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Uluslararası Botanik Adlandırma Yasası

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Uluslararası Botanik Adlandırma Yasası Prof. Dr. Ali A. DÖNMEZ Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Botanik Anabilim Dalı SUNUM İÇERİĞİ 3.1 Canlılar Alemi ve Çeşitlilik 3.2 Adlandırma İhtiyacı ve Kökeni 3.3 Kullanımdaki Adlandırma Yasaları 3.3.1 Bitki, Mantar ve Alg Adlandırma Yasası ile Temel Kuralları 3.3.2 Zoolojik Adlandırma Yasası ve Temel Kuralları 3.3.3 Kültür Bitkileri Adlandırma Yasası 3.3.4 Prokaryotik Adlandırma Yasası 3.3.5 Virüs Adlandırma Yasası 3.4 Önerilmiş Adlandırma Yasaları 3.4.1 Biyolojik Adlandırma Yasası (Biyokod) ve Düşünsel Temeli 3.4.2 Filogenetik Adlandırma Yasası (Filokod) ve Düşünsel Temeli 3.5 Adlandırmada Kavramlar, Güncel ve Uygulama Sorunları ile Çözüm Önerileri 3.1 Canlılar Alemi ve Çeşitlilik Canlılar Alemi http://www.eol.org/info/plants http://aftol.org/ http://research.amnh.org/atol/files/ Canlılar Alemi Yeryüzünde yaşamın ortaya çıkışı ve ne kadar canlı türünün olduğuna baktığımızda; Yeryüzünde 8.7 milyon ökaryotik canlının yaşadığı öngörülmektedir (Nature, Ağustos 2011). Bu canlılardan yaklaşık 2 milyonu şimdiye kadar keşfedilip adlandırılmıştır. Bugünkü bilgilere göre doğadaki yaklaşık tür sayısı (tanımlanmış) Canlı gurubu Tür sayısı Bakteri................................................... 4,000 Protoctists (alg, protozoa, v.diğ.)......... 80,000 Omurgalı Hayvanlar. ........................... 52,000 Omurgasız Hayvanlar......................1,272,000 Mantar.................................................. 80,000 (1.000.000) Bitki..................................................... 375,000 Kabul edilen tür ve yayınlanmıs isim arasinda uyumsuzluk Yayinlanmis isim sayisi Kabul edilen tur sayisi 3200 200 3.2 Adlandırma İhtiyacı ve Kökeni Neden sınıflandırma yapılır ?? 1- Doğada var olan canlıları tanıma isteği-zorunluluğu 2 -Canlıların birbiriyle olan ilişkilerini anlama isteği 3- Tanınan canlılara ait kayıt tutma zorunluluğu 4- Canlılar hakkında elde edilen bilgileri, başkasına aktarma (eğitim-öğretim) sürecinin zorlaması 5- Bilimsel bilginin araştırıcılar arasında doğru ve güvenilir akışını sağlama zorunluluğu Her canlının mutlaka bir bilimsel ismi vardır Canis lupus Canis lupus familiaris Mabelia archaia Tchihatchewia isatidea (Triuridaceae) (Brassicaceae) Örneklerin değerlendirilmesi ve adlandırılması Doğadan toplama Herbaryum veya müzede çalışma Adlandırma Bilimsel yayın Adlandırma ➢Adlandırma kuralları yaklaşık 400 yıllık bir bilim kültürü mirasıdır. ➢Bu zaman sürecinde yapılan doğru ve yanlışların sentezinden oluşmuştur. Adlandırma Nedir ? Doğada varlığı yeni keşfedilmiş bir canlıya ya da daha önce keşfedilmiş ancak ilgili adlandırma kurallarına uygun olarak adlandırılmamış taksonlara, bu kurallara uygun bilimsel isimlerin verilmesidir. 3.3 Kullanımdaki Adlandırma Yasaları 3.3 Kullanımdaki Adlandırma Yasaları 1- Alg, Mantar ve Bitki Adlandırma Yasası 2- Kültür Bitkilerini Adlandırma Yasası 3- Zooloji Adlandırma Yasası 4- Prokaryot Adlandırma Yasası 5- Virüs Adlandırma Yasası 6- Biyokod 7- Filokod 1- Botanik Adlandırma Yasası International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 prepared and edited by J. MCNEILL, Chairman F. R. BARRIE, W. R. BUCK, V. DEMOULIN, W. GREUTER, D. L. HAWKSWORTH, P. S. HERENDEEN, S. KNAPP, K. MARHOLD, J. PRADO, W. F. PRUD'HOMME VAN REINE, G. F. SMITH, J. H. WIERSEMA, Members N. J. TURLAND, Secretary of the Editorial Committee Koeltz Scientific Books 2012 © 2012, by International Association for Plant Taxonomy. http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0000St.Luistitle.htm 2- Kültür Bitkilerini Adlandırma Yasası International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants "Cultivated Plant Code" or ICNCP C.D. Brickell (Commission Chairman), B.R. Baum, W.L.A. Hetterscheid, A.C. Leslie, J. McNeill, P. Trehane, F. Vrugtman, J.H. Wiersema (eds.). Adlandırma Yasaları 2- Kültür Bitkilerini Adlandırma Yasası Tarım, ormancılık ve bahçecilik alanında çalışan araştırıcıların kullandığı, doğal bitkiler dışında kalan, insanların belli bir amaç için seçip geliştirdiği soylar veya değişik tekniklerle elde edilen kültür varyetelerinin adlandırılmasını düzenler (Brickell ve diğ. 2004). Kültür Bitkilerini Adlandırma Yasası 9 bölüm altında verilen 32 maddeden oluşmuştur. Botanik Adlandırma Yasasında olduğu gibi, yasalar örnek ve öneriler ile daha anlaşılır hale getirilmiştir. 