. PCR amplification using extracted interdisciplinary research through a combination of genomic DNA yielded complex amplification profiles, laboratory and field science. of which several fragments were cloned and The Eco-ethology Group pursues basic research in the sequenced. Up to date, none of the cloned fragments field of behavioural biology and ecology but diverse showed significant homology to the maize stem areas such as the anatomy, physiology, natural borer cadherin gene. Several attempts to isolate total and evolutionary history, taxonomy, conservation, RNA from larvae was unsuccessful, proving to be a management and economics of animals are also stumbling block since using DNA could improve the included. Projects under way by group members chances of cloning the gene. mainly focused on applied questions in wildlife Mr. Vaughn Swart was invited to the XXIV Interna- management of various antelope species during 2012 tional Congress of Entomology (ICE) New Era in En- but studies were also carried out on small mammals.

Annual Report 2012 tomology, which took place 19 – 25 August in Daegu, Mr. Hennie Butler (Ph.D.), Ms. Marianca Barnard South Korea. After the congress in Daegu, Korea, Mr. (Hons.), Ms. Thea Odendaal (Hons.) and Ms. Anneke Swart travelled to Beijing, China. His main purpose Vermeulen (Hons.) focused on the soil-eating there was to encourage collaborative research, to behaviour (enzootic geophagy) of antelopes in semi- meet with researchers at the China Agricultural Uni- arid regions, while Ms. Elsabé Coetzee researched versity, and to promote the Department of Zoology enzootic geophagy occurrences amongst domestic and Entomology, as well as Strategic Academic Clus- animals. Ms. Nadine Jacobs (M.Sc.) investigated ter 4 (Technologies for Sustainable Crop Industries in behavioural differences between geographical races Semi-arid Regions). of the southern sable antelope, and Mr. Phillip Olivier Natural and Argricultural Sciences Mr. Swart has been associated with SAPPA (South (M.Sc.) continued with his study on dominance 120 African Pecan Producers Association) since 1998. behaviour associated with different colour variations Ecology andResourceConservationDay. The Netherlands,duringtheannualProduction entitled “LifeintheOven (Deserts)”atWageningen, speaker, HennieButlerdelivered anoralpresentation Botanical Gardens,Bloemfontein.Asaninvited to theBotanicalAssociationatFreeStateNational Wiid alsopresentedtalksonanimalcommunication Hennie Butler,ElsabéCoetzee,PhilipOlivierandRoe July 2012. the BlackMountainHotel,Thaba‘Nchu,30June–1 of thePrimateEcologyandGeneticsGroup,heldat the secondhalf of2013. progressing andwillbesubmitted forevaluationby blowflies incentralFreeState,SouthAfrica”) is the development ofsomeforensicallyimportant of feedingmediaandvarying temperatureson seasonal study”)andMs. Allemann (“Influence on carcassdecompositionandinsectactivity:a influence ofmultipletrauma-relatedinjuries Work onthemanuscriptsofMr.Hoffman(“The December 2012graduation. and thedegreewasconferreduponhimduring spp. frequentinglivestock inthecentralFreeState”) species compositionandbio-ecologyofCulicoides Mr. LiebenbergcompletedhisM.Sc.thesis(“The preparing theirmanuscriptsforsubmission. Hoffman andMs.Allemann,whoareintheprocessof thesis by mid-2012, andsupportive inthecasesofMr. Liebenberg, whohascompletedallaspectsofhis 2012. Herrolewasadministrative inthecaseofMr. Dr. BrinkjoinedtheDepartmentatbeginningof Department attheendof2010. of Prof.TheunsvanderLindewhoretiredfromthe in forensicentomology.AllM.Sc.studentsare Shaun HoffmanandMs.ElaineAllemann,specialising Luwes, specialising inveterinary entomology,andMr. M.Sc. students:Mr.JulianLiebenbergandMs.Carmen This groupconsistsofDr.SonjaBrinkandthefollowing Forensic Entomology Medical, Veterinary and Anneke Vermeulen attendedthe10 Mr. Butler,MariancaBarnard,TheaOdendaaland of blackwildebeest. aspects oftheecology,behaviourandgeneticstatus and EconomicAffairs(DETEA),continuedtoresearch the FreeStateDepartmentofTourism, Environmental conservation genetics.Mr.Vrahimis,associatedwith entailed acombinationofbehaviouralbiologyand Research carriedoutby Mr.SavvasVrahimis(Ph.D.) State, aswell aspossiblemitigationmethods. hyrax populationsinurbanareasthesouthernFree Mr. RoeWiid(M.Sc.)researchedtheextentofproblem was publishedintheJulyissueof in springbokpopulationsandanarticleonthismatter Farmer’s Weekly th Annual Meeting . • • were completedandsubmittedtotheeditors. chapters covering amaranth,kenaf andpistachio Mites ofCultivatedPlantsinSouthAfrica”.Three to therevisionofAnnecke andMoran’s “Insectsand Zone EcologyForum(AZEF).Prof.Louwcontributed served asAd HocCommitteememberoftheArid UFS maincampusinNovember 2012.Prof.Louw attended atNWU,Potchefstroom, inAprilandatthe and inthisregardconsortiummeetingswere initiative asa soil health–arthropodecologyexpert Prof. LouwparticipatedintheNuGrainSAConsortium assemblages andtheirunderlyinginteractions. of amaranthcultivationsonsoilmesofauna into theeffectofnitrogenadditives tothesoils Preez, wascompleted.Itinvolves aninvestigation the fieldwork oftheprojectM.Sc.student,R.du Department ofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment, In collaborationwiththeNorthWest Province of theClusterinNovember 2012. work waspresented asanannualreportataseminar practices were conducted.Progressregardingthis species assemblagesunderdifferentagricultural Northern Capeprovinces andanalysesofmesofaunal were sampled intheFreeState,NorthWest and wheat, lucerne,sunflower and amaranthfieldcrops a rangeofcultivatedcompostsandcotton,maize, In termsofSoilEcologyResearch,12sitescontaining new cropsandarthropodsoilecology. auspices oftheClusterregardingpestmanagementon arid Regions.Specificexpertisewasprovided underthe Technologies forSustainableCropIndustriesinSemi- in theactivitiesofUFSAcademic Cluster4: Throughout theyear therewascontinuedparticipation student); andMr.H.vanAs(Hons.student). J. Smith(Hons.student);Ms.H.Badenhorst (M.Sc. student);Mr.R.duPreezMs. time Ph.D.studentinEntomology);Mr.B.Muller Management); Mr.De.V. Fourie(juniorlecturer;part- lecturer; part-timePh.D.studentinEnvironmental Prof. S.vd. M.Louw,consistsofMr.V. Swart(junior (INCroP) andSoilEcology,undertheleadershipof The researchgroup:InsectsonNewCropsProgramme (INCroP) andSoilEcology Insects onNewCropsProgramme • group are: Postgraduate studentsoftheresearch ogy: “Influence ofdifferentagriculturalpractices Ms. HanneleneBadenhorst South Africa.” cultivated maizefieldsinthe central FreeState, “Influences ofGMcropson soil mesofaunain Ms. JehanéSmith Castianeirinae” (Supervisor:Prof.Louw). spiders (Arachnida:Araneae),withemphasisonthe in thesystematicsandecologyofAfricanCorinnidae Charles R.Haddad , Ph.D. in Arachnology: “Advances , Ph.D.inArachnology:“Advances , Honours’inEntomology: , Honours’inEntomol- 121

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences on soil mesofauna in agro-ecosystems in the Free further complicated resistance profiles and projects State, South Africa”. to shed some light were also discussed. • Mr. Heinrich van As, Honours’ in Entomology: Sharon Terry and Octavia Motlogeloa, both part time “Towards the differentiation between arthropod M.Sc. students, are still working on their dissertations and fungal chitin in soils.” on the comparative taxonomy of four morphological very similar ticks from the Rhipicephalus genus Nematology and the management strategies and development The research group Nematology consists of of resistance to chemical control by the blue tick Dr. Candice Jansen van Rensburg (lecturer and Rhipicephalusdecoloratus in the Grahamstown area. Both plan to hand in during mid-2013.

Natural Sciences researcher) and Miss Ayesha Mobara (M.Sc.). Research in this group is currently focused on plant M.Sc. Zoology students of this research parasitic and free-living nematodes occurring in the group include: Free State province. The study group is currently • S. Terry: “A taxonomic description of all stages working on nematodes from wetlands, with work of four Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) tick species”. being carried out at the Seekoeivlei Nature Reserve, Supervisor: Prof. I.G. Horak, Co-supervisor: Mrs. near Memel in the Free State. Information regarding E.M.S.P. van Dalen. nematodes from wetlands in South Africa has been • A.J. Jordaan: “Species composition and geographi- negligently studied for a number of years and the cal distribution of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in group hopes to increase this knowledge. the Free State Province, South Africa”. Supervisor: Two field trips were undertaken to the Seekoeivlei Prof. I.G. Horak, Co-supervisor: Mrs. E.M.S.P. van Nature Reserve during the year; one in February 2012 Dalen. and another in May 2012. One of the main purposes • B.O.O.O. Motlogeloa: “Management strategies and of the fieldtrips was to collect data for Ms. Mobara’s development of resistance to chemical control M.Sc. dissertation. by the blue tick Rhipicephalusdecoloratus in the Grahamstown Area (South Africa)”. Supervisor: Dr. Jansen van Rensburg and Ms. Mobara attended Mrs. E.M.S.P. van Dalen. the 41st annual Conference of the Parasitological Society of Southern Africa (PARSA) in October 2012. Both presented papers at the conference. QwaQwa Campus

Pesticide Resistance Testing and Mammalian Cognition Research Research Facility Dr. Aliza le Roux is a behavioural ecologist who specialises in cognitive ecology. She currently focuses The Pesticide Resistance Testing and Research on primate and carnivore research in wild as well Facility consists of Mss. Ellie van Dalen (lecturer and as captive populations. In 2012, Le Roux continued researcher), Christa du Rand (professional officer), producing papers on her gelada monkey research in Sharon Terry, Octavia Motlogeloa and Mr. Adri Ethiopia, while starting negotiations with the National Jordaan (part-time M.Sc. students). Zoological Gardens, Bloemfontein, and Johannesburg Tick resistance development against chemical control Zoo to conduct comparative research on cognitive skills is still the main focus and samples received from in canids (dog-like carnivores). She has also applied different problem areas in South Africa were tested for several grants that will fund fieldwork focused on and evaluated for developing resistance. A study on bat-eared fox hormones and behaviour in the Karoo. alternative tick control by using extractions from This long-term field project will create numerous plant material, incorporated into pills and released into opportunities for postgraduate students, ranging from drinking water of cattle, investigates the repellency questions in foraging ecology and endocrinology to field effect this remedy may have on tick load reduction of experiments in carnivore learning. cattle. Collaboration with pharmaceutical companies Parasitology Research providing chemical control remedies to address the

Annual Report 2012 problem of resistance development was also re- The principal investigators are Dr. Oriel Thekisoe established to be able to continue the challenge of and Dr. Mosioua Leeto. The main research focus of implementing adequate tick control management the programme is on the development of molecular diagnostic tools for rapid detection of parasitic strategies and monitoring thereof. pathogens, including haemoparasites, helminths, Collaboration with Dr. Christine Maritz of the Genetics water-borne parasites and food-borne parasites. Department of the University of Pretoria, with Furthermore, the programme conducts research in regards to molecular determination of resistance prevalence and epidemiological studies of parasitic development and the correlation to field resistance diseases and the development of remedies for

Natural and Argricultural Sciences profiles, was discussed. The displacement of the control of parasitic diseases such as the use Rhipicephalusdecoloratus by Rhipicephalusmicroplus of medicinal plants extracts. The programme 122 • • • • biomonitoring, aswell asinsectecology. research interestismainlyonlandscape ecologyand research groupthatwasestablished in2011.His Mr. EmileBredenhandistheleader oftheEntomology Entomology Research • • Programme include: Postgraduate studentsoftheParasitologyResearch Medicine –Japan,andHokkaidoUniversity –Japan. – USA,ObihiroUniversity ofAgricultureandVeterinary University ofPretoria, JohnHopkinsMedicalUniversity – Pretoria,NationalZoologicalGardens QwaQwa campus,OnderstepoortVeterinary Institute of theDepartmentPlantSciencesUFS– collaborates withthePhytomedicineResearchGroup detection of validation ofTaqman real- time PCRassayforthe N. Mabogoane M. Ramokopu leriaequi multiplex real-timePCRforthedetectionof F. Marais provinces”. cattle, sheepanddogsindifferentSouthAfrican lichia, Theileria Trichostrongylus of diagnostic methods(LAMPandPCR)fordetection L. Mabe–M.Sc. plasmamarginale amplification (LAMP)assaysfordetectionof real-time PCRandloopmediatedisothermal cies-specific polymerasechainreaction(PCR), Z. Khumalo ferent Provinces ofSouthAfrica”. onotic Tick-bornePathogensinLivestock inDif- K. Mtshali Haemonchuscontortus and –B.Sc.Honours’:“Development ofa –M.Sc.:“MolecularDetectionofZo- –M.Sc.:“Development ofspe- Babesiagibsoni Babesiacaballi –B.Sc.:“Detectionof –B.Sc.Honours’:“Evaluationand infectionsintickscollectedfrom spp. infectionsinlivestock”. strainsinSouthAfrica”. : “Development ofmolecular Ruan SchlebuschandDeidreWest collectingwatersamples. , indogs”. infections inhorses”. Fasciola Babesia, Ehr- spp. and Thei- Ana- Bestfirst-timeoralpresentation:Khethiwe Mtshali • DuxAcademic Merit award2012–Ms.Samantha • • GoldenKey Academic MeritAward 2012–Ms. • Bestveteran oralpresentation,Dr.Johannvan the following awardsduring2012: The ReptileHaemoparasiteresearchgroupreceived graduation ceremoniesinBloemfontein. Dr. Van Asreceived hisPh.D.duringtheJune 2012 lizards intheFreeStateandNorthWest provinces. phylogeny ofsaurianplasmodiidparasitesinCordylid new infections.Heiscurrentlyinvestigating the the finalhostspeciesactingasvectors forthese associated withthesehighaltitudelizardsandfound He alsoelucidatedanddescribedtwo newlifecycles number ofnewapicomplexanandnematodespecies. altitude lizardbloodparasitesanddescribeda Dr. JohannVan Asconductedresearchonhigh Reptile HaemoparasiteResearch • • group include: Postgraduate studentsofthe Entomology research 1 –3October2012,Bloemfontein,SouthAfrica. Parasitological SocietyofSouthernAfrica(PARSA), (M.Sc. Student):The41 Renda-Dollman (third-year student). Nthatisi Molefe(M.Sc.student). 1 –3October2012,Bloemfontein, SouthAfrica. Parasitological SocietyofSouthernAfrica(PARSA), As (lecturer):The41 Africa”. altitude wetlands intheeasternFreeState,South micro-invertebrate assemblagesfoundinhigh S.N. Motitsoe biome oftheeasternFreeState,SouthAfrica”. ground-dwelling insectassemblagesingrassland the effectofseasonaltemperaturechangeson S.A. Modise –B.Sc.Honours’:“Investigation of –B.Sc.Honours’:“Survey ofaquatic st AnnualConferenceofthe st AnnualConferenceofthe 123

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Natural Sciences Haddad, C.R. 2012. A revision of the Afro- Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens and tropical ant-like sac spider genus Cambalida Escherichia coli from faecal samples of Research Outputs Simon, 1909 (Araneae: Corinnidae). ZooKeys captive animals at the National Zoological 234: 67-119. Gardens of South Africa. African Journal of Zoology and Entomology Haddad, C.R. 2012. A revision of the spider Microbiology Research 6(15): 3662-3666. genus Echinax Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 Pretorius, R.J., Louw, S.vdM., Venter, P. & (Araneae: Corinnidae) in the Afrotropical Van Der Westhuizen, C. 2012. The impact Region. Zootaxa 3450: 33-61. of varying aphid populations in different Haddad, C.R. & Louw, S.v.d.M. 2012. A shadehouse structures on some physical redescription of Merenius alberti Lessert, charateristics of head lettuce, cultivated in 1923 (Araneae: Corinnidae), with remarks on the central Free State (South Africa). Journal colour polymorphism and its relationship to of New Generation Sciences 10(1): 116-129. ant models. African Invertebrates 53: 571- Štáhlavaskŷ, F., Král, J., Harvey, M.S. &

Natural Sciences 591. Haddad, C.R. 2012. The first cytogenetic Kirunda, H., Thekisoe, O.M.M., Kasaija, P.D., characterisation of atemnids: Pseudoscorpions Kerfua, S.D., Nasinyama, G.W., Opuda- with the highest chromosome numbers Research Articles Asibo, J. & Inoue, N. 2012. Use of reverse (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones). Cytogenetic and Genome Research 137: 22-30. Durand, F., Swart, A., Marais, M., Jansen van transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal Rensburg, C., Habig, J., Dippenaar-Schoeman, amplification assay for field detection of A., Ueckermann, E., Jacobs, R., De Wet, L., Newcastle disease virus using less invasive Books Tiedt, L. & Venter, E. 2012. Die karst-ekologie samples. Veterinary World 5(4): 206-212. Van As, J.G., Du Preez, P.J., Brown, L. & van die Bakwenagrot (Gauteng). Suid- Molefe, N.I., Tsotetsi, A.M., Ashafa, A.O.T. & Smit, N. 2012. The story of life and the Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Thekisoe, O.M.M. 2012. In vitro anthelmintic environment: An African perspective. Cape Tegnologie 31(1): 1 of 17. effects of Artemisia afra and Mentha Town: Struik Nature. Gutison, M.L., Le Roux, A. & Bergman, T.J. 2012. longifolia against parasitic gastro-intestinal Derived vocalizations of geladas (Theropithecus nematodes of livestock. Bangladesh Journal Reports gelada) and the evolution of vocal complexity of Pharmacology 7: 157-163. Swart, V.R. & Saaiman, J. 2012. Pecan insect in primates. Philosophical Transactions of the Mtshali, K., Mtshali, M.S., Nkhebenyane, damage: Current problems in Hartswater, Royal Society 367: 1847-1859. J.S. & Thekisoe, O.M.M. 2012. Detection of Hartswater, South Africa.

