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Beneath the Rhetoric Lies Ethnology

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Beneath the Rhetoric Lies Ethnology Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem 3 | 1998 Varia Beneath the Rhetoric Lies Ethnology Georgette Bensimon-Choukroun Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/bcrfj/4322 ISSN: 2075-5287 Publisher Centre de recherche français de Jérusalem Printed version Date of publication: 15 October 1998 Number of pages: 141-156 Electronic reference Georgette Bensimon-Choukroun, « Beneath the Rhetoric Lies Ethnology », Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem [Online], 3 | 1998, Online since 17 June 2008, connection on 01 May 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/bcrfj/4322 © Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem BENEATH THE RHETORIC LIES ETHNOLOGY111 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Relationship to the JAREL2 p oject The e a e seve al aspects to ethnolinguistic esea ch involved in the compilation of JAREL, a bilingual Judeo-A abic ,- ench dictiona .. A desc iption of the linguistic s.stems shows that Judeo-A abic is a 0contact language,1 at a linguistic c oss oads whe e si2 languages meet.3 Anal.sis of the le2icon eveals the c eative featu es of the language, which is elated to the ethnolog. of the linguistic communit. and is p ima il. the p oduct of language inte fe ence4. These c eative featu es a e often heto ical devices. The invento . of these monolingual o multilingual heto ical devices in discou se illust ate ecu ences of functions in the fo mal st uctu e of the languages which helped shape the dialect, o in thei semantic st uctu es. These devices el. on linguistic app op iation and give the dialect its specificit.. This a ticle p esents seve al e2amples of the use of these heto ical devices which illust ate the p ocess desc ibed in the title5 namel., that ethnolog. eme ges f om beneath the heto ic. Befo e tu ning to these e2amples, howeve , it is wo th e2amining b iefl. how these figu es of speech a e defined. 1.2. P elimina ies to a t.polog. of heto ical devices 7ithout ente ing into the debate ove the classification of heto ical devices, it should be pointed out that the definitions 8at times too supe ficial, often