3- Zooloji Adlandırma Yasası International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Fourth Edition adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences The provisions of this Code supersede those of the previous editions with effect from 1 January 2000 http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp 3- Zooloji Adlandırma Yasası Adlandırma Yasaları Botanik Adlandırma yasasında olduğu gibi düzenli kongrelerde yenilenmek yerine, önerilerin birikmesi sonucu Uluslararası Zooloji Kongresinin Adlandırma seksiyonu tarafından düzenlenen uluslararası toplantı ile yenilenir. Günümüzde geçerli olan Yasa 1 Ocak 2000 yılında yürürlüğe giren 4. basımdır. Zoolojik Adlandırma Yasası, 18 bölüm altında verilen toplam 90 maddeden oluşmuştur. Ayrıca Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir. 4- Prokaryot Adlandırma Yasası International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Bacteria 4- Prokaryot Adlandırma Yasası Adlandırma Yasaları International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Bacteria 4- Prokaryot Adlandırma Yasası Adlandırma Yasaları Bakteri olarak kabul edilen organizmalar, Arkebakteria ve Eubakteria olarak adlandırılan organizmaların adlandırılmasını yönetir. Uluslararası 4. Mikrobiyoloji Kongresinde (1947) kabul edilmiş olmasına rağmen 1 Ocak 1980 tarihinde yasal olarak yürürlüğe girmiştir. 5- Virüs Adlandırma Yasası International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/International_Code_of_Virus_Classification_and_Nomenclature#Classification_by_genome_type 5- Virüs Adlandırma Yasası Adlandırma Yasaları Classification by genome type DNA viruses Group I - dsDNA viruses (double stranded DNA) http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/International_Code_of_Virus_Classification_and_Nomenclature#Classification_by_genome_type 5- Virüs Adlandırma Yasası Adlandırma Yasaları Virüs Adlandırma Yasası Uluslararası Virüs Taksonomi Komitesi (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (of Virology Division of International Union of Microbiological Societies) tarafından belirlenir ve yönetilir. Takson isimleri ikili adlandırmadan ziyade onların bazı kimyasal ve diğer karakterlerine göre yapılır. 6- Biyokod Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century The BioCode: Integrated biological nomenclature for the 21st century http://www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/pbio/nomcl/mcne.html 6- Biyokod Adlandırma Yasaları Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century The BioCode: Integrated biological nomenclature for the 21st century? John McNeill http://www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/pbio/nomcl/mcne.html 6- Biyokod Adlandırma Yasaları Botanik, Zooloji ve Prokaryot Adlandırma Yasalarını birleştirmek amacıyla önerilmiş (Hawskworth ve diğ.,1996) ve taslak hali kitap olarak basılmıştır. Bu Yasa’nın 1 Ocak 2000’den itibaren geçerli olacağı öngörülmüştür (McNeil, 1996). Ancak bilim dünyasında genel kabul görmemesi nedeniyle resmiyet kazanmamıştır. 7- Filokod PhyloCode; Current Draft http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/ 7- Filokod Adlandırma Yasaları PhyloCode Current Draft Table of Contents Preface Preamble Principles Rules Articles 1-3 Articles 4-5 Article 6 . Article 21 Glossary Table of Terms Appendix A Appendix B Index http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/ Adlandırma Yasaları 7- Filokod Filogenetik sistematik çalışan bazı araştırıcılar tarafından filogenetik grupları temel alarak yapılan adlandırmaları düzenleyen sistemdir. Bu yasa 7 ilke ve 22 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Köken olarak Botanik, Zooloji ve Prokaryot Adlandırma kurallarındaki hiyerarşik adlandırmayı temel almıştır. Ancak burada evrimsel grupların soy ilişkilerini yansıtan bir adlandırma sistemi amaçlanmıştır. Adlandırma Yasaları 7- Filokod Botanik, Zooloji ya da diğer aşağı organizasyonlu gruplardan herhangi birine yönelik olmayıp filogenetik sistematik çalışan herkese açıktır. Başlangıçta Linnaeus’nin hiyerarşik sınıflandırmasına itirazlarla başlayan çalışmalar, 1998 yılında yapılan bir toplantı ile ayrı bir Adlandırma Yasası oluşturmaya dönüşmüştür. Paris’te 2004 yılında yapılan Simpozyum Filokod’un başlama tarihi olarak kabul edilmiştir. 1- Botanik Adlandırma Yasası Adlandırma Yasasının İlkeleri İLKE-I Botanik adlandırma kuralları, zooloji ve bakteriyoloji adlandırma kurallarından bağımsızdır. Bu Yasa, orijinalinde bitki olarak değerlendirilmiş veya değerlendirilmemiş olsun, bitki olarak değerlendirilen taksonomik grup isimlerine eşit olarak uygulanır. İLKE-II Taksonomik grup isimlerinin uygulamasına, adlandırma tipleri ile karar verilir. Adlandırma Yasasının İlkeleri İLKE-III Bir taksonomik grubun adlandırması yayının öncelik durumuna dayanır. İLKE-IV Belirli bir tanıma, konuma ve kategoriye sahip olan her taksonomik grup sadece tek bir doğru isime sahiptir. Bu isim, bazı istisnalar hariç kurallara uygun olarak verilen ilk isimdir. Adlandırma Yasasının İlkeleri İLKE-V Taksonomik grupların bilimsel isimleri kökenine bakılmaksızın Latince olarak düzenlenir. İLKE-VI Adlandırma kuralları belli sınırlamalar dahilinde geçmişe dönük olarak ta uygulanır. Tarihsel Botanik Kongreleri Gelişim 1905
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