Staff Main Campus: QwaQwa Campus: Professors: Profs. Jo van As, Linda Basson, and Schalk Louw. Subject Head and Senior Lecturer: Dr. Oriel Thekisoe. Associate Professor: Prof. Liesl van As. Senior Lecturer: Dr. Aliza le Roux. Extraordinary Professors: Profs. Leon Fourie, and Gerhard Lecturers: Dr. Mosioua Leeto, Dr. Johann van As, and Mr. Emile Prinsloo. Bredenhand. Lecturers: Drs. Candice Jansen van Rensburg, Charles Haddad, Junior Lecturers: Mrs. Hafeleni Matete, and Mrs. Michelle van Mr. Hennie Butler and Mrs. Ellie van Dalen. As. Junior Lecturers: Ms. Lindie Heyns, Mr. De Villiers Fourie and Professional Officers: Mrs. Maria Sithole, and Mr. Jacob Mr. Vaughn Swart, Mabena. Affiliated Researchers: Profs. Jacob den Heyer, O.B. Kok, and Affiliated Researchers: Dr. Ana Tstotetsi, and Mr. Moses Dr. Jennifer Botha-Brink. Mtshali. Professional Officers: Mss. Christa du Rand, and Isabel Human.

Contact Details

Annual Report 2012 Prof. Jo van As Department of Zoology and Entomology Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa Telephone: +27 51 401 2427 Fax: +27 51 444 5943 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ufs.ac.za Natural and Argricultural Sciences 124 participation of expertsinvariousdisciplines. The ter Managementthatdepends oncontributionsand State duetothemultidisciplinary natureofDisas- ties anddepartmentsoftheUniversity ofthe Free UFS-DiMTEC iswell-connected tomostofthe facul- personal visits. workshops, shortcourses,researchprojectsand at nationalandinternationalconferences the participationofstudentsandpersonnel activities. Suchlinkageswere establishedthrough risk reductionanddisastermanagement-related and internationalorganisationswithinterestsin strengthen closetieswithvariouslocal,national Sciences, we continuouslystrive todevelop and within theFacultyofNaturalandAgricultural Africa (UFS-DiMTEC)asanindependentCentre Management TrainingandEducationCentrefor Since theofficialestablishmentofDisaster Overview and EducationCentreforAfrica Disaster ManagementTraining senior andmiddle managementpositionsat several provided by theCentre.Thegraduatesoccupy the besttestimonialof quality ofeducation in nationalandinternational institutions serve as success andexcellent performanceofthegraduates annually fromstudents allover Africa.The UFS-DiMTEC receives morethan250applications Academic Programme ture intheprogramme. tracted asaffiliatedprofessorsorlecturerstolec- private sector,NGOsandgovernment arealsocon- ers intheUFS-DiMTECprogramme.Expertsfrom ing, Communication,andothers,aswell aslectur- Sciences, Psychology, MedicalSciences,Engineer- Physics, Geography,AgriculturalEconomics,Social from departmentssuchasChemistry,Microbiology, parties involved includeprofessorsandlecturers (UFS-DiMTEC) 125

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Students at the 2012 graduation ceremony.

United Nations Institutions, NGOs, private sector and The demand for a Ph.D. in Disaster Management was governments in several African countries. recognized and the Ph.D. qualification in Disaster Management was registered during 2012. The first UFS-DiMTEC is currently the largest postgraduate Ph.D. students will register during 2013. education and training programme in Disaster Management on the African continent and a world leader in its own right. UFS-DiMTEC has established Short Courses and Training working relationships not only with a number of UFS-DiMTEC provides Disaster Risk Reduction and African universities but also with leading universities response training to professionals, officials, politicians in Europe, Asia, the United States and Southern and volunteers through a number of short courses in America. South Africa and in some of the SADC countries. The The Centre has not only explored challenges and following courses were presented during 2012: helped create solutions through affiliation with • Ph.D. block course on Disaster Risk, Vulnerability government departments, it has produced a large and Resilience in Cape Town. number of Masters’ students with an equivalent • Introduction to Disaster Management to the of research outputs on various topics such as following groups: food security, climate change, floods, drought, • Correctional Service. community resilience, vulnerability, social support • Personnel from district and local municipalities. programmes, governance, conflict management, and • Department of Social Welfare crime - to mention a few. These research topics were • Introduction to GIS. conducted in several African countries. Apart from Since 2005, more than 2 000 individuals from projects in South Africa, personnel at UFS-DiMTEC government, municipalities, private sector and NGOs actively participated in and led developmental and/or benefited from these courses. The value and impact risk reduction projects in Sudan, Congo-Brazzaville, of these courses are recognized through its high Zimbabwe and other African countries. demand from different institutions and employers. Education and training, supported by research, are the main activities of UFS-DiMTEC. Students enroll Staff for the Advanced University Diploma as a first-year requirement for the Masters’ degree. The Diploma UFS-DiMTEC has a highly motivated and professional consists of eight modules distributed over two team that ensures the highest quality education and semesters; four modules per semester. An average of support to its students. more than 60% qualifies students to continue with

Annual Report 2012 the Masters’ degree; which consists of two electives Research worth 60 credits in total, and a research dissertation UFS-DiMTEC is involved in various Masters’ research worth 120 credits. projects in different African countries. Amongst the Annually, students from six to eight African countries 2012 research themes are the following: are enrolled in the programme. During the past • Flood risk reduction. seven years, DiMTEC enrolled students from 18 • Drought adaptation and coping. different countries (apart from South Africa). These • Vulnerability to hazards such as flood, fires, are: Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, drought and health-related hazards. Namibia, Zambia, Angola, DRC, Congo-Brazzaville, • Climate change adaptation. Natural and Argricultural Sciences Kenia, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Sudan, Nigeria, • Food security. 126 Cameroon, Israel, and Palestine. • Wildfire management. • Dr. Jordaan, representing UFS-DiMTEC, was invited by Dr. Jordaan,representingUFS-DiMTEC,wasinvitedby • Dr.Jordaanwas an invitedkeynote• speaker to International Involvement graduated withtheirMasters’degreesduring2012. the 2012academicyear. Seven 2011bursarystudents students benefitedfromtheNDMCbursaryduring of thebursaryfor2012wasR2.5millionand56 Management atpostgraduatelevel. Thetotalvalue programme forcapacitybuildinginDisaster Management Center(NDMC)bursaryandlearnership UFS-DiMTEC benefitedfromtheNationalDisaster plan forSouthAfrica. will informthedevelopment ofanationaldrought through thisprojectandtheoutcomesof students andonePh.D.studentwillbeabletoqualify groups offarmerswillbeassessed.FourMasters’ Cape. Adaptation andcopingcapacityofdifferent to performadroughtriskassessmentfortheEastern research contractworth R2.95milliontoUFS-DiMTEC Research Commission(WRC)awardedafour-year As aresultoftheNorthernCaperesearch,Water ufs.ac.za/nc. an interactive website; foundathttp://dimtecrisk. of adisasterriskatlasfortheNorthernCapethrough Northern Capeprovince. Thisledtothedevelopment to completethedroughtriskassessmentfor risk assessmentandby applyingthemethodology on thedevelopment ofamethodologyfordrought The mostrecentlarge-scaleresearchprojectfocused Conflictmanagementanddisasterriskreduction. • Traumaimpactsandpreparednessofemergency • Disasterriskandvulnerabilityassessments. • the International Society for Integrated Disaster Risk the InternationalSocietyforIntegrated DisasterRisk Green Economy:Challengesand Opportunities”. resilience inAfricatroughTransformation anda The titleofhispresentation was:“Building Innovators atKeio University, Yokohama, Japan. the InternationalConferenceforEnvironmental personnel. The full-timeDiMTECteam. • Prof.SakulskihaslecturedattheUniversity of Dr.Jordaan,togetherwithProf.MaitlandSeaman • Netherlands. a partoftheUNESCOIHEMasterCourse,inDelft, Prof. Sakulskihasdelivered hisannuallecturesas Dr.Jordaanwasappointedasprojectleader:Flood • • Dr. Jordaanwasappointedasprojectleader: • Dr. Jordaanwasappointedasprojectleader: Dr.Jordaanwasco-optedby theNationalDrought • Projects topics ofdisasterriskassessment. accredited Masterlevel) hehaslecturedselected of riskassessment.Atpostgraduatelevel (Bologna assessment, mathematicalandstatisticalmethods natural andhumaninducedhazard,vulnerability various disasterriskmanagementtopics,suchas At theundergraduatelevel hehaslectured Novi Sad,Faculty ofTechnical Sciences,Serbia. Technical University ofDresden. Bonn University, FreieUniversity ofBerlinandthe visited includetheUnitedNationsUniversity, research andeducationprogrammes.Universities in Germanywiththepurposetocollaborateon and Dr.DanieVermeulen visitedthreeUniversities disaster riskreductiontoBeijing,China. disciplinary educationandresearchprogrammesin Consortium of13World-class Universities withinter- Management (IDRiM)asafoundingmemberofthe Kimberley, SouthAfrica. management planfortheNorthern Capeprovince, province, Kimberley,SouthAfrica. Veldfire managementplan fortheNorthernCape Cape, Kimberley,SouthAfrica. province; DepartmentofAgriculture,Northern Drought ManagementPlanfortheNorthernCape drought managementplan. of droughtindicesinpreparationforanational Task Team asspecialistforthedevelopment 127

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Centres Chapter in book Research Outputs Jordaan, A.J. & Groenewald, J. 2012. Unlocking credit markets. In Unlocking markets to Disaster Management smallholders: Lessons from South Africa, edited by H. Van Schalkwyk; J. Groenewald; G. Training And Education Fraser; A. Obi and A. Van Tilburg. Netherlands, Centre For Africa Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 175-190. (UFS-DIMTEC) Centres

The full-time DiMTEC team.

Staff Director: Dr. Andries Jordaan. Secretary: Ms. Annelene Schröder. Short Course Coordinator and lecturer: Ms. Alice Ncube. Research Assistant: Ms. Kihinde Balogun. Financial Administrator: Ms. Gerdanarue van Coppenhagen. Master Course Coordinator and lecturer: Ms. Olivia Kunguma. Bursary Manager and lecturer: Mr. Johannes Belle.

Contact Details Ms. Annelene Schröder. Annual Report 2012 Disaster Management Training and Education Centre for Africa (UFS-DiMTEC) Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa Telephone: +27 51 401 2721 Fax: +27 51 401 9336 E-mail: [email protected]

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Website: www.ufs.ac.za 128 enrolled 40 students from 110 applicants in 2012. The enrolled 40studentsfrom110applicants in2012.The viron mental Management. TheMasters’programme mental ManagementSystems, andIntegratedEn- Management, Environmental Assessment, Environ- strongly aroundSustainable Development, Project The Masters’programmedeveloped graduallyand communities inthecentralpartofSouthAfrica. applied projectsandprovides appropriateservicesto aquatic ecologythatcarriesoutanumberofmainly The Centreisanestablishedcentreofexpertisein and contractcomponent. programmes, variousshortcourses,andaresearch components, namelytheMasters’andDoctoral South Africa.Thenicheisbasedonthreeintertwined the UFShasestablishedanenviednicheforitselfin the FacultyofNaturalandAgriculturalSciencesat The CentreforEnvironmentalManagement(CEM)in Overview Environmental Management Centre for Sustainability sciencehasbecome establishedasits tems arerequiredineven thesmallestofbusinesses. sophisticated, andenvironmental managementsys- talists. Environmentalassessment hasbecomemore vation isnolongeronlythedomain ofenvironmen- a growing importanceofresearchinwater.Conser- government andnatureconservationbodies.Thereis ment. Graduatesareindemandby largecompanies, a healthyoverview oftheSouthAfricanenviron- There isaperceived needtoproducegraduateswith Bloemfontein, consistingofonesessionpersemester. days ofcontacttimeattheMaincampusUFSin programme. Theprogrammestretchesover 43full from therestofAfrica,makingthisatrulycontinental Development Community(SADC)andafewwere 30% ofthestudentswere fromtheSouthernAfrican intake increasesindiversity every year. In2012,about 129

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Monitoring macro-invertebrates using the South African Scoring System version 5 (SASS5) at Sannaspos on the Modder River.

