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Uluslararası Botanik Adlandırma Yasası

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Prof. Dr. Ali A. DÖNMEZ Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Botanik Anabilim Dalı SUNUM İÇERİĞİ 3.1 Canlılar Alemi ve Çeşitlilik 3.2 Adlandırma İhtiyacı ve Kökeni 3.3 Kullanımdaki Adlandırma Yasaları 3.3.1 Bitki, Mantar ve Alg Adlandırma Yasası ile Temel Kuralları 3.3.2 Zoolojik Adlandırma Yasası ve Temel Kuralları 3.3.3 Kültür Bitkileri Adlandırma Yasası 3.3.4 Prokaryotik Adlandırma Yasası 3.3.5 Virüs Adlandırma Yasası 3.4 Önerilmiş Adlandırma Yasaları 3.4.1 Biyolojik Adlandırma Yasası (Biyokod) ve Düşünsel Temeli 3.4.2 Filogenetik Adlandırma Yasası (Filokod) ve Düşünsel Temeli 3.5 Adlandırmada Kavramlar, Güncel ve Uygulama Sorunları ile Çözüm Önerileri 3.1 Canlılar Alemi ve Çeşitlilik Canlılar Alemi http://www.eol.org/info/plants http://aftol.org/ http://research.amnh.org/atol/files/ Canlılar Alemi Yeryüzünde yaşamın ortaya çıkışı ve ne kadar canlı türünün olduğuna baktığımızda; Yeryüzünde 8.7 milyon ökaryotik canlının yaşadığı öngörülmektedir (Nature, Ağustos 2011). Bu canlılardan yaklaşık 2 milyonu şimdiye kadar keşfedilip adlandırılmıştır. Bugünkü bilgilere göre doğadaki yaklaşık tür sayısı (tanımlanmış) Canlı gurubu Tür sayısı Bakteri................................................... 4,000 Protoctists (alg, protozoa, v.diğ.)......... 80,000 Omurgalı Hayvanlar. ........................... 52,000 Omurgasız Hayvanlar......................1,272,000 Mantar.................................................. 80,000 (1.000.000) Bitki..................................................... 375,000 Kabul edilen tür ve yayınlanmıs isim arasinda uyumsuzluk Yayinlanmis isim sayisi Kabul edilen tur sayisi 3200 200 3.2 Adlandırma İhtiyacı ve Kökeni Neden sınıflandırma yapılır ?? 1- Doğada var olan canlıları tanıma isteği-zorunluluğu 2 -Canlıların birbiriyle olan ilişkilerini anlama isteği 3- Tanınan canlılara ait kayıt tutma zorunluluğu 4- Canlılar hakkında elde edilen bilgileri, başkasına aktarma (eğitim-öğretim) sürecinin zorlaması 5- Bilimsel bilginin araştırıcılar arasında doğru ve güvenilir akışını sağlama zorunluluğu Her canlının mutlaka bir bilimsel ismi vardır Canis lupus Canis lupus familiaris Mabelia archaia Tchihatchewia isatidea (Triuridaceae) (Brassicaceae) Örneklerin değerlendirilmesi ve adlandırılması Doğadan toplama Herbaryum veya müzede çalışma Adlandırma Bilimsel yayın Adlandırma ➢Adlandırma kuralları yaklaşık 400 yıllık bir bilim kültürü mirasıdır. ➢Bu zaman sürecinde yapılan doğru ve yanlışların sentezinden oluşmuştur. Adlandırma Nedir ? Doğada varlığı yeni keşfedilmiş bir canlıya ya da daha önce keşfedilmiş ancak ilgili adlandırma kurallarına uygun olarak adlandırılmamış taksonlara, bu kurallara uygun bilimsel isimlerin verilmesidir. 3.3 Kullanımdaki Adlandırma Yasaları 3.3 Kullanımdaki Adlandırma Yasaları 1- Alg, Mantar ve Bitki Adlandırma Yasası 2- Kültür Bitkilerini Adlandırma Yasası 3- Zooloji Adlandırma Yasası 4- Prokaryot Adlandırma Yasası 5- Virüs Adlandırma Yasası 6- Biyokod 7- Filokod 1- Botanik Adlandırma Yasası International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 prepared and edited by J. MCNEILL, Chairman F. R. BARRIE, W. R. BUCK, V. DEMOULIN, W. GREUTER, D. L. HAWKSWORTH, P. S. HERENDEEN, S. KNAPP, K. MARHOLD, J. PRADO, W. F. PRUD'HOMME VAN REINE, G. F. SMITH, J. H. WIERSEMA, Members N. J. TURLAND, Secretary of the Editorial Committee Koeltz Scientific Books 2012 © 2012, by International Association for Plant Taxonomy. http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0000St.Luistitle.htm 2- Kültür Bitkilerini Adlandırma Yasası International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants "Cultivated Plant Code" or ICNCP C.D. Brickell (Commission Chairman), B.R. Baum, W.L.A. Hetterscheid, A.C. Leslie, J. McNeill, P. Trehane, F. Vrugtman, J.H. Wiersema (eds.). Adlandırma Yasaları 2- Kültür Bitkilerini Adlandırma Yasası Tarım, ormancılık ve bahçecilik alanında çalışan araştırıcıların kullandığı, doğal bitkiler dışında kalan, insanların belli bir amaç için seçip geliştirdiği soylar veya değişik tekniklerle elde edilen kültür varyetelerinin adlandırılmasını düzenler (Brickell ve diğ. 2004). Kültür Bitkilerini Adlandırma Yasası 9 bölüm altında verilen 32 maddeden oluşmuştur. Botanik Adlandırma Yasasında olduğu gibi, yasalar örnek ve öneriler ile daha anlaşılır hale getirilmiştir. 3- Zooloji Adlandırma Yasası International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Fourth Edition adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences The provisions of this Code supersede those of the previous editions with effect from 1 January 2000 http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp 3- Zooloji Adlandırma Yasası Adlandırma Yasaları Botanik Adlandırma yasasında olduğu gibi düzenli kongrelerde yenilenmek yerine, önerilerin birikmesi sonucu Uluslararası Zooloji Kongresinin Adlandırma seksiyonu tarafından düzenlenen uluslararası toplantı ile yenilenir. Günümüzde geçerli olan Yasa 1 Ocak 2000 yılında yürürlüğe giren 4. basımdır. Zoolojik Adlandırma Yasası, 18 bölüm altında verilen toplam 90 maddeden oluşmuştur. Ayrıca Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir. 4- Prokaryot Adlandırma Yasası International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Bacteria 4- Prokaryot Adlandırma Yasası Adlandırma Yasaları International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Bacteria 4- Prokaryot Adlandırma Yasası Adlandırma Yasaları Bakteri olarak kabul edilen organizmalar, Arkebakteria ve Eubakteria olarak adlandırılan organizmaların adlandırılmasını yönetir. Uluslararası 4. Mikrobiyoloji Kongresinde (1947) kabul edilmiş olmasına rağmen 1 Ocak 1980 tarihinde yasal olarak yürürlüğe girmiştir. 