own discipline and Africa needs to move beyond ir- Geography, Department of Soil, Crop and Climate rational exploitation towards cultural maturity as far Sciences, and Department of Sociology) and most as the environment is concerned. had worked on non-perennial rivers as part of the previous project. Specialists from Rhodes University Approximately 50 lecturers are involved in the and consultancy firms such as Southern Waters and programme, half of whom are contracted from Water Matters were also involved in the study. As the government and the private sector for their specific project progressed, it was found that soil scientists competencies. were an invaluable addition to the project team, During the 2012 Winter Graduation of the UFS, Dr. especially when the hydrological modelling was Linda Rossouw received her Ph.D. degree, Charl de done. Specialists in hydrological modelling (MIKE SHE Witt received the Roodt Architects Award for the Best modelling) were also included in the project. Masters’ Student in Environmental Management for A prototype DRIFT-Arid method (adapted from 2011, and Riana Janse van Rensburg received the ERM the original Downstream Response to Imposed (South Africa Award for the Best Mini-Dissertation in Flow Transformation (DRIFT) method developed Environmental Management) for 2011. by Southern Waters) for non-perennial rivers was CEM is in a cooperation agreement with the Catholic developed (in project K5/1587) using the Seekoei University of Louvain in Belgium to conduct research River as case study. The main objective of the current study is to test the prototype DRIFT-Arid method on temporary water ecology. As a result of this on a variety of non-perennial rivers in South Africa. cooperation agreement, a Ph.D. student, Bram To do this, the team needed to identify suitable Vanschoenwinkel from Louvain, and a number of catchments, select sites in each of these catchments, graduate students have spent time working at CEM collect field data, and identify suitable indicators and on studies initiated by the Centre in 2009. scenarios of change. The hydrology for each chosen scenario then needed to be simulated and the DRIFT- Research Projects: Arid DSS was used to capture specialist knowledge Annual Report 2012 WRC project K5/1798: Testing a methodology for to predict the change in the catchment at each site Environmental Water Requirements in non-perennial selected for each scenario chosen. The prototype rivers. The Mokolo River Case Study DRIFT-Arid method was improved and adapted as the This project follows on from a one-year project project progressed and a revised DRIFT-Arid method (WRC K5/1414) and a three-year project (WRC was developed. The DRIFT-Arid method now needs K5/1587), both of which were recently completed. to be tested on an episodic river. The team identified Both projects focused on the Environmental Water various projects associated with the development of the method for which project proposals will be sent Requirements (EWRs) for non-perennial rivers. to the WRC in June 2013. A multidisciplinary project team consisting of 28 Natural and Argricultural Sciences members was appointed for the study. Most of the Development of an interactive vulnerability map 130 specialists were from the UFS (CEM, Department of and preliminary screening level monitoring protocol sensitive indicators.Theseindicators mayinclude the ecologicalintegrityofstreams andrivers through perennial rivers systems.EWR’smaingoalisto protect environmental waterrequirements (EWR)ofnon- may beusedasindicators todeterminethe The projectaimstoconcludeif otters ( requirements innon-perennialrivers indicators fordeterminingenvironmentalwater Cape ClawlessOtters–tomeasureiftheyareuseful continuation ofthisprogramme. 2013. Thereafteradecisionwillbemadeaboutthe of thebiomonitoringprogrammeendsinDecember Hennie Butler(Zoology).Theinitialtwo-year period (NMB), andReptileAmphibians,conductedby Mr. Small Mammals,conductedby Dr.NicoAvenant Invertebrates, conductedby JoanAdendorff (CEM), le Roux(SoilStudies,UFS),Aquatic andTerrestrial conducted by Profs. LeonvanRensburgandPieter by Dr.ZietsZietsman (NMB),SoilWater Balance, Vegetations Diversity andRehabilitation,conducted conducted by Prof. NicoSmit(PastureScience,UFS), Rangeland ManagementandBushEncroachment, 2012. Aspectsthatarebeingmonitoredinclude Museum (NMB),startedwithbiomonitoringin and theCEM,incollaborationwithNational in theNorthernCape.Theprotocolwasaccepted Protocol forKolomela MineclosetoPostmasburg the requesttocompileaBiodiversity Monitoring Kumba IronOreapproachedCEMin2010with (Kumba IronOre),Postmasburg Biodiversity monitoringatKolomela Mine hydraulic fracturing activitiescouldbemonitored. to adviceonhow unconventional gasminingand decide wherethisactivitymaybeallowed andgive is make recommendationstohelpdecision makers monitoring protocolsforselectedaspects.Theaim aspects; andtoproposeprovisional screeninglevel to develop aninteractive vulnerability mapofselected of thisstudyaretowriteabackgroundreviewreport; CEM proposedastudywiththeWRCin2011.Theaims for explorationpermitswiththePASA, researchersat In lightoftheapplicationsmadeby variouscompanies ter themoratoriumwasliftedon7September2012. report detailingthefindingswasreleasedshortlyaf- of unconventional gasmininginSouthAfricaanda mentary Task Team investigated thepossibleimpacts PASA during2011.Duringthemoratorium,aParlia- unconventional oilandgasminingapplicationsat placed onthefurtheracceptanceandprocessingof As aresultofpublicresistance,moratoriumwas located intheKaroo geologicalbasinandsub-basins. 31% ofthetotalsurfaceareaSouthAfricaandare rica (PASA). Theseapplicationscurrentlycover almost were lodgedwiththePetroleum AgencyofSouthAf- for shalegasminingandcoalbedmethane During 2010–2011,variousexplorationapplications fracturing unconventional gasminingby meansofhydraulic for assessingthepotentialenvironmentalimpactof Aonyxcapensis ) quality andalgae), have sampled theSeekoei River Dr. LindaRossouw(independent consultant)(water (macro-invertebrates); andTascha Vos togetherwith CEM, namelyMarindaAvenant (fish);Marie Watson (non-perennial) river inSouthAfrica.Ateam from invaluable totheunderstanding ofanephemeral data collectionontheSeekoei River istherefore long-term datahasbeencollected.Long-term perennial rivers inSouthAfricaandeven lesswhere Very fewstudieshave beencompleted onnon- Northern Cape,SouthAfrica Long-term datacollectionontheSeekoei River, and macro-invertebrates. (March, JulyandNovember) forwaterquality,algae These sitesarenow monitoredthreetimesayear the sitessampledaspartofBloemwatercontract. two ontheRiet andeightontheModderRiver from the CEM.TheCEMchose11sites;oneonCaledon, project anddatareportswrittenarehousedat funded by Bloemwater. TheCEMnow fundsthe Modder andRietRivers, whichwasoriginallyaproject CEM hascontinuedthebiomonitoringofCaledon, Free Staterivers Biomonitoring oftheecologicalstatus The projectisduetobecompletedinNovember 2013. how canagro-chemical wastebebettermanaged?” impact ofthesechemicalsontheenvironment,and and disposeofagrochemicalseffectively? Whatisthe the maizesectorlooklike? Doesthemaizesector use “What doestheagriculturalhazardouswastecycle in will beanswered inthisstudyincludethefollowing: people andtheenvironment.Themainquestionsthat Free State.Thisisimportanttoensurethehealthof step forsoundhazardouswastemanagementinthe in theprovince, whichwillserve asapreliminary the typesandamountsofhazardouswasteproduced well asitssources. Thiswillleadtoaclearrecordof herbicides, fertilizers,lubricants,fuelsandoils),as hazardous agriculturalchemicalwaste(pesticides, project istoidentify,characteriseandquantify (DETEA) oftheFreeStateprovince. Theaimofthe Development, Tourism andEnvironmentalAffairs province throughtheDepartmentofEconomic inventory thatmustbedeveloped fortheFreeState This projectisbasedonahazardouswastesource cycle/chain a baselineestimateofvolumes ofwasteinthe Agricultural hazardouswaste:Determining/Performing Water Cluster. CEM, theNationalMuseuminBloemfontein,and indicator oftheEWRs.Stakeholders inthisprojectare species; thereforetheymaypossiblybeusedasan of thesespeciesincludesmosttheriver ecosystem in thefoodweb ofriver ecosystems. Preyutilisation yet beentested.Ottersarepredators,thustoplinks established buttheterrestrialcomponentshave not method fornon-perennialriver systemshasbeen biological andsocialaspectsofariver system.A changes inflow orwaterlevel andanyphysical, 131

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Monitoring macro-invertebrates using the South African Scoring System version 5 (SASS5) at Sannaspos on the Modder River.

since 2005. Surina Esterhuyse has also been involved Africa. M.Sc. studies, Ph.D. research and student in interpreting groundwater data collected by training will focus mainly on particular questions Tascha Vos in 2012. Several student assistants (Joan in the vegetation population biology and socio- Adendorff, Ina Ferreira, Hennie Louw, Arjen Nell, and economy in wetland restoration and the wise use Esté Prinsloo) have gained experience in sampling of wetlands. The summer schools and the excursion and data collection in the project. should sensitise the students to actual and urgent DAAD project – Alliance for Wetlands – Research and particular African issues in the field of environmental Restoration (AllWet RES) protection, resource management and sustainability; CEM is one of the core partners of a German-South they will also help the students in formulating their African project on wetlands funded by DAAD (the research hypotheses and topics. German Academic Exchange Service). The importance Piet-Louis Grundling, Research Associate of the of ecosystem services provided by wetlands and CEM, is central to the study, while soil scientist, especially peatlands for human society is generally Lulu Pretorius, has been appointed to assist in the acknowledged but in many cases not well understood fieldwork, under the guidance of Professor Corni van and inefficiently applied. Huyssteen of the Department of Soil at the UFS. In 2012, the Chair of Restoration Ecology, Centre of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Cooperation and Special Universität München (TUM), applied for the financing of an international project AllWet (Alliance for Student Exchanges African Wetlands – Increasing capacity and learning Following contact made in Mozambique between networks for ecologically and socio-economically Dr. Dirk Jungmann (TUD) and Dr. Andries Jordaan sustainable wetland management) within the scope (DiMTEC, UFS), Dr. Jordaan, Dr. Danie Vermeulen of the second call of the EU Programme, ACP Science (Institute for Groundwater Studies, UFS) and Prof. and Technology. Consequently, a trilateral academic Maitland Seaman (CEM) visited the TUD in April 2012. cooperation between the TUM, the University of Though no formal Memorandum of Understanding KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), and the University of the Free (MOU) has yet been signed, there has been significant Annual Report 2012 State (UFS) was established. Besides the planned follow-up cooperation, the first of which was a visit research results and outcomes, the project package by two interns, Nora Hütter and Gerog Enke, for a aims at the further development and strengthening period of two months from July to September 2012. of the academic cooperation between the TUM, During this time they participated in the CEM’s overall the UFS and the UKZN, as well as on supporting the long-term programme on biomonitoring and the bilateral mobility of students and researchers. development of methodologies for the assessment of The cooperative research should improve knowledge environmental water requirements in non-perennial about the possibilities and limitations of the rivers, which itself forms part of the Strategic restoration of degraded wetlands and peatlands, Academic Cluster: “Water management in water- Natural and Argricultural Sciences and contribute to the better understanding of scarce areas”. They looked specifically at the roles of 132 their functionality and role to the society in South sediments, contaminants and macro-invertebrates. in 1997 and both the Centre and the Masters’ in 1997andboth theCentreandMasters’ Director fortheCentreEnvironmental Management Natural andAgriculturalSciences. Hetookover as 2012” attheyear-end functionoftheFaculty of Prof. Seamanwon theprizefor“Serviceto Faculty Awards with thetheme“Theroleofwaterinfoodsecurity”. Cluster “Water ManagementinWater-scarce Areas”, under theauspicesofUFS’StrategicAcademic held inBloemfontein,6–7June2012,attheUFS, the ThirdOrangeRiver BasinSymposium,whichwas The CentreforEnvironmentalManagementsupported Orange River BasinSymposium and Provincial managementlevel staff. to watermanagersinlocalmunicipalitiesandDistrict assessments, by offeringtargetedtrainingcourses been identifiedby theannualBlueandGreenDrop able toassistinredressingtheskillgapswhichhave of communities.TheintentionisthatCEMwould be issues, whichhave adirectbearingonthewell-being CEM isabletogive inputsregardingwaterquality Green DropWater QualityManagementCommittee. represented ontheFreeStateProvincial Blueand The CentreforEnvironmentalManagementis Blue andGreenDropCommittee recreational useissuesareimportant. of thelocalurbanpopulation,sopublichealthand impoundment isafocalpointforlargeproportion and functionallyacceptableforpublicuse.This public waterbody,ensuringthatitisaesthetically reassure stakeholders regardingthecondition ofthis service. Themonitoringandadviceisprimarilyto contribution hasallowed CEMtocontinuethis community servicetaskundertaken by CEM.ABSA’s Waterfront, andadvisingonitsmanagementisa Loch Logan,whichisthecentrepieceofBloemfontein’s Monitoring theconditionofurbanimpoundment, Waterfront. Water Quality:LochLogan,Bloemfontein’sTourist Community-Service ResearchonEnvironmental interest insedimenttransferby rivers. visited CEMin2012,duringwhichhepursuedhis Dr. Michiko Kojima oftheMeijiUniversity inTokyo Japanese ScientificExchange TUD, CEMandDiMTEC. exchange ofideasonfuturecooperation between the week by Dr.Jungmannand Ms. MarenHessforthe During November, theCentre wasjoinedfora gas, aswell asreasonsforthesemoratoria. use ofhydraulic fracturingtomineunconventional countries inwhichmoratoriawere imposedonthe with literatureresearchthatfocusedonidentifying Besides themainproject,studentsalsoassisted Cape Development Corporation andtheWater “Building aSustainableGlobal Future”.TheEastern the watercycle. Thethemeofthecongress was research andpracticecovering allfacetsof professionals spanningthe continuum between Ireland. TheIWA isaglobalnetwork of10000water population monitoringofthesepeculiarcreatures. the ArcticSealmonitoringgroup,focusingmainlyon to MarionIsland.Asresearcher,hewillbepartof and Energy, Association (IWA) World CongressonWater, Climate Mrs. MarieWatson attendedtheInternationalWater Prof. MaitlandSeaman,Mrs.MarindaAvenant and during theconference. situation assessmentofresourcedirectedmeasures” “Sustainable UseofSouthAfrica’sinlandwaters:A 1798 projectadvisor)alsolaunchedherbookentitled are partoftheWRC1798project.Dr.JackieKing(WRC (Hennie Louw),allfocusedontheSeekoei River and Seekoei River, NorthernCapeProvince, SouthAfrica” the fishcommunitystructureofthreepoolsin composition” (InaFerreira),and“Aninvestigation into Seekoei River onthemacro-invertebrate species of differenthydrological phasesinthenon-perennial for non-perennialrivers” (MarieWatson), “Theinfluence of anenvironmentalwaterrequirement(EWR)method The threeoralpresentations,namely“Thedevelopment theme focusingmainlyonestuaries. a conferencewithconservationandconnectivity Cape St.FrancisResort,whichwasanidealvenue for Southern Africa.The2012conferencewasheldatthe and conservationofinlandwatersthroughout society concernedwiththeresearch,management Scientists (SASAqS) inJuly2012.SASAqS isalearned conference oftheSouthernAfricanSocietyAquatic Hennie LouwandEstéPrinsloo,attendedthe Mrs. MarieWatson andthreestudents,InaFerreira, Conferences Attended Environmental Affairsforthe70 received anelitecontractwiththeDepartmentof Masters’ DegreeinEnvironmentalManagement.He at theCEM,willbegraduatingin2013;receivinghis Hennie Louw,Masters’Studentandresearchassistant University oftheFreeState. Maitland Seamancelebratesmorethan30years atthe currently istheDirectorofWater Cluster.Prof. the StrategicClustersofUniversity, wherehe Africa. In2005hewaspartofateamthatdeveloped body forEnvironmentalPractitionersinSouth of developing anational,professionalandregulating field inSouthAfrica.Hewascentraltotheprocess expansion ofEnvironmentalManagementasanew also played animportantroleinthedevelopment and first BiomonitoringProgrammeoftheFreeState.He He played anintegralroleintheestablishmentof Centre involved invariouscontract andresearchwork. are today.Hisleadershipandmanagementgotthe Programme grewintothesuccessfulentitiesthey

which washeldinMay2012Dublin, th reliefexpedition 133

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Monitoring macro-invertebrates using the South African Scoring System version 5 (SASS5) at Sannaspos on the Modder River.

Research Commission sponsored two of the students’ • 17th Annual Conference of the International conference fees. Associates for Impact Assessment South African Affiliates (IAIAsa). Prof. Seaman presented a poster on “The challenges • Second GFZ- AEON shale gas workshop, 15 – 17 of developing a strategic academic cluster on Water February 2012. Management in Water-scarce Areas” at a South • South African Society of Aquatic Sciences (SASAqS) African University. Mrs. Marinda Avenant introduced (1 – 5 July 2012). the congress participants to the challenges and constraints of setting environmental reserves • Karoo Development Conference, (14 – 17 October for non-perennial rivers and Mrs. Marie Watson 2012). explained the prototype method to determine the • IWA-WCE Dublin Congress, Dublin, Ireland (May Environmental Water Requirements of non-perennial 2012). rivers (developed by the team involved in two phases of a Water Research Commission Project WRC 1587 Community Service and WRC 1798). The Centre for Environmental Management serves the Various students and staff at the Centre attended the environmental community and the general public with following other conferences and symposia during 2012: numerous workshops each year. All the students are • Orange River Basin Symposium (6 – 7 June 2012). employed in environmental management positions, so • 9th Kimberley Biodiversity Research Symposium (4 there is a very direct contact with the community and September 2012). its needs.

Research Articles Research Outputs Berna, F., Goldberg, P., Horwitz, L.K., Brink, Brink, J.S., Herries, A.I.R., Moggi-Cecchi, J., J., Holt, S., Bamford, M. & Chazan, M. 2012. Gowlett, J.A.J., Bousman, C.B., Hancox, J.P., Annual Report 2012 Centre for Environmental Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire Grün,R., Eisenmann, V., Adams, J.W. & Rossouw, Management in Arheulean strata of wonderhoek cave, L. 2012. First hominine remains from a ~1.0 Northern Cape Province, South Africa. million year old bone bed at Cornelia-Uitzoek, Proceedings of the National Academy of Free State Province, South Africa. Journal of Sciences of the United States of America Human Evolution 63: 527-535. 109(20): 1215-1220. Buschke, F.T. & Esterhuyse, S. 2012. The Brink, J.S. 2012. The fauna from Lithakong. perceptions of research values and priorities Appendix in: Kaplan, J. & Mitchell, P. The in water resource management from the 3rd archaeology of the Lesotho Highlands Water Orange River Basin Symposium. Water SA Project Phases IA and IB. Southern African 38(2): 249-254. Humanities 24: 30-32. Natural and Argricultural Sciences 134 order intheenterprisestructuresofselected Toerien, D.F. &Seaman,M.T. of Science South Africantowns. Proportionality inenterprisedevelopment of Toerien, D.F. &Seaman,M.T. tainability in Lesotho. sustainability intobiodiversity conservation Pelser, A.&Letsela,L. 47(1): 138-146. National Park,SouthAfrica. N’washitshumbe enclosuresite,Kruger influence offireonrodentabundanceat Merwe, M.&Bredenkamp,G.J. MacFadyen, D.,Avenant, N.,Van der nexus. Sustainability ofwaterecosystemandenergy Synthesis ofthemedsessions.Session2 WRC 40-year celebrationConference– C., Laker, M.C.&Buckley,C.A. Green, G.C.,Day,J.A.,Mitchell,S.A.,Palmer, and EarthSystemSciences land inMaputaland,SouthAfrica. modelling ofevaporationfromacoastalwet- Grundling, P.-L. Jarmain, C.,Jewitt,G.P.W., Price,J.S.& Clulow, A.D.,Everson, C.S.,Mengistu,M.G., Journal ofHumanEvolution paleontological andpaleoclimaticevidence. Cave (SouthAfrica):Archaeological,geological, 2012. TheOldowan horizoninWonderwerk Rossouw, L.,ScottL.&Kolska Horwitz,L. Goldberg, P., Matmon,A.,Porat, N.,Ron,H., F., Brink,J.S.,Holt,J.,Fernandez-Jalvo, Y., Chazan, M.,Avery, D.M.,Bamford,M.,Berna, wetlands? ing impactinvertebrate diversity inephemeral brates oriron:Doeslarge-scaleopencastmin- Watson, M.&Seaman,M.T. Buschke, F.T., Adendorff, J.,Lamprechts, J., Staff Course Coordinator: Affiliated Professor: Mitchell, andMr.Piet-LouisGrundling. Brink, NicoAvenant, DaanToerien, NacelleCollins,Steve Associated ResearchAssociates: Acting Director: Director: Water SA 108(5/6):1-10. African Zoology 14: 45-65. Environment Development Sus- Prof.MaitlandSeaman. 2012. Measurement and 2012.Measurementand 37(5):609-618. Mrs. MarindaAvenant. 2012. South AfricanJournal 47(2): 245-254. 16:3233-3247. Prof. AnthonyTurton. 63:859-866. Ms. MarthieKemp. 2012.Inverte- 2012.Regional 2012. Editorial: 2012.Editorial: African Zoology

Mainstreaming 2012.The Hydrology 2012. Drs. ZietsZietsman,James

Directed Measures12years afterthe1998 waters: AsituationassessmentofResource Sustainable useofSouthAfrica’sinland 2012. Water supplyanddemand.In King, J.M.,Mitchell,S.A.&Pienaar,H.H. Commission (WRC),Pretoria,SouthAfrica. Commission ProjectK5/2149,Water Research for vulnerabilityindicators. hydraulic fracturingandavailabledatabases the backgroundreviewofimpactsrelatedto Geographical Journal Eastern CapeKaroo towns. 2012. Mitchell, S.A.,Seaman,M.T. &Silberbauer,M.J. Ashton, P.J., Roux,D.J.,Breen,C.M.,Day,J.A., Research Reports J., Vos, A.T. &Watson, M. Smit, A.,Sokolic, F., Van Soelen,B.,Van Tol, Prinsloo, H.,Redelinghuys,N.,Reynolds,D., M., Kijko, A.,Louw,H.,Nell,Ouzman,S., Bragg, C.,Cillie,D.,Enke, G.,Hutter,N.,Kemp, Esterhuyse, S.,Adendorff, J.,Avenant, M., Commission (WRC),Pretoria,SouthAfrica. Project K5/2149totheWater Research workshop Esterhuyse, S. Commission (WRC),Pretoria,SouthAfrica. Project K5/2149totheWater Research indicators workshop toselectandweight vulnerability change andoperatingculture research topics,key individuals,institutional in SouthAfrica,1900-2010.Overview of Avenant, N.L.&DuPlessis,J.J. (WRC), Pretoria,SouthAfrica. 530/12 totheWater ResearchCommission Esterhuyse, S. Management (SouthernAfrica)PtyLtd. Specialist ReportforEnvironmentalResources Expansion Project:ProjectKholo The Freshwater . Water ResearchCommission . Water ResearchCommission 2012. 2012. 94(2):137-151. Report ontheinitiation Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Centre forEnvironmentalManagement Prof. MaitlandSeaman Contact Details

Science Landscape Science Landscape Hennie Louw(Invertebrate). Messrs. FrankSokolic (GIS),ArjenNell(ResearchEcology),and (Administration), Ms.MarthieKemp (Riparian Vegetation), and (Finance), Ms.SanetNeethling(Marketing), Ms.DonnéKolesky and Algae),Ms.InaFerreira(Invertebrate), Ms.BettyPhillips Joan Adendorff (Entomology),Ms.Tascha Vos (Water Quality Professional Officers: Invertebrates). Senior ProfessionalOfficer: 2012. Report on2day +27514012629 Water Research 2012. . Report No. TT . ReportNo.TT South African . Mammal . Mammal +27514012863 Report on Report on Letšeng Letšeng www.ufs.ac.za [email protected]

Ms. SurinaEsterhuyse(Hydrology), Ms. National Water Act, Mitchell, S.A.,Rogers,K.H.&Adams Pretoria, SouthAfrica. to theWater ResearchCommission(WRC), H. Pienaar.pp.1-16.ReportNo.TT491/11 In 2012. Knowledge skillsanddevelopment. Plessis, J.&Zietsman,L.E. Janse vanRensburg,G.,Deacon,F., Du Avenant, N.,Buschke, F.T., Adendorff, J., Zietsman, P.C., Seaman,M.T., Smit,G.N., pp. 229-249. ecosystems Enterprise Ecosystems.In Evidence ofislandeffectsinSouthAfrican Toerien, D.F. &Seaman,M.T. Commission (WRC),Pretoria,SouthAfrica. WRC ProjectK5/1798totheWater Research Support System(DSS). Mokolo River workshop inputtotheDecision Rensburg, L.&Vos, A.T. Rowntree, K.,Sokolic, F., Van derWaal, B.,Van J., LeRoux,P., Redelinghuys,N.,Rossouw,L., Esterhuyse, S.,Joubert,A.,Kemp, M.,King, Seaman, M.T., Watson, M.,Avenant, M.F., South Africa. University oftheFreeState,Bloemfontein, Centre forEnvironmentalManagement, 2011 -Abiomonitoringreport Caledon Rivers. Comparisonof2009to 2012. Seaman, M.T., Watson, M.&Vos, A.T. Pretoria, SouthAfrica. to theWater ResearchCommission(WRC), Pienaar. pp.127-175.ReportNo.TT491/11 National Water Act, Directed Measures12years afterthe1998 waters: AsituationassessmentofResource the FreeState,Bloemfontein,SouthAfrica. Environmental Management,University of Kumba IronOre Report onBiomonitoringatKolomela Mine, Sustainable useofSouthAfrica’sinland Ms. MarieWatson (Macro- State oftheModder,Rietand , editedby M.Ali.China:InTech. . ReportforCentre edited by J.KingandH. edited by J.Kingand 2012. Report as part of Reportaspartof 2012. The functioningof Report on the Report onthe . Reportfor Integrated 2012. , J.B.

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Lengau Agricultural Development Centre

Overview The Lengau Agricultural Development Centre’s One of the three experimental farms of the UFS Agricultural Skills Development, Training and is earmarked for agricultural skills development Mentorship Programme is an initiative aimed at and training of emerging farmers, farm workers being an engaged faculty of the UFS by utilising and entrepreneurs in agricultural businesses. The its academic capacity and facilities to face the buildings, facilities and a portion of the land of the challenges of sustainable agriculture in the region, Sydenham Experimental Farm are used for animal country and continent. and crop production and alternative natural and

Annual Report 2012 agricultural skills development opportunities in Human resource development is being realised in all value-adding and marketing. sectors of the economy but a particular need exists within the agricultural sector because black farmers The UFS, Mangaung Local Municipality, Free State were excluded from participating in mainstream Provincial Department of Agriculture, and National agriculture for many decades. Prospective black African Farmers’ Union embraced the programme farmers were engaged in subsistence farming as partners in agricultural transformation. A on communal land and had limited access to the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed commercial sector. The development and growth from by the Mangaung Local Municipality, National African subsistence to commercial farming is difficult in a Farmers’ Union, and the University of the Free State in Natural and Argricultural Sciences highly competitive sector. It requires innovative skills December 2004. They agreed to compile a Cooperative 136 and knowledge and diverse inputs to be successful. Agreement for local and provincial governance and Providing skillstrainingforagricultural entrepre- • Usingthefacilitiesasanapprenticeship forpro- • the formof: the agriculturalknow-how andskillstrainingarein training attheUFSonasimultaneousbasis.Someof and enrichthecurriculumintermsofresearch farmer training,tacklelocaldevelopment issues The Centreaimstoundertake systematicsmall Activities and managethefacility. the FreeStateover thepastseven years toupgrade Almost R6.5millionwasinvested by theUniversity of aspects oflivestock, cropfarmingandagribusiness. mentors, farmersandblackentrepreneursinmany education ofundergraduatesandpostgraduates, gardening. TheCentrealsoserves asacentrefor primary herd,andordinaryadvancedfood improvement, branding,dehorning,castration, Services rangefromlivestock auctioneering,herd prospective emerging andcommercialblackfarmers. manner toaddresstheneedsofnewly-settledand Centre were upgraded andutilisedinanextensive 2011. However, thefacilitiesatLengauDevelopment agreement between thepartieswascancelledin by theMangaung LocalMunicipality,thecooperative Unfortunately, duetonofinancialdeliveries until2011 duration ofthecooperationwasseton30years. Agricultural Development Centre.Theestimated and upgradethetrainingfacilitiesatLengau million orR750000annuallyin2005toestablish Local Municipalityapproved acontributionofR5 funding oftheinitiative. TheCounciloftheMangaung make alivelihood intheagriculturalsector, farm- neurs, farmworkers, young peoplewantingto farming, poultryfarmingorvegetable production. farming, dairysmall stock farming,pig trainee farmersselectaprogramme inbeefcattle fore moving ontoacommercialfarm.Prospective system inplacetofacilitate“learningby doing”be- spective farmers,withamentorshipandsupport Stock farmersgrantedcertificatesfortheirparticipationinthestockfarminginternship. Anoutreachprogrammethroughpartnershipsto • • Supporting emergentfarmers/entrepreneurs collaboration with UmngaFarmersTraining Group, training atlevels lower than Grade12.TheCentre,in regarded asanaccreditedtraining centreforany Farmers TrainingGroupduring 2011andisnow entered intoacooperative agreementwith Umnga at educationallevels lower thanGrade12.TheCentre initially tooperateasanaccredited trainingcentre of theUniversity oftheFreeStatewasnotallowed The LengauAgriculturalDevelopment Centreaspart contract wascancelledinAugust2011. did notadheretotheoriginalagreementand Auctioneers. Unfortunately,MalukaAuctioneers rental contractwasnegotiatedwithMaluka terminated inthebeginningof2011andanother Lengau Development Centre.Thisagreementwas livestock auctionsfortheBloemfonteinareaat Louwid Auctioneersduring2008toconductweekly A rentalagreementwasenteredintowithBKB framework todifferentpartsofthecountry. extend theclientelethrougha“hub-and-spokes” Development (LRAD) programme. plications totheLandRedistributionforAgricultural ganisations. Assistanceisalsogiven toprocessap- with linkagestoregionalandnationalfarmeror- bying capacity by establishingcommoditygroups farming entrepreneurs.TheCentreenhanceslob- infrastructure onmunicipallandforsmall-scale entrepreneurs. TheCentreprovides appropriate aftercare ofnewly-settledfarmersandstart-up Centre, linkagestoinputsuppliersandmarkets, through livestock auctionsevery Fridayatthe ate learnershipcourses. designing andsolicitingaccreditationofappropri- to key centresrelevanttoongoingprojects, and municipalities intheFreeState,educationaltours the Centre,amobiletrainingcapacitytoserve settled farmers.Thisisdoneviashortcoursesat ers inthefarmertraineeprogramme,andrecently 137

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Centres Centres

Agricultural students recording mass data of sheep at one of the internship sessions.

applied at AgriSETA for two learnerships and 240 skills regular basis in collaboration with the Free State development short learning programmes. Funding for Department of Agriculture. the two learnerships in crop and animal production at Two entrepreneurs are utilising the eucalyptus NQF Level 4 and 20 skills development programmes (Bloekom) trees at the Lengau Development Centre as were granted. The training will be offered until 2013. an opportunity for firewood in the local community. Seed funding for the first phase of developing The first samples of fire bricks were produced from an encyclopaedia and e-learning programme in waste paper and the marketing of the products agricultural skills development of farmers and is currently investigated by the Students in Free extension officers was granted by AgriSETA to the Enterprise (SIFE) of the Faculty of Economic and University in 2012. Mr. Johan Stassen was contracted Management Sciences. by the University to develop the programme. An audit of the sustainability of the projects at the In conjunction with the Free State Provincial Centre was performed early in 2010. Afterwards, Department of Agriculture, two farmers’ days were a decision was made to change the service fee of held at the Centre and four farmers’ days in the the beneficiaries from a previous 100% subsidy country where farmers were skilled in vaccination, and zero cost to a minimal service fee for electricity branding, dehorning, castration and tick control. and water supply to the projects. Since a number of They also received training and advice on breeding beneficiaries reflected an opinion of no sustainability, and bull selection for the improvement of livestock. it was also decided that the beneficiaries will sign More than 1000 head of cattle were handled and an a contract with the University in 2011 and that average of 11 farmers attended the sessions. retraining and weekly reports of each project will be compulsory. The new dispensation was implemented Six hydroponic units were erected since 2007 at the from 1 January 2011. Retraining in production and Centre. The hydroponic units and approximately half marketing skills of the vegetable and pig producers a hectare of open garden space are used to train six were intensified in 2011 and highly significant trainees in vegetable production skills at the Centre.

Annual Report 2012 progress in production and financial turnover was Two people were trained in broiler production skills achieved by these trainee famers. The vegetable at the Centre. These trainees made a success of the farmers increased their production four times and trials in broiler production of 250 birds per cycle; established a weekly fresh market at the South achieving a mortality rate of less than 5 percent campus of the UFS. The successful weaning of piglets and a slaughter mass of more than 2 kg per bird on increased from approximately 3.5 weaners per sow average. The production cost per dressed broiler was to 6.7. The number of farrowing cycles per annum at average R11.52 per kg. increased from less than one to 1.8 annually from 28 reproductive sows. Two trainee stock farmers were successfully Natural and Argricultural Sciences allocated land and another two were granted funding Thirty-eight pest control operators wrote their 138 for land in 2012. These farmers are mentored on a qualifying examination papers of the South African skills development ofundergraduates,aninternship In anattempttoenhanceagriculturalextension project forcommunityservicelearningpurposes. students appliedtheirknowledge andskillsinthis in thecommunity.Thirty-two ConsumerScience were produced andeithertaken homeormarketed beneficiaries insewingskills.Avarietyofproducts Biochemistry andFoodBiotechnologytrained11 Ms. DorethaJacobsoftheDepartmentMicrobial, sessions attheCentre. Crop LifeandAnimalHealthAssociationduringeight Some beneficiariesofLengauAgri-Centreatastockfarmingtrainingsession. Farm Guards:Mr.AlfredMxhaka,andEsauSelepe. Farm Assistant:Mr.AlbertKhumalo. Senior Lecturer:Dr.LéanvanderWesthuizen. Staff Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9324 Bloemfontein Brandhof P.O. Box 12544 University oftheFreeState Lengau AgriculturalDevelopment Centre Dr. LéanvanderWesthuizen Contact Details requested acontinuationoftheintervention. and bothstudentsfarmersreflectedpositively and implemented inthesecondsemesterduringweekends during weekends forthispurpose.Eightsessionswere the premiseswere utilisedtohousetheeightstudents Accommodation facilitiesbeingerectedduring2011on and reflectamongststudentstowards farmers. to collectproductionandmarketing data, analyse the traineefarmersandagriculturalenterprises campus onSaturdaymorningsandallowed toutilise Centre. Thestudentswere collectedontheMain was implementedduring2012attheLengauAgri- +2751443 8959 [email protected] www.ufs.ac.za +27514438859 139

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Centres Centres

Centre for Microscopy

Overview The outputs of researchers and students as The time of usage of the apparatus and laboratories publications and conference attendances form an by researchers still remains a significant indicator integral part of the outputs of the Centre. Postgraduate of research support to departments in the Faculty students, where Microscopy formed part of their of Natural and Agricultural Sciences and external studies, are thus involved in all outputs. The support institutions. In 2012, the running time of the Annual Report 2012 engagement of the Centre with users, which fully Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was 614 hours, commenced in 2012, proved to be very successful. the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 88 Skilful staff members support users with the hours and the Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope microscopes to obtain results as quickly as possible. (CLSM) 112 hours. The average usage of each Departments save research funding by the support microscope per year for the last four years (2009 – given as time is not wasted by long training sessions 2012) was 508 hours for the SEM, 69 hours for the and inexperienced usage. All users now utilise the TEM and 72 for the CLSM. The usage of the apparatus “pay-as-you-go” management aspect of the Centre. compares favourable over an average period of four The opportunity still exists for students to be fully years. The improved user support service made Natural and Argricultural Sciences trained to operate any apparatus and microscopes it possible to successfully complete all research 140 according to the specific needs of each department. projects for 2012. The Centre was visited by 64 Table 1 to commenceorcompleteresearchprojects.In2012, The Centreisfrequentlyvisitedby externalresearchers attended ademonstrationaboutmicroscopy research. and EntomologyDepartmentofPlantSciences The second-year studentsoftheDepartmentZoology ogy (MKB/BOC614);andPlantSciences(PWS614). ENT614); Microbial,BiochemicalandFoodBiotechnol- of thedepartmentsZoologyandEntomology(DRK/ of equipmentwere presentedtothehonours’students Demonstrations inmaterialpreparationandhandling Training Activities Research Aspectsand 2011 and37in2010. researchers in2012comparedto39 Wyk atoneofthescanningelectronmicroscopesCentreforMicroscopy duringanexaminationoffossilsamples. Dr. Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo, avisitorfromtheMuseoNacionaldeCienciasNaturales(Madrid,Spain)andProf.Pietervan hsc 5 9 1 - 4 250 67 - 16 21 35 - - 18 11 12 - 4 10 1 30 20 - - 10 28 44 - 16 169 Central University ofTechnology (SUT/CUT) External researchers/projects: Free State 40 Zoology andEntomology Plant Sciences Physics Microbial, BiochemicalandFoodBiotechnology Genetics Consumer Sciences Chemistry Centre (imageprocessing,support,training) Cardiothoracic Surgery Department and staff(64)ofdifferentdepartments. an averaged usage ofthemicroscopesby students form thefundamentalpartofusers. Internal researchersandstudentsattheFacultystill research withtheScanningElectronMicroscope. the FacultyofHealthandEnvironmentalSciences,did of AgricultureandEnvironmentalHealth),bothfrom a Masters’degreestudent,ZenzileP. Khetsha(School Unit ofAppliedFoodScienceandBiotechnology) Technology, Dr.NtsoakiJ.Malebo(Postdoctoral Fellow, Local researchersfromtheCentralUniversity of microscopy examinations attheCentre. Mata Vaishno DeviUniversity, India),performed Spain) andDr.VinayKumar(SchoolofPhysics,Shri Jalvo (MuseoNacional deCienciasNaturales,Madrid, two international researchers,Dr.Yolanda Fernandez- LMSMTEM SEM CLSM Usage hours Table 1 portrays 141

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Centres Maintenance Aspects Acquisitions The X-ray analyser of the Shimadzu SEM broke in Additional image analysis software programs were June 2012 and cannot be repaired. The microscope is purchased for the laser confocal microscope. The also very unstable and there is no company in South software can create three-dimensional models Africa that supports repairs for this brand of electron from fluorescent samples imaged by the confocal microscope. The purchase of new SEM is thus a microscope. These images can also be animated to priority for 2013. Internal maintenance for 2012 on make innovative interpretations of the anatomy of Centres the microscopes was done by Prof. Van Wyk, which microscopic organisms. Prof. Van Wyk donated, via accumulated 28 hours with an estimated saving cost his NRF incentive allocation of R40 000 for 2012, to of approximately R12 000 (calculated at external the Centre for this purchase. rates of companies performing similar maintenance on microscopes).

Research Articles Research Outputs Ahmad, E.E.M. & Luyt, A.S. 2012. Morphol- L. 2012. Yeast sensors for novel drugs: ogy, thermal, and dynamic mechanical Chloroquine and others revealed. Sensors Centre for Microscopy properties of poly(lactic acid)/sisal whisker (Switzerland) 12(10): 13058-13074. nanocomposites. Polymer Composites 33(6): Thibane, V.S., Ells, R., Hugo, A., Albertyn, J., 1025-1032. Van Rensburg, W.J.J., Van Wyk, P.W.J., Kock, Negussie, T.G., Bender, C.M., Van Wyk, P.W.J. J.L.F. & Pohl, C.H. 2012. Polyunsaturated & Pretorius, Z.A. 2012. Hypersensitivity fatty acids cause apoptosis in C. albicans of rust resistance in lentil. South African and C. dubliniensis biofilms. Biochimica et Journal of Plant and Soil 29(1): 25-29. Biophysica Acta - General Subjects 1820(10): Swart, C.W., Dithebe, K., Pohl, C.H., Swart, 1463-1468. H.C., Coetsee, E., Van Wyk, P.W., Swarts, J.C., Thibane, V.S., Kock, J.L.F., Van Wyk, P.W.J., Lodolo, E.J. & Kock, J.L.F. 2012. Gas bubble Ells, R. & Pohl, C.H. 2012. Stearidonic acid formation in the cytoplasm of a fermenting acts in synergism with amphotericin B in in- yeast. FEMS Yeast Research 12(7): 867-869. hibiting Candida albicans and Candida dub- Swart, C., Olivier, A., Dithebe, K., Pohl, C., liniensis biofilms in vitro. International Jour- Van Wyk, P., Swart, H., Coetsee, E. & Kock, nal of Antimicrobial Agents 40(3): 284-285.

Staff Director: Prof. P.W.J. van Wyk. Laboratory manager: Ms. Hanlie Grobler.

Contact Details

Annual Report 2012 Prof. Pieter W.J. van Wyk Centre of Microscopy Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa Telephone: +27 51 401 2264 Fax: +27 51 444 5945 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ufs.ac.za Natural and Argricultural Sciences 142 dinary andsenior researchfellows. rate. TheCentrealsohasseveral ProfessorsExtraor- success intermsoftheincreased studentthroughput search efforts,isoneofthereasons fortheCentre’s search associate,inguidingthe studentsintheirre- Kevin Whitfield,theCentre’sseniorlecturerandre- The contributionsfromDr.JohanvanNiekerk andMr. Prof. IzakGroenewaldisthedirectorofCENSARDE. students andtheirachievements. agricultural practices.TheCentreisproudofits multidisciplinary skillsandknowledge insustainable offer affordstudentstheopportunitytoacquire by meansofdistanceeducation.Thecourseson working full-time,whilefurtheringtheirstudies accommodate postgraduatestudentswhoare University oftheFreeState(UFS)isdesignedto Development and Extension(CENSARDE)atthe The CentreforSustainableAgriculture,Rural Overview Development andExtension Sustainable Agriculture,Rural Centre for relevancy andalso toremaininternationallysound. international partnerstoensure localapplicability, The coursecontentisscrutinised annuallyby local and 35% ofthestudents. consultancies. Internationalstudents accountforabout others areemployed by banks,agribusinessesand commercial, part-timeorsmall-scalefarmers,while and theAgriculturalResearchCouncil(ARC).Someare full-time employment oftheDepartmentAgriculture agricultural production.Mostofthestudentsarein of learningmoreaboutthesciencesustainabilityin spheres oflife,althoughtheyallsharethecommongoal Students enteringthisprogrammecomefromall maintenance ofsustainableproductionsystems. aims tocontributetowards thedevelopment and as well ascropandlivestock management.It chain, agribusinessmanagement,ruraldevelopment, CENSARDE’s researchisfocusedonthevalue-adding 143

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Centres Centres

Six of the MSA students were awarded their Masters’ Mr. Kevin Withfield, Prof. Luc D’Haese from Belgium, and degrees with distinction. From left to right are: J. Arries, Dr. Johan van Niekerk. J. van Berkel, Dr. J. van Niekerk, M. Wessels, Prof. I. Groenewald, P. Venter, D. Nel, and R. Meyer.

Activities and Achievements In 2012, 40 students enrolled for the first year of the This is driven by the National Extension Recovery Masters’ programme. In the same academic year, Plan of the Government and supported by the an all-time record of 50 students graduated with a Norms and Standards Requirement pertaining to Masters’ degree in Sustainable Agriculture (MSA), Extensionists. six with distinction. Four Ph.D.’s were also awarded: The Department of Agriculture in the Limpopo to Johan van Niekerk (CENSARD), Sammy Carsan province contracted CENSARDE to offer additional (Kenya), Sabelo Mavimbela (Swaziland) and Kathu training to their employees in project management. Tshikolomo (Department of Agriculture, Limpopo). A special short learning programme, namely This is the highest academic achievement of this Project Management for Sustainable Development Centre to date as well as for any department or centre in Agriculture, was compiled. This was offered in in the Faculty. An audit team comprising of Drs. D. four sessions of one week each to 30 attendees Nkosi (ARC), E. Zwane (SASAE) and S. Brokensha per session. This interaction resulted in numerous (Department of English, UFS) was commissioned to advantages for the Centre, Faculty and university ensure the quality of the research reports. through the acquisition of Ph.D. and Masters’ This was the culmination of many months of hard students and external study leaders for research work for these graduates who study part-time while projects. A Ph.D. workshop was held in Polokwane working full-time. This brings the total number with five Ph.D. students. of MSA degrees awarded to 325 since the Centre’s International guest speakers, Prof. Akke van der Zijp inception in 1994. CENSARDE has a proud track from Wageningen University, The Netherlands, and record of its graduates who leave the programme Prof. Luc D’Haese from Gent University, Belgium, well-equipped to address the challenges of the were invited to address the MSA students during the workplace. This is an important contribution since winter and summer schools on campus. Enriching modern-day agriculture is practised in a constantly- experiences were shared regarding agricultural changing environment with many constraints practices and extension in Central Africa and Europe. and challenges. Students develop technological, Prof. Fanie Terblanche, well-known extensionist managerial and thinking skills that are embedded in from Pretoria University, also addressed the students the programme. on the extension profession. Annual Report 2012 Locally, CENSARDE’s personnel continued to train Personnel from the Centre were also involved in extensionists from the Eastern Cape Department various conferences around the country. Prof. of Agriculture for their third semester of the Groenewald and Dr. Johan van Niekerk attended the Advanced Diploma in Sustainable Agriculture and South African Society for Animal Science (SASAE) Rural Development (ADSARD). This qualification Conference in Durban. Dr. Johan van Niekerk was aims to meet the needs of the Agricultural Extension elected as a board member of SASAE and initiated and Advisory Service to assist their workforce in the process that the University of the Free State will attaining a further qualification. A part of the plan is host the conference in 2013. Prof. Izak Groenewald for extension officers with diplomas (NQF level 6) to was appointed to a National Reference Group to Natural and Argricultural Sciences be able to achieve an advanced diploma (NQF level develop and formalise a New Extension Policy 144 7) and facilitate mobility for advanced qualifications. for South Africa. Regional policy development board ofthe international-accreditedscientific Whilst Prof.Groenewaldremains ontheeditorial study leaderstoenhancetuition andresearch. facilitated between theCentre’sstudentsandexternal Summit inDurban.Numerousregional workshops were velopment, LandReformandRuralLocalGovernance Furthermore, CENSARDE’sstaffattendedaRuralDe- chairperson, Ms.MantombiMbongo,were present. SASAE, Dr.ElliotZwane,andtheFreeStateBranch in Bloemfonteinwherethenationalpresidentof SASAE organisedaworkshop attheCentre’soffice Regionally, theCentreandFreeStatebranchof keynote address. in Switzerland,Dr.KirstenDavis,delivered the of GlobalForumforRuralAdvisory Services(GFRAS) made contributions.Acloseassociateanddirector workshops were heldwherestafffromtheCentre A shortcourse,ProjectManagementforSustainableAgriculture,waspresentedatPolokwane forextensionofficers. Advanced DiplomaclassatDohneResearchStation,lecturedby Dr.S.Brokensha. • Prof. Groenewaldiscoordinatingastudent linkages: CENSARDE wasinvolved inseveral international International Activities grazing ruminants. his expertiseinphosphatesupplementationforfree- invited toworkshops andstudygroupsbecauseof Journal forSustainableAgriculture period ofthedegree. and dosowithoutprolonging theirtotalstudy the fullsecondsemesteroftheir thirdstudyyear UFS. StudentsstudyatVirginia Polytechnic for and mostinfluentialprogramme ofitskindatthe This exchange startedin1998andisthelongest Polytechnic andStateUniversity inVirginia,USA. exchange programmebetween theUFS,Virginia , heisalsoregularly 145

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Centres • Prof. Groenewald and Dr. Johan van Niekerk attended a World Sustainable Agriculture Congress in Singapore during July 2012. Approximately 200 delegates from all parts of the world attended the congress. Contacts made here initiated reciprocal visits in the future.

Centres Research CENSARDE is set to increase the number of publications from its personnel and students in the coming year. To this end, the Centre’s training programmes were aligned with a needs assessment from the agricultural environment. Innovative thoughts were required to plan a whole new approach to the Centre’s teaching and learning curricula. This is illustrated as the new vision for the Centre for the next decade. Dr. Kirsten Davis, associate of the Centre, addressing the SASAE congress in Durban.

Research Articles Research Outputs Ahmad, E.E.M. & Luyt, A.S. 2012. Morpholo- L. 2012. Yeast sensors for novel drugs: gy, thermal, and dynamic mechanical prop- Chloroquine and others revealed. Sensors Centre for Sustainable erties of poly(lactic acid)/sisal whisker na- (Switzerland) 12(10): 13058-13074. nocomposites. Polymer Composites 33(6): Thibane, V.S., Ells, R., Hugo, A., Albertyn, J., Agriculture, Rural 1025-1032. Van Rensburg, W.J.J., Van Wyk, P.W.J., Kock, Development and Extension Negussie, T.G., Bender, C.M., Van Wyk, P.W.J. J.L.F. & Pohl, C.H. 2012. Polyunsaturated & Pretorius, Z.A. 2012. Hypersensitivity fatty acids cause apoptosis in C. albicans of rust resistance in lentil. South African and C. dubliniensis biofilms. Biochimica et Journal of Plant and Soil 29(1): 25-29. Biophysica Acta - General Subjects 1820(10): Swart, C.W., Dithebe, K., Pohl, C.H., Swart, 1463-1468. H.C., Coetsee, E., Van Wyk, P.W., Swarts, J.C., Thibane, V.S., Kock, J.L.F., Van Wyk, P.W.J., Ells, Lodolo, E.J. & Kock, J.L.F. 2012. Gas bubble R. & Pohl, C.H. 2012. Stearidonic acid acts in formation in the cytoplasm of a fermenting synergism with amphotericin B in inhibiting yeast. FEMS Yeast Research 12(7): 867-869. Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis Swart, C., Olivier, A., Dithebe, K., Pohl, C., biofilms in vitro. International Journal of Van Wyk, P., Swart, H., Coetsee, E. & Kock, Antimicrobial Agents 40(3): 284-285.

Staff Professor: Prof. Izak Groenewald. Associate Professor: Prof. Aldo Stroebel. Professors Extraordinary: Profs. Edward Nesamuvuni, Alice Senior Lecturer: Dr. Johan van Niekerk. Pell, Monty Jones, and Frans Swanepoel. Research Associate: Mr. Kevin Whitfield.

Contact Details Prof. Izak Groenewald Annual Report 2012 Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Rural Development and Extension Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa Telephone: +27 51 401 3765 Fax: + 27 86 525 5371 E-mail: [email protected]

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Website: www.ufs.ac.za 146 with fellow studentsfromearly on,andafoundation By doingthis,theAgriculture studentscooperate experimental farmandproviding toursineach branch. Agriculture studentsandtheir parentstothe Each year iskicked offby welcoming alltheprospective graduate asabusinesswithgood discipline. farm issituatedcausesagriculturalcommunitiesto from thefirstyear. Theenvironmentinwhichthe the onlyplacewherepracticalskillscanbelearned origins attractmanystudentstothefarm,sinceitis techniques. Thedemographicchangesinstudent practical experiencefortheirstudiesandlearnnew agricultural businesswherestudentscangain farm establishesitselfannuallyasanexcellent in eachofthefive branches.Theexperimental of theFreeState,demonstratedexcellent growth located 14kmfromtheMaincampusofUniversity During thepastyear, Paradysexperimentalfarm, Overview Paradys ExperimentalFarm junior students inthevariousbusinessbranches. In senior studentsarecontinuously assignedtomentor to give continuitytothemanagementsystem and on afarminglevel. Theinternshipsystemisdesigned the challengesthatexistin agricultural sectorand Students comeindirectcontact withthepracticeand theories thataretaughtinthevariousdisciplines. part ofthefarmmanagementbranches,thusapplying students inaninternshipprogrammewhichforms In 2012,Paradysexperimentalfarmincludedthree ask themimportantquestions. opportunity tomeetthelecturersofFacultyand during thework sessions,theparentswere given the Faculty’s seriousapproachtoagriculturaltrainingand participated intheevent. Thedaytestifiedtothe the year therewere 150parentsandstudentsthat the University of theFreeState.Atbeginning is laidforparentsandstudentstofeelathome 147

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Experimental Farm Experimental Farm

2012, postgraduate students from Nigeria formed especially stimulate their interest as well as insight in part of a poultry study. the industry.

Paradys established sustainable farming practices Learners and staff from Lesotho also visited the farm, on the experimental farm, especially during 2012. where programmes were presented to stimulate The purpose is firstly to simulate the agricultural their interest in agriculture. business in this way and to bring the students in The Israeli Embassy sent staff from Israel to inform the various disciplines in contact with all the trends farmers of their farming practices. We also visited that occur in the agricultural sector. Structural Israel on invitation to gain more knowledge. changes were made in all the branches in order to succeed in this goal. Development of some of the Paradys’ contributions to the agricultural industry non-sustainable branches currently enjoys a lot of and communities also progressed significantly during attention since economies of scale is addressed, the past year. Various products were introduced which is relevant to Paradys. The developments to the market and demonstrated by means of work attempt to clearly influence the contributions to the sessions and congresses. surrounding communities, as well as to increase opportunities for student training. Therefore, the John Deere presented a successful farmers’ day by vision is to establish a modernised experimental means of practical demonstrations to introduce a farm that is managed commercially, is equipped with new range of tractors that entered the South African the best technology in the world and adheres to all market. Emergent farmers expanded the information sustainability guidelines. The processes are already in they obtained and interaction was stimulated to bring a very advanced stage and should be completed over the emergent farmers in contact with commercial the next two years. Provision is also made for further farmers so that the latter’s experience can be growth after reasonable targets are reached by the transferred to them.

Annual Report 2012 farm and its management team. Grain SA also presented a training day where farmers In 2012, 400 of Paradys’ Agriculture students had competed against one another in various activities. the opportunity to experience practical sessions that The Agronomy branch of the experimental farm was were presented on the farm. Paradys offers students, also privileged to receive a donation in the form of a especially those who do not come from a farm, the centre pivot from Franklin/Senter, who donated it to opportunity to better understand the operations of the University. Pioneer also experimented with new an agricultural business and thus undertake a more cultivars this year. relevant approach to their studies. Many students that come to Paradys for training are pleased to come Decisive contributions were also made in the field Natural and Argricultural Sciences in contact with the animals as well as the soil during of animal science, where AMFA introduced the 148 cultivation excursions. The methods established latest control measures. Artificial insemination (AI) further participate intheprogrammestheir various until theyreachGrade10level, afterwhichthey can are inplacewhereallstaff members aretrained on thefarmenjoys alotofattention. Programmes therefore thetrainingofunskilled workers working important partofanybusiness orinstitutionand in agreementthatstaffdevelopment formsavery The managementofParadysexperimentalfarmis development andlearning. experimental farm,thatcreatesanatmosphereof by providing aworld-class facility,namelyParadys the specialwayinwhichitcontributestoagriculture agricultural businessesthanked theUniversity for event. Duringtheevent manyfarmersand Students alsobenefitedgreatlyfromtheprestigious importance totheagriculturalsectorinfuture. the audiencewithhintsthatwould beofcrucial looked like aswell asdiscussthem.Speakers supplied that farmerscouldseefirst-handwhattheanimals available toaccommodatethewinners’animalsso 350 guestswhoattendedtheevent. Facilitieswere winners sharedtheirmethodswithapproximately and CattleFarmeroftheYear competition.The to bethehostofvery prestigiousVoermol Sheep Paradys experimentalfarmwasapproachedin2012 the experimentalfarm. practical demonstrationsinthevariousbranchesof by guestspeakers. Afterthattheyalsoparticipatedin farmers visitedParadyswheretheyattendedlectures emergent farmersonly.Morethan50 successful trainingdaythatwasintendedfor of AgricultureintheFreeStatetopresentavery In 2012,theUniversity supportedtheDepartment focus day. Free StateAgriculturealsopresentedabusiness students andfarmersarewell supported. and pregnancycoursesarepresentedannuallyto being examined. Oatswasplantedfor grazing experimental purposesand6 varieties arecurrently grain. Anadditional20hectares isalsoplantedfor are usedforsilageand170hectares areharvested as mainly usedasfeedonthedairy farm;130hectares successfully plant300hectares ofmealies.Theyare moisture retentionpracticesthefarmmanagedto realise butwiththeearlyimplementationofgood The expectationsofagoodrainyseasondidnot before plantingtime. improvements inweed controlandsoilfertilisation and todemonstratetherelatedpractices.Therewere better understandtheprinciplesofprecisionfarming methods. Theapparatusalsohelpedmanystudentsto the soilwithlimeandusemoremoderncultivation jump intechnology.Itenabledthefarmtotreat farm, which,withthenewtractor,wasamassive donated acomplete“drive straightapparatus”tothe farm staffandthreestudentsparticipated.RoninSA The trainingcommencedandsixoftheexperimental additional trainingfordrivers andstudentsinvolved. some timenow. Thetechnologyofthetractorrequired who hasbeenworking onanexperimentalfarmfor possible by acollaboration agreementwithMcCormick, tractor withanoutputof135kW. Thiswasmade In 2012,Paradysexperimentalfarmreceived anew Farmlands and techniques. opportunities tolearnandexperiencenewmethods offer participantsintheindustryandelsewhere will addvaluetotheagriculturalsectorand to develop as an outstandingfarmingbusinessthat Paradys experimentalfarmwillthereforecontinue management. positive development onalllevels ofthe farm and disciplines attheirworkplace. Theprogresscauses 149

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purposes and due to a dry season, nothing was training on the related animals and factors occurs planted after that. frequently. Although the herd is still small, it is managed very efficiently. Mr. M. Molomo is in charge of the daily management of Farmlands. Mr. M. Smit is in charge of the daily management of the Dairy Farm. Dairy Farm The number of herd currently on the experimental Sheep Branch farm is 130, of which 110 are Jerseys and 20 are The merino sheep herd is managed on a basis of three Holsteins. There are 55 cows that are being milked lambing seasons in two years. The herd consists and they produce about 23 litres of milk per cow of 60 ewes that are fertilised by means of AI. The per day. In the dairy herd, 20% are dry cows and pregnancy percentage was 94% and the lambing the rest are in different stages of growth as they are percentage was 140%; with 45% of the ewes giving being raised to form part of the dairy herd. The dairy birth to twins and triplets. When the lambing season is one of the branches of the farm where economies starts, the ewes are placed in cages to ensure that the of scale plays an integral part and therefore we lambs form a bond with their mothers. It also ensures are attempting to buy more cows so that the total that the lambs are healthier. The mortality rate was amount would be 200. In this way the dairy will 1%. The pastures for the ewes consist of established benefit from the scale advantages that exist in the pasture and veld grass. market. There are no bulls in the herd and we only Mr. J. Barnard is in charge of the daily management make use of artificial insemination. of the herd. During the past year, the dairy was upgraded and now uses the new Waikato milking machine that is Beef Cattle Branch supported by an Afikim computer system. There are During 2012, the breeders of the scheme decided to Annual Report 2012 12 milking points, each equipped with an electronic expand the Afrikaner herd by means of crossbreeding. metre and pulsation. The Afikim system collects about The Afrikaner herd on the farm consists of 102 stud 30 data sources on each of the cows twice a day, cows, of which 45 are not up to standard; it was which includes anything from their mass to the energy decided that they will be used in the crossbreeding consumption of the animal. Daily accurate data from programme with Simmentaler cattle. The goal of this the system is used to make management decisions, as programme is to sell all the male calves at weaning well as update the data bank for future research. age and to use all the female calves for the breeding The dairy significantly transformed during the programme. The pregnancy percentage of the herd past year in order to adapt to the modern dairy was 95% out of 102 cows; of which 85% gave birth, Natural and Argricultural Sciences community. The progress of the dairy is of great 3% aborted and 7% were killed by predators. During 150 importance to the experimental farm since student the winter months the herd grazes on harvested projects, weddings andgeneralfunctions.Itcan place forworkshops, farmers’days,fundraising The lapacanaccommodate180peopleandisapopular Lapa Branch the breedingofherd. Neser, stillparticipatesinmakingdecisionsregarding the herdbutchairpersonofscheme,Prof.F. Mr. J.Barnardisinchargeofthedailymanagement system isusedsothattheveld canbeoptimallyused. mealie landssothatthecampscanrest.Acamp Thabo Khubeka,IsaacNkotshane, DanielSomi,Paulus Farm Workers: Johnny Molomo. Student Assistants: Administrative Manager: Farm Manager: Staff AnnaSebonyane,Elisa Mr. JannieMyburgh. ManieSmit,JohanBarnard,and AmandaSmith. The lapaaspreparedforawedding reception. Website: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Paradys ExperimentalFarm Mr. JannieMyburgh Contact Details Security: Maqala, andJohannesSebonyane. Petrus Moriribela,StephenBavuma,RichardMxhaka,Ernst Samuel Motswari,Kheswa,Petrus Ramatekoane, and publicworship. functions. OnSundaystheyhave countrysports churches alsohave picnicsherefortheiryear-end massages, refreshmentsandsing-alongs.Various and aprogrammethatincludedlightexercise, old agehomeinHeidedalwithavisittothelapa A DutchReformedchurchinthecityspoiledan to hostabridalcompetition. collaborate withRadioRosestadandDiamondsEvents place inthegardennexttolapa.Every year we accommodate 120guestsforweddings, whichtake +27514339010 AzaelKhoele,andZachariaMakopo. +27514339011 www.ufs.ac.za 151

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Experimental Farm Institute

Institute for Institute for Groundwater Studies (IGS)

Overview The IGS is the leading groundwater research group in to protect them from pollution. These technologies Africa on aspects related to fractured rock aquifers, have already been applied with excellent results in industrial and mining contamination, groundwater South Africa and neighbouring countries. governance and groundwater resources and, lately, The Institute also partakes in research projects for on shale gas and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) in the the Water Research Commission (WRC), Coaltech, Karoo. and the Government. We are proud of the fact that Annual Report 2012 The Institute conducts contract research on a wide technologies developed through these projects are variety of water-related topics. Of special interest is now in use worldwide. its contribution to the mining and industrial sectors in terms of water management, minimisation of Our mission is to produce world-class postgraduate pollution, as well as understanding the nature and students who can apply their knowledge to ensure behaviour of South Africa’s aquifers. The Institute sustainable groundwater resources, and to produce provides a complete service to these industries through high-quality research that is relevant and practically field investigations, the development of specialised applicable. We also strive to serve the community field equipment, a well-equipped commercial and through students, research and actions that will Natural and Argricultural Sciences water research laboratory, and a number of computer empower stakeholders to manage groundwater 152 programs and models for the management of aquifers sustainability. are addressed. Groundwater playsanimportant role rivers, interflow, baseflow andnumerousotherissues in theDrakensberg mountainswheretheoriginof geology andgroundwaterflow. Thisnormallyoccurs days inthefield,studying interactionbetween two differentlocations.Studentsspendthefirst two organised annuallyforthenewstudentstoatleast to thepracticalissuesofgroundwater.Afieldtripis It isimportantthatthestudentsatIGSareexposed received hisM.Sc.inGeohydrology. Ph.D. inGeohydrology, andMr.EelcoLukas,who in 2012,namelyProf.GideonSteyl,whoreceived his Two oftheInstitute’s staffmembersreceived degrees registered forthePh.D. Honours inGeohydrology, 37fortheM.Sc.and11who The Institutehad32enrolmentsfortheB.Sc. Postgraduate Students accreditation oftheIGSlaboratory. Mrs. Wanda Geyer, wasappointedtohelpwiththe Dr. JohanvanderMerwe. Anewpersonnelmember, IGS, namelyProf.JopieBotha,Mr.FaniedeLangeand Three affiliatedresearchersarealsoonthestaffof 2012, wherafterhetookupapositioninAustralia. Ph.D. studentandlectureratIGSfrom2007toAugust from theChemistryDepartmentwasinvolved as Kai Witthüser and JohnNieber.Prof.GideonSteyl Francois Fourieandaffiliatedassociate-professors by Prof.Gerrit vanTonder, Prof.GideonSteyl,Dr. of Dr.DanieVermeulen asthedirector.Heisassisted founded in1974andiscurrentlyundertheleadership The InstituteforGroundwaterStudies(IGS)was Staff Matters Geohydrology studentsduringtheirwinterschoolintheDrakensberg Mountains. African Karoo, inthevillageof Nieu-Bethesda. Van Tonder attendedtheprotestheldinSouth were protestsandralliesaroundtheworld, andProf. On GlobalAnti-FrackingDay (28 July2012),there should bebanned.” we arecertainaboutwhatfrackingcouldcause, it region’s water.“We needmoreresearchanduntil would undoubtedlycausemassive problemswiththe he now saystheirresearchshowed thatfracking fracking would notcontaminategroundwaterbut his viewsonfracking.Untilrecentlyhehadsaidthat known astheprofessorwhomadeaU-turnregarding On theotherhand,Prof.GerritvanTonder became Prof. GideonSteyl. Karoo shouldbeallowed. Hewasaccompaniedby (or “fracking”)andthatscientificexplorationinthe information abouttheeffectsofhydraulic fracturing also onetoPennsylvania in2011),thereistoolittle Texas andWyoming intheUSAduringMay2012(and Vermeulen, whoconductedtwo studytoursto there were different views.According toDr.Danie contentious issue,andeven amongtheIGSstaff for SouthAfricaiscertainlyanemotionalandhighly debate aroundshalegasasafutureenergyresource Fracking intheKaroo –Bothsidesofthecoin:The Activities andAchievements petrochemical site. related andmayincludeamine,power stationora The secondpartofthefieldtripisthereforeindustry- and theavailabilitycontaminationthereof. in theindustry,especiallyregardingwatervolumes 153

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Institute These views led to various talks and articles in the media, to name a few: • Prof. Van Tonder was a guest speaker at a debate on hydraulic fracking in the Karoo, held on 23 September 2012 in the Groote Kerk Dutch Reformed Church in Cape Town. Other speakers were members of Treasure the Karoo.

Institute • The Cape Times published an article on Prof. Van Tonder’s change of view: “Pro-fracking Prof. does U-turn”, 1 June 2012. • Dr. Vermeulen presented a lecture on hydraulic fracturing to the National Strategic Committee Prof. Gerrit van Tonder at the Nieu-Bethesda protest (White Paper on Energy) at Parliament in Cape against fracking. Town, February 2012. • Dr. Vermeulen was invited to present a keynote address on “Facts about fracking – Both sides of the coin” at the annual breakfast awards of • Even the Vrij Nederland had an article on the South African Council for Natural Scientific “Gasboringen in de Karoo: De prinses, de Professions (SACNASP) on 13 March 2012, oliemaatschappij en het gas”, 13 October 2012. Gallagher Estate, Midrand, as well as at SACNASP’s annual networking breakfast at the Meerendal Three video clips on fracking were produced: Wine Estate, Durbanville, Cape Town, 15 June 2012. • Prof. Van Tonder compiled a video clip to demon- This time his topic was on “Fracking in the Karoo”. strate their model of fracking fluid migration. • Dr. Vermeulen presented a lecture on the “The • Mr. Fanie de Lange, Ph.D. student and researcher shale gas story in the Karoo” at the UFS on at IGS, performed an upgrade called “Karoo Thursday, 17 May 2012. The lecture formed part fracking – A model for fluid migration”. of a public lecture series of the Faculty of Natural • Dr. Modreck Gomo, postdoctorate researcher, and Agricultural Sciences under the theme and Mr. Pacome Ahokpossie, Ph.D. student in “Sustainability”. Geohydrology, developed a physical model to • Dr. Vermeulen’s view on doing away with emotion illustrate that fracking can create a man-made and focusing on the facts was published in artesian aquifer. Rapport, 8 July 2012. These videos are available on the IGS website at • Dr. Vermeulen also presented talks on shale gas www.ufs.ac.za/igs. at the Fossil Fuel Foundation, Agri Northern Cape Annual Congress in Kimberley on 22 August 2012, Various invitations to talk on radio and to appear in as well as a series of talks on request from AgriSA television programmes about the impact of fracking to farmers’ unions throughout the Karoo, namely in the Karoo followed, to name a few: Colesberg, Richmond, Victoria West, Carnarvon • Dr. Danie Vermeulen: Television interview on and the Williston District Farmers’ Unions. He was Engineering News, 13 March 2012. also invited to present a talk at Digby Wells in • Prof. Van Tonder: Radio Pretoria, 13 June 2012. Johannesburg. • Prof. Van Tonder: RSG, 14 July 2012. • Dr. Vermeulen presented a keynote address • Dr. Vermeulen: Hour-long debate on hydraulic entitled “Shale gas overview” at the Conference fracturing on SAFM via telephone in the of the Geological Society of South Africa (GSSA) programme Forum @ eight on 11 June 2012. with the theme “South African Energy Production: • Dr. Vermeulen: Lifting of moratorium on fracking, Reviews of the current options”, 30 – 31 October John Robbie’s Talk Radio 702, 12 September 2012. 2012, Glenhove, Johannesburg. • Prof. Van Tonder: 50/50 Fracking debate, Episode

Annual Report 2012 • Dr. Vermeulen was also an official reviewer of the 20, 22 October 2012. PASA (Petroleum Agency of South Africa) report to the government on hydrofracking. • Articles by researchers followed in The Water Other Activities Wheel, May/June 2012; Cape Times, 1 June 2012, Prof. Gideon Steyl attended the 2nd GFZ-AEON Shale 12 October 2012; Business Report, 3 June 2012; Gas Workshop and Think Tank in Port Elizabeth, 15 – Volksblad, 14 June 2012; Daily Maverick, 15 June 17 February 2012. The workshop started with a one- 2012; Landbouweekblad, 22 June 2012 and 3 day field trip, followed by a two-day workshop and August 2012; Rooi Rose, September 2012; and discussions. The workshop was organised by Inkaba

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Landbouweekblad Aktueel, 12 October 2012. ye Africa Earth Systems Science at the time when 154 on GroundwaterandMunicipalities organisedby the Town. HealsopresentedapaperattheSymposium ern AfricaConference,26–27 March2012inCape Prof. GerritvanTonder attended theShaleGasSouth- Midrand. Bottled Water Associationon16and17July2012in profitability” Bottled Water SA:“Ensuringsustainability,unlocking They alsoattendedanindustryconferenceon March 2012. validation”at theRadissonBluHotelinSandton,5–6 knowledge andcompetenceinstatisticalmethod in StatisticalMethodValidation: “Enhancingyour and HenrihetHuman–attendedashortcourse Two personneloftheIGSLaboratory–ElnadeNecker study”; whichwasheldinPretoria,9–12April2012. Mine Drainage(AMD)”withthetitle“AMDfasibility to “BrainstormGeohydrological ScenariosforAcid Research (IIR).Prof.Steylalsoattendedaworkshop ence waspresentedby theInstituteforInternational ence inJohannesburg,5–8March2012.Thisconfer- Prof. Steylattendedthe2 Conference Centre,Pretoria. 29 February2012attheAureconLynnwood Bridge Scenarios fortheCentralBasin”Meeting,heldon Prof. Steylwasaguestspeaker atthe“Alternative political andenvironmentalissues. gatherings have predominantlyfocusedonsocio- prominently ontheconferencecircuitbutthese the lasttwo years shalegaspotentialhasfeatured the secondacademicresearchwell wasdrilled.Over Dr. DanieVermeulen (secondfromleft)andProf.GideonSteyl(ontheright)duringtourtoUnitedStatesofAmerica(U , presentedby theSouthAfricanNational nd AnnualShaleGasConfer- underground coalgasificationon 28March2012. Prof. GideonSteylattendedaworkshop forSasol on Dr. DanieVermeulen, Prof.GerritvanTonder and geohydrology. Africa; acidminedrainage;and groundwaterand of coalminingonthewaterresourcesSouth legislation inSouthAfrica;shalegas;theimpact 2012. Thecontentsofthemoduleincludewater Personnel wherehewaselectedbestlecturerfor in thePostgraduate MastersProgrammeforIndustrial He alsolecturesattheUniversity oftheWitwatersrand Energy) atParliamentinCapeTown inFebruary2012. National StrategicCommittee(WhitePaperon January 2012,and“Hydraulic fracturing”tothe Department ofMineralResourcesinPretoria the Water Research Commission(WRC)andthe 2012: Alectureon“Coalminewaters”delivered to Dr. Vermeulen presentedthefollowing lecturesin editorial boardofWater SA. of theFossilFuelFoundation(FFF),andserves onthe Mine Water Association (IMWA), acouncil member an executive councilmemberoftheInternational International AssociationofHydrogeologists (IAH), Water Division ofGSSA.Heisalsoamemberthe of SouthernAfrica(WISA)andamembertheGround Professions (SACNASP), afellow oftheWater Institute with theSouthAfricanCouncilforNaturalScientific Dr. DanieVermeulen isaregisteredEarthScientist vember 2012. Drainage SAConferenceinJohannesburgon27No- – 16October2012.HealsoattendedtheAcid Mine Groundwater DivisionofGSSA,Potchefstroom, 15 SA). 155

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Institute Institute

Mr. Eelco Lukas (left) and Dr. Danie Vermeulen (right) at the IMWA Conference in Australia.

National and International Collaboration Mrs. Lore-Marie Deysel, laboratory manager at IGS, of Nonlinear Equations at the Texas A&M University attended the 3rd Annual Green Mining Workshop, Kingsville in Texas, 17 – 21 December 2012. hosted by the School of Geography and Earth Postgraduate students, Teboho Shakane, Kenneth Sciences, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Milanzi and Suleen Vermaas, were part of the Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 20 – 25 May 2012. German-South African delegates who attended the th Dr. Danie Vermeulen attended the “Society of 9 Annual Inkaba ye Africa Geo-Future Workshop in Freshwater Science” Conference in Louisville, Germany, 25 – 30 November 2012. This year’s event Kentucky, 20 – 24 May 2012, where he presented a was hosted by the Helmholtz Centre, (GFZ), Potsdam, paper in the special session on “Exploring the effects the German Research Centre for Geosciences, as of gas extraction from shale plays on freshwater part of the German-South African Year of Science ecosystems”. This visit included a study tour to 2012/2013. hydrofracking sites in Texas and Wyoming, where he was accompanied by Prof. Gideon Steyl. Community Engagement Projects Dr. Danie Vermeulen and Mr. Eelco Lukas attended The IGS Lab is an academic/commercial laboratory, the International Mine Water Association Symposium and as part of community engagement it sometimes (IMWA) in Bunbury, Australia, 29 September – 4 October tests water for community members at no charge. 2012, where three papers from the IGS were delivered. During July/August 2012, Mr. Modreck Gomo (who Mr. Abdon Atangana, Ph.D. student at the Institute obtained his Ph.D. degree at the winter graduation for Groundwater Studies, presented a paper at ceremony and is now in a postdoctorate position the International Conference on Applied Analysis at IGS), was involved in a groundwater-awareness and Algebra at the Yildiz Technical University in exercise for a non-governmental organisation (NGO) Istanbul, Turkey, 20 – 24 June 2012. The title of his called Tholulwazi Uzivikele (www.tuproject.org). Annual Report 2012 presentation was “Numerical solution of a space-time The NGO is an OXFAM (Australian) Water, Sanitation fractional derivative of groundwater flow equation”. and Hygiene Program (WASH) partner. OXFAM is He received a prize for the best presentation in the an international confereration with the goal to find B-section and also for the practical application of a solutions to poverty and related injustice around the mathematical equation to a groundwater model. world. The OXFAM (Australia) NGO works in various The prize consisted of putting on the dress of the South African rural areas. The groundwater awareness king of Ottoman Empire (see photo). Mr. Atangana exercise was conducted in the KwaNgwanase district also presented a paper at the First International of KwaZulu-Natal. The exercise was meant to enhance Conference on Analysis and Applied Mathematics in the technical understanding of the NGO’s workers on Natural and Argricultural Sciences Turkey, 18 – 21 October, and one at the International basic aspects of groundwater occurrence, quality and 156 Conference on Theory, Methods and Applications protection, with special reference to hand-dug wells. Group pictureofGerman-SADelegates,9thAnnualInkabaye AfricaGEO-FUTUREWorkshop, Germany. Studies (IGS) Institute forGroundwater Research Outputs Affiliated Professors: Researcher/Geohydrologist: Professor: Director: Staff Dr.DanieVermeulen. Prof.GerritvanTonder. Profs.Kai Witthüser,andJohnNieber. Dr.FrancoisFourie. vestigation of groundwater recharge and stable vestigation ofgroundwaterrechargeandstable Gomo, M.,Steyl,G.&Van Tonder, G. industry. to groundwatermonitoringforthecoal Barnes, M.R.&Vermeulen, P.D. Change method. obtained viahomotopy decomposition solution ofthegroundwaterflow equation Atangana, A.&Botha,J.F. 1(2): 67-76. value problems. Atangana, A. Researh Articles 3(2):1-5. Journal ofEarthScience&Climate Water SA 2012.Newclassofboundary Information ScienceLetters 38(5):831-836. Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Institute forGroundwaterStudies Dr. DanieVermeulen Contact Details Henrihet Human,Wanda Geyer, andEnnieNciNci. Laboratory staff: System Analist: Merwe, andDr.FaniedeLange. Affiliate Researchers: 2012.Analytical +27514013005 [email protected] 2012.Guide www.ufs.ac.za 2012.In- +27514012482 /2175 Mr.EelcoLukas. Mss. Lore-MariDeysel,ElnadeNecker,

Prof.JopieBotha,Dr.Johanvander tion. rock terrains:Rainfall–groundwaterinterac- water cycles inSouthAfricansemi-aridhard P.D. Van Wyk,E.,Van Tonder, G.J.&Vermeulen, November: 1-12. Africa. located inatypicalKaroo BasinofSouthern processes inanalluvialchannelaquifer Investigation ofthehydrogeochemical Gomo, M.,Van Tonder, G.J.&Steyl,G. Hydrology CurrentResearch isotopic characteristicsofanalluvialchannel. 2012.Characteristicsoflocalground- Water SA Environmental EarthSciences 38(5: 747-754. , Special Issue 12. , SpecialIssue12. 2012. , 157

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Institute Workshops

Workshop: Electronics

Overview The Electronics Division experienced a very busy year and has repaired various items of expensive equipment with success. New apparatus was also develop and completed successfully. The Division experienced a substantial increase in the time spent on administration due to new systems implemented by the UFS.

Annual Report 2012 The estimated saving for the Faculty of Natural Sciences for 2012 is R3 528 000.00. This amount is calculated by taking the actual amount of working hours multiplied by R600.00. An amount of R1 730 000.00 was saved by repairing the under-mentioned apparatus. The total savings amount is therefore R5 381 600.00. The Division repaired the following expensive apparatus: • ICP x 2 • Bass x 2 Natural and Argricultural Sciences • Fermenter • Versaprobe 158 • Potensiostat x 2 • Sam 700 Table 1: of thetotaltimeittooktocompleteproject. total timeneededforeachproject,andthepercentage use oftheservicesElectronicsDivision,with Table 1 calculated at7.25hoursperdaypersonpresent. is calculatedat100%.Thepossiblehourswere actively used.Percentage-wise theactive usage Of apossible6086working hours,6086were 2 and3. as theupgradingofoldersystems,shown inTables others were extensionsofexistingsystems,aswell were fordevelopment projects. Somewere newand past year; representing761apparatus.Ofthis , 26 A totalof421work requisitionswere received the Work Activities oa 8.0100.00% 0.02% 0.05% 6086.00 0.02% 1.00 0.07% 3.00 0.16% 1.00 0.02% 0.28% 4.00 0.05% 0.18% 10.00 1.00 0.31% 17.00 3.00 11.00 0.25% 0.33% 19.00 0.31% 0.49% 0.79% 0.56% 0.64% 3.22% 15.00 2.20% 20.00 19.00 3.53% 30.00 Total 48.00 34.00 1.48% 39.00 Theology 196.00 134.00 Economic andManagementSciences 7.28% Instrumentation 2.05% 9.07% 4.80% 8.23% 215.00 Anatomy Library andInformationServices 90.00 3.27% Architecture 443.00 Haematology 14.54% 125.00 552.00 292.00 501.00 Centre forMicroscopy 13.26% 10.09% Centre forEnvironmentalManagement 199.00 Genetics Experimental Farms 885.00 12.45% Centre forSustainableAgriculture 807.00 614.00 Percentage Exercise andSportScience Urban andRegionalPlanning National ControlLaboratory 758.00 Total timespent Zoology andEntomology Physical Recourses Institute forGroundwaterStudies Animal, WildlifeandGrasslandSciences Outside Work Geology Computer SciencesandInformatics Electronics Medical Microbiology Plant Science Pharmacology Chemistry Internal Administration Soil, CropandClimateSciences Biotechnology Physics Department lists the 31 departments and divisions that made liststhe31departmentsanddivisionsthatmade 159

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Workshops Table 2 lists completed projects done for different departments. Table 2: DDepartmentepartment AApparatuspparatus BBiotechnologyiotechnology 3 x AAccessccess CControlontrol 2 x IIncubationncubation RRoomoom TTemperatureemperature CControlontrol 1 x BBlocklock TTemperatureemperature CControllerontroller 1 x AAccessccess Control/ChartControl/Chart Workshops PPhysicshysics 7 x 4480Hz/384Hz80Hz/384Hz SStandingtanding WWaveave GGeneratorenerator 1 x AAccessccess ControlControl 1 x AAlarm/Accesslarm/Access CControlontrol CCouplingoupling IInstitutenstitute fforor GGroundwaterroundwater SStudiestudies 4 x AAccessccess CControlontrol 1 x AAlarmlarm SSystemystem GGeologyeology 4 x CCameraamera SSystemystem 1 x AAccessccess ControlControl AAnimal,nimal, WWildlifeildlife aandnd GGrasslandrassland SSciencesciences 1 x AAccessccess ControlControl 1 x CCordlessordless IImmobilisermmobiliser SSoil,oil, CCroprop aandnd CClimatelimate SSciencesciences 1 x AAutomaticutomatic PPipetipet CControlontrol PPlantlant SSciencesciences 2 x GGlasslass HHousesouses TTemperatureemperature CControlontrol CChemistryhemistry 3 x AAccessccess CControlontrol GGeneticsenetics 1 x CCameraamera SSystemystem CCentreentre fforor EEnvironmentalnvironmental MManagementanagement 1 x CCameraamera SSystemystem PPharmacologyharmacology 8 x FFridge/Freezerridge/Freezer TTemperatureemperature CControlontrol

Table 3 lists projects that are still in process. Table 3:

Department Apparatus Medical Microbiology 10 x Fridge/Freezer Temperature Control Chemistry 3 x Fraction Collectors Computer Sciences and Informatics 1 x Computer/Wheel Chair Interface Electronic Division 1 x Study of the USB Port

Table 4 shows the time spent on the different faculties:

Table 4: Faculty Hours Percentage of time Natural and Agricultural Sciences 5 038.00 82.79% Other 1 048.00 17.21%

Annual Report 2012 Total 6 086.00 100.00%

Table 5 shows the hours spent on different activities, with the percentage of time indicated:

Table 5: Activity Development Maintenance Administration

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Hours 1 943 3 529 614 160 Percentage 31.92% 57.99% 10.09% Control technicians: Head ofDepartment: Staff Mr.I.Basson,H.J.Roodt,andM.Jackson. Mr.A.B.Hugo. Messer. MarkJackson,Adriaan Hugo,InnesBasson,andHenriRoodt. Website: E-mail: Fax: Telephone: South Africa 9300 Bloemfontein P.O. Box 339 University oftheFreeState Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalSciences Electronics Workshop Mr. Adriaan Hugo Contact Details +27514012494 [email protected] www.ufs.ac.za +27514012494 161

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Workshops Workshops

Workshop: Instrumentation Division

Overview The aim of the Instrumentation workshop is to design and manufacture special research equipment, namely equipment that are not available on the market,

Annual Report 2012 for the academic departments and to assist them in their research work. For example: the Workshop manufactures pipette stands,containers for test tubes, bottles, laboratory trolleys, stands for cadavers for Anatomy, and services and repairs pumps. Furthermore, the Workshop designs and manufactures stainless steel bailers for the Institute of Groundwater Studies, and filaments and heaters for the Department of Physics. The Workshop also ser- Natural and Argricultural Sciences vices and repairs scales and microscopes for various 162 departments on campus. Table 3: Faculty ofHealthSciences. Table 3 Table 2: Table 1: Sciences. The Workshop mainlysupportstheFacultyofNaturalandAgricultural External work doneforvarious institutionsamountto 112 working hours. Faculty ofNaturalandAgriculturalScience. Table 2 oa 9.0100% 1.6% 8.3% Percentage oftime 6892.00 112.00 90.1% Hours 573.00 6207.00 Total Other Health Science Natural andAgriculturalSciences Faculty ntuetto(aneac)140 239 Department 334 1126 711 Total Biokinetics National ControlLaboratory Internal Administration Instrumentation(maintenance) Zoology andEntomology Institute forGroundwaterStudies Animal-, WildlifeandGrasslandSciences Microbial, BiochemicalandFoodBiotechnology Geology Electronics Plant Science Chemistry Soil, CropandClimateSciences Physics andAstronomy Department Total Pharmacology Basic MedicalScience Anatomy shows theworking hoursspentoneachofthedepartments shows theworking hoursspent oneachofthedepartments Table 1 shows thetimespentondifferentfaculties: Total timespent Total timespent 6 207 1 538 963 502 180 573 201 361 133 231 36 29 45 11 163

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Workshops Activities Table 4 lists completed projects done for different departments. Table 4: Department Apparatus Chemistry Service vacuum pumps Manufacture fraction collectors

Workshops Zoology Manufacture pipette holders Physics Manufacture clean gloveboxes Manufacture soundboards Manufacture trollies Institute of Groundwater Studies Manufacture permometers Service and repair vacuum pumps Microbiology Repair shake machines Manufacture permometers Manufacture heating blocks Botany Manufacture Perspex holders Manufacture 20 trollies Agriculture Manufacture pipette holders Repair shake machines Manufacture Effendorf holders Electronics Manufacture boxes of different sizes and shapes for the use of electronic parts Other departments Repair and service vacuum pumps Manufacture Perspex pipette shelves Service microscopes and balances

Staff Head of Department: Mr. J.S. Myburgh. Head Assistant: Mr. J. Erasmus. Control Technicians: Mr. P.D.S. Botes, Mr. J.P.W Rautenbach, and Mr. N.J Kruger. Technical Assistants: Mr. G. Tshwene, and Mr. E. Hlazo.

Contact Details Annual Report 2012 Mr. Japie Myburgh Instrumentation Workshop Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State P.O. Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 South Africa Telephone: +27 51 401 2341 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ufs.ac.za Natural and Argricultural Sciences 164 Statistical Data Enrolement by Category2009-2012 Students 165

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Statistical Data Students Student Figures: 2010 - 2012 Female Male Total Black Coloured Asian White Total Black Coloured Asian White Total Black Coloured Asian White Total 2010 Undergraduate 1121 31 16 503 1617 1048 38 20 828 1934 2169 69 36 1331 3605 Postgraduate 365 14 15 288 682 533 25 19 483 1060 898 39 34 771 1742

Statistical Data Occassional 128 5 1 15 149 128 2 1 26 157 256 7 2 41 306 Total 1614 50 32 806 2502 1709 65 40 1337 3151 3323 115 72 2143 5653

2011 Undergraduate 1164 36 15 492 1707 1014 41 22 761 1838 2178 77 37 1253 3545 Postgraduate 376 19 15 312 722 502 24 17 497 1040 878 43 32 809 1762 Occassional 132 1 1 15 149 127 3 4 32 166 259 4 5 47 315 Total 1672 56 31 819 2578 1643 68 43 1290 3044 3315 124 74 2109 5622

2012 Undergraduate 1217 35 11 506 1769 1068 47 19 774 1908 2285 82 30 1280 3677 Postgraduate 358 21 12 302 693 501 22 16 454 993 859 43 28 756 1686 Occassional 130 1 - 17 148 116 4 4 51 124 246 5 4 68 323 Total 1705 57 23 825 2610 1685 73 39 1279 3076 3390 130 62 2104 5686

International Students Country 2010 2011 2012 Country 2010 2011 2012 Asian countries 22 0 0 Mauritius 4 4 4 Bangladesh 0 1 1 Mozambique 2 2 1 Belgium 0 1 0 Namibia 88 99 101 Benin 0 0 1 Netherlands 0 0 1 Botswana 28 24 12 Nigeria 0 18 17 Cameroon 0 12 13 North American countries 2 0 0 China 0 12 9 Other African countries 83 0 0 Congo 0 4 1 Pakistan 0 2 1 Democratic Republic of Congo 2 0 1 Palestinian Territory, Occupied 0 0 3 Egypt 0 1 0 Republic of Korea 0 1 1 Eritrea 0 4 3 Rwanda 0 1 0 Ethiopia 0 4 6 Sri lanka 0 1 0 European countries 9 5 0 Sudan 0 4 3 Gabon 0 1 1 Swaziland 6 10 8 Gambia 0 0 1 Taiwan 0 1 1 Germany 0 0 1 Uganda 0 4 3 Ghana 0 3 0 United Republic of Tanzania 0 2 3 India 0 1 1 United Kingdom 0 0 1 Kenya 0 15 14 United States of America 0 5 1 Lesotho 198 188 176 Zambia 13 7 10

Annual Report 2012 Malawi 3 4 4 Zimbabwe 83 69 66 TOTAL 543 510 470 Natural and Argricultural Sciences 166 International conferences Local conferences Accredited articles (2010-2012) (2010-2012) (2010-2012) Research 167

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Statistical Data Research

Books (2010-2012) Statistical Data

Reports (2010-2012) Annual Report 2012 Natural and Argricultural Sciences 168 M Advanced MetalsInitiative Acid MineDrainage AMI ArtificialInsemination AllianceforAfrican Wetlands AMD AllWet AfrikaanseHandelsInstituut AI AHI AgriculturalModelIntercomparisonand AtomicForceMicroscope AgMIP AFM Alcoholdehydrogenase Advanced DiplomainSustainable ADSARD AmsterdamDensityFunctionalTheory Adh ADF AppliedCentreforClimateandEarth ACCESS A Glossary Improvement Project Agriculture andRuralDevelopment System Science Z South AfricanInstituteforArchitects AfricanUnion AZA AppalachianState University AU Actuarial andStatisticsStudentsCouncil ASU ASSC Association ofSchoolsConstructionin AmericanSocietyforMicrobiology ASOCSA AgriculturalResearchCouncil ASM AgriculturalResearchCouncil ARC Adult PlantResistance ARC Avian PathogenicEscherichiaColi APR APEC Advanced ReliabilityandMaintenance APARM Southern Africa Modeling 169

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Glossary B BGRI Borlaug Global Rust Initiative C CAA Commonwealth Association of CIDB Construction Industry Development Architecture Board CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Glossary CAF Central Analytical Facility CAT Computer Applications Technology Improvement Center CBS Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures CIOB Chartered Institute of Building CEM Centre for Environmental Management CLSM Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope CENSARDE Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Rural CMC Construction Management Conference Development and Extension CNCI Cement and Concrete Institute CFFRC Crops for the Future Research Centre COE Centre of Excellence CHE Council for Higher Education CRRP Cereal Rust Research Programme CHoPS Committee of Heads of Planning Schools CU Columbia University CHPC Centre for High Performance Computing D DAAD The German Academic Exchange Service DoE Department of Education (Deutcher Akademischer Austausch Dienst) DRIFT Downstream Response to Imposed Flow DCO Deep Carbon Observatory Transformation DETEA Department of Economic Development, DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry Tourism and Environmental Affairs DSM Digital Soil Mapping DHET Department of Higher Education and DST Department of Science and Technology Training DTI Department of Trade and Industry E EAAP European Association of Animal ESAP Escola Superior Artistica do Porto Production ET Embryo Transfer EBV Estimated Breeding Value EuCheMS European Association for Chemical and ECA European Crystallographic Association Molecular Sciences EFINTD European Foundation Initiative for EWR Environmental Water Requirements Neglected Tropical Diseases F FFF Fossil Fuel Foundation FSIA Free State Institute of Architects G G x E Genotype x Environment GFRAS Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services GCP21 Global Cassava Partnership for the 21st GIS Geographical Information Systems Century GLYAT Glycine-N-acyltransferase GFAAS Grapite Furnace Atomic Absorption GRF German Research Foundation Spectroscopy Annual Report 2012 GSSA Geological Society of South Africa H HESS High Energy Stereoscopic System I IAH International Association of ICCC40 40th International Conference on Hydrogeologists Coordination Chemistry

Natural and Argricultural Sciences IAIAsa International Associates for Impact ICEC International Congress of the 170 Assessment South African Affiliates International Cost Engineering Council IS Royal Institutionof CharteredSurveyors RICS R PlantGrowth Regulator Petroleum AgencyofSouthAfrica PGR PASA P OkinawaInstituteofTechnology OpticalElectronicSpectroscopy OIST OES O NationalMuseum,Bloemfontein Non-Governmental Organisation NMB NGO NuclearEnergyCorporationofSouth NECSA NationalBenchmarkTests TheNetherlandsCatalysisConference NCCC XII NBT NanoScanningAugerMicroscopy NanoSAM N MemorandumofUnderstanding MetalOrganicFramework MOU MaterialsandNanosciences LandRedistributionforAgricultural MOF MaterialandNanosciencesCluster MNS LRAD Monopotassium Phosphate MNS MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology MKP MIT M LocalEconomicDevelopment LED L InstituteforGroundwaterStudies InternationalGoatAssociation IGS IGA InternationalFederationforHome InternationalDairyFederation IFHE IndustrialDevelopment Corporation IDF IDC InternationalCerealRustandPowdery ICRPMC InternationalCropsResearchInstitutefor ICRISAT InternationalConferenceon InternationalConferenceofMedichem ICOMC ICM InternationalConferenceonInfectious InternationalCostEngineeringCouncil ICIDN ICEC (UK) Africa Economics Mildew Conference the Semi-AridTropics Organometallic Chemistry Diseases andNanomedicine R ProteinResearchTrust PRT Optically-StimulatedLuminescence OSL NuclearTechnologies inMedicineandthe NationalResearchFoundation NTeMBi NRF NewNano-SurfaceCharacterization NNSCF NuclearMagneticResonance NMR Masters’degreeinUrbanandRegional MucociliaryClearancePhantom Mass Spectroscopy MURP MUCCP MS MineralResourceThroughput MineralResourceManagement MRTM MRM InformationTechnology Student ITSA InternationalSocietyofCityandRegional ISOCARP Intensive ProjectManagement IPMP InternationalProjectManagement InstituteofPolymer Research IPMA IPF InternationalSocietyfor InternationalMineWater Association INSAM InternationalMycological Association IMWA InternationalInstituteforSpecies IMA InstituteforInternationalResearch IISE IIR InternationalInstituteforApplied IIASA Biosciences programme Facilities spectroscopy Planning Management Development programme Association Planners Programme Association Conference Agrometeorology Exploration Systems Analysis 171

Natural and Argricultural Sciences Annual Report 2012 Glossary S SAAB South African Association of Botanists SAPA South African Poultry Association SAAFoST SA Association for Food Science and SAPBA South African Plant Breeders’ Association Technology SAPI South African Planning Institute SAASTA South African Agency for Science and SAPOA South African Property Owners Technology Advancement Association

Glossary SAB South African Breweries SARChI South African Research Chairs Initiative SACAP South African Council of the Architectural SASA South African Statistical Association Profession SASAE South African Society for Animal Science SACCCS South African Centre for Carbon Capture SASAqS Southern African Society of Aquatic and Storage Scientists SACNASP South African Council for Natural SASCP South African Society of Crop Production Scientific Professions SAYAS South African Young Academy of Science SACPCMP South African Council for Project and Construction Management Professions SA-YSSP South African Young Scientist Summer School Programme SACPVP South African Council for Property Valuers’ Profession SE-HPLC Size Exclusion High Performance Liquid Chromatography SACQSP South African Council for the Quantity Surveying Profession SEM Scanning Electron Microscope SADC Southern African Development SHiFT South African Housing Institute Community Foundation SAIP South African Institute of Physics SIFE Students in Free Enterprise SAISC Southern African Institute of Steel SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Construction Sciences SANBI South African National Biodiversity SMVDU Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University Institute SNP Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms SANERI South African National Energy Research SSR Simple Sequence Repeat Institute START System for Analysis, Research and Training T TAHICI Tshwane Animal Health Innovation TOF-SIMS Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Cluster Initiative Spectrometer TGA Thermal Gravimetric Analysis TUM Technische Universität München THRIP Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme U UAAAN Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous UKZN University of KwaZulu-Natal University USDA-ARS United States Department of Agriculture UJ University of Johannesburg – Agricultural Research Service UK-DFID United Kingdom’s Department of International Development

Annual Report 2012 V VUV Vacuum-Ultraviolet W WGT Winter Grain Trust WRC Water Research Commission X XRD X-Ray Diffraction XRF X-Ray Fluorescence Natural and Argricultural Sciences 172