5- Virüs Adlandırma Yasası International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/International_Code_of_Virus_Classification_and_Nomenclature#Classification_by_genome_type 5- Virüs Adlandırma Yasası Adlandırma Yasaları Classification by genome type DNA viruses Group I - dsDNA viruses (double stranded DNA) http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/International_Code_of_Virus_Classification_and_Nomenclature#Classification_by_genome_type 5- Virüs Adlandırma Yasası Adlandırma Yasaları Virüs Adlandırma Yasası Uluslararası Virüs Taksonomi Komitesi (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (of Virology Division of International Union of Microbiological Societies) tarafından belirlenir ve yönetilir. Takson isimleri ikili adlandırmadan ziyade onların bazı kimyasal ve diğer karakterlerine göre yapılır. 6- Biyokod Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century The BioCode: Integrated biological nomenclature for the 21st century http://www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/pbio/nomcl/mcne.html 6- Biyokod Adlandırma Yasaları Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century The BioCode: Integrated biological nomenclature for the 21st century? John McNeill http://www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/pbio/nomcl/mcne.html 6- Biyokod Adlandırma Yasaları Botanik, Zooloji ve Prokaryot Adlandırma Yasalarını birleştirmek amacıyla önerilmiş (Hawskworth ve diğ.,1996) ve taslak hali kitap olarak basılmıştır. Bu Yasa’nın 1 Ocak 2000’den itibaren geçerli olacağı öngörülmüştür (McNeil, 1996). Ancak bilim dünyasında genel kabul görmemesi nedeniyle resmiyet kazanmamıştır. 7- Filokod PhyloCode; Current Draft http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/ 7- Filokod Adlandırma Yasaları PhyloCode Current Draft Table of Contents Preface Preamble Principles Rules Articles 1-3 Articles 4-5 Article 6 . Article 21 Glossary Table of Terms Appendix A Appendix B Index http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/ Adlandırma Yasaları 7- Filokod Filogenetik sistematik çalışan bazı araştırıcılar tarafından filogenetik grupları temel alarak yapılan adlandırmaları düzenleyen sistemdir. Bu yasa 7 ilke ve 22 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Köken olarak Botanik, Zooloji ve Prokaryot Adlandırma kurallarındaki hiyerarşik adlandırmayı temel almıştır. Ancak burada evrimsel grupların soy ilişkilerini yansıtan bir adlandırma sistemi amaçlanmıştır. Adlandırma Yasaları 7- Filokod Botanik, Zooloji ya da diğer aşağı organizasyonlu gruplardan herhangi birine yönelik olmayıp filogenetik sistematik çalışan herkese açıktır. Başlangıçta Linnaeus’nin hiyerarşik sınıflandırmasına itirazlarla başlayan çalışmalar, 1998 yılında yapılan bir toplantı ile ayrı bir Adlandırma Yasası oluşturmaya dönüşmüştür. Paris’te 2004 yılında yapılan Simpozyum Filokod’un başlama tarihi olarak kabul edilmiştir. 1- Botanik Adlandırma Yasası Adlandırma Yasasının İlkeleri İLKE-I Botanik adlandırma kuralları, zooloji ve bakteriyoloji adlandırma kurallarından bağımsızdır. Bu Yasa, orijinalinde bitki olarak değerlendirilmiş veya değerlendirilmemiş olsun, bitki olarak değerlendirilen taksonomik grup isimlerine eşit olarak uygulanır. İLKE-II Taksonomik grup isimlerinin uygulamasına, adlandırma tipleri ile karar verilir. Adlandırma Yasasının İlkeleri İLKE-III Bir taksonomik grubun adlandırması yayının öncelik durumuna dayanır. İLKE-IV Belirli bir tanıma, konuma ve kategoriye sahip olan her taksonomik grup sadece tek bir doğru isime sahiptir. Bu isim, bazı istisnalar hariç kurallara uygun olarak verilen ilk isimdir. Adlandırma Yasasının İlkeleri İLKE-V Taksonomik grupların bilimsel isimleri kökenine bakılmaksızın Latince olarak düzenlenir. İLKE-VI Adlandırma kuralları belli sınırlamalar dahilinde geçmişe dönük olarak ta uygulanır. Tarihsel Botanik Kongreleri Gelişim 1905
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    RESEARCH ARTICLE INTRODUCTION For the Special Issue: Exploring Angiosperms353: a Universal Toolkit for Flowering Plant Phylogenomics Exploring Angiosperms353: An open, community toolkit for collaborative phylogenomic research on flowering plants William J. Baker1,10 , Steven Dodsworth2 , Félix Forest1 , Sean W. Graham3 , Matthew G. Johnson4 , Angela McDonnell5 , Lisa Pokorny1,6 , Jennifer A. Tate7 , Susann Wicke8,9 , and Norman J. Wickett5 Manuscript received 12 April 2021; revision accepted 14 May 2021. 1 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK 2 School of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, University Square, Luton LU1 3JU, UK 3 Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA 5 Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA 6 Present address: Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP) UPM- INIA, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid) 28223, Spain 7 School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand 8 Plant Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany 9 Plant Systematics and Biodiversity, Institute for Biology, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany 10Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Citation: Baker, W. J., S. Dodsworth, F. Forest, S. W. Graham, M. G. Johnson, A. McDonnell, L. Pokorny, J. A. Tate, et al. 2021. Exploring Angiosperms353: an open, community toolkit for collabora- tive phylogenomic research on flowering plants. American Journal of Botany 108(7): 1059– 1065. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1703 The unveiling of the angiosperm (flowering plant) tree of life over angiosperm phylogenetic relationships also underpins modern an- the past three decades has been one of the great success stories of giosperm classification (e.g., APG IV, 2016), and helps us to better modern plant biology.
  • A Synopsis of the Expanded Rhaphiolepis (Maleae, Rosaceae)

    A Synopsis of the Expanded Rhaphiolepis (Maleae, Rosaceae)

    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 154: 19–55 (2020) Synopsis of Rhaphiolepis (Rosaceae) 19 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.154.52790 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A synopsis of the expanded Rhaphiolepis (Maleae, Rosaceae) Bin-Bin Liu1,2*, Yu-Bing Wang2,3*, De-Yuan Hong1, Jun Wen2 1 State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Scien- ces, Beijing 100093, China 2 Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA 3 Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU)/Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges Uni- versity, Yichang, 443002, China Corresponding author: Jun Wen ([email protected]) Academic editor: A. Sennikov | Received 1 April 2020 | Accepted 6 June 2020 | Published 4 August 2020 Citation: Liu B-B, Wang Y-B, Hong D-Y, Wen J (2020) A synopsis of the expanded Rhaphiolepis (Maleae, Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 154: 19–55. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.154.52790 Abstract As part of the integrative systematic studies on the tribe Maleae, a synopsis of the expanded Rhaphiolepis is presented, recognizing 45 species. Three new forms were validated: R. bengalensis f. contracta B.B.Liu & J.Wen, R. bengalensis f. intermedia B.B.Liu & J.Wen, and R. bengalensis f. multinervata B.B.Liu & J.Wen, and four new combinations are made here: R. bengalensis f. angustifolia (Cardot) B.B.Liu & J.Wen, R. bengalensis f. gigantea (J.E.Vidal) B.B.Liu & J.Wen, R. laoshanica (W.B.Liao, Q.Fan & S.F.Chen) B.B.Liu & J.Wen, and R.

  • The Pome Fruit (Malinae Rev.) Collections of the National Dendrological Park “Sofiyivka” of NAS of Ukraine

    BIO Web of Conferences 24, 00065 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202400065 International Conferences “Plant Diversity: Status, Trends, Conservation Concept” 2020 The pome fruit (Malinae Rev.) collections of the National dendrological park “Sofiyivka” of NAS of Ukraine Olga Opalko1, Nataliya Kucher1, Olena Andrienko2, Mykhaylo Nebykov1, Oleksandr 3 1 1* Serzhyk , Alla Konopelko , and Anatoly Opalko 1National Dendrological Park “Sofiyivka” of NAS of Ukraine, 12-а Kyivska Str., Uman, 20300, Ukraine 2Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University, 2 Sadova Str., Uman, 20300, Ukraine 3Uman National University of Horticulture, 1 Instytutska Str., Uman, 20305, Ukraine Abstract. The plant collections of the NDP “Sofiyivka” of NAS of Ukraine including accessions of the subtribe Malinae Rev., formerly the subfamily Maloideae C. Weber (Rosaceae Juss.), are the objects for research in the field of plant introduction and phytodiversity protection. Because of the significant number of park's holiday-makers, which are not always careful about plants, the posttraumatic regenerative ability of plants is of particular importance for adaptation and periods of the highest regenerative activity could be favourable for vegetative reproduction, including microcloning. Thus, Malinae of the "Sofiyivka" might be useful for germplasm conservation and utilization in the breeding programs. 1 Introduction The National dendrological park “Sofiyivka” of NAS of Ukraine is situated in the Central- Dnipro elevated region of Podilsk-Prydniprovsk area of the Forest-Steppe Zone of Ukraine. The area is characterized by temperate-continental climate with unstable humidification and considerable temperature fluctuations. It is quite an old park [1] that will celebrate its 225th anniversary in 2021. Import of exotic trees and shrubs and planting them in “Sofiyivka” began in the late 18th – first half of the 19th century, almost from the first days of the park’s foundation.

  • Appelbes, Deel 3 Aronia

    Aronia – Appelbes, deel 3 Ir. M.E.C.M. (Margareth) Hop Tweemaal eerder werd in Dendroflora over Aronia, de Appelbes geschreven, vooral over de verwarrende taxonomie. Recent onderzoek heeft nieuw licht geworpen op het raadsel. Superfood en ongewenste exoot inheemse planten en de gespecialiseerde dieren Aronia, de Appelbes, is een klein heestergeslacht die daarvan afhankelijk zijn. uit Noord­Amerika. Het behoort tot het subtribus Pyrinae (vroeger Maloidae) binnen de rozen­ De fruitrassen familie, de groep waartoe ook bijvoorbeeld Van Aronia bestaan twee soorten en de hybride Sorbus, Malus, Crataegus en Photinia behoren. daartussen. De soort A. arbutifolia wordt Het geslacht staat in de belangstelling, vooral gekenmerkt door de rode vruchten op een als fruitgewas. Het is namelijk een van de opgaande, sterk behaarde plant. De soort gewassen die op het moment als ‘superfood' wordt A. melanocarpa blijft kleiner, heeft zwarte vruchten gepropageerd vanwege de gezondheidseffecten en is onbehaard. De hybride A. ×prunifolia heeft die men eraan toeschrijft. Ook vanuit de ecologie eigenschappen die er tussenin zitten, met een in Nederland heeft men interesse in Aronia, al wisselende beharing en purperzwarte vruchten. is de aandacht daar niet onverdeeld positief. Voor een uitgebreide beschrijving, zie Dendroflora Aronia groeit bij voorkeur op vochtige tot natte nr. 31 (pag. 24 t/m 28) en nr. 36 (pag. 40 t/m locaties. Ondanks dat ze in Nederland niet 47). Het is lang onduidelijk geweest of de Aronia inheems zijn, komen er steeds meer, doordat cultivars die uit Rusland afkomstig zijn en in hun zaden door vogels worden verspreid. Met de fruitteelt worden gebruikt tot de hybride hun ondergrondse uitlopers dringen ze zich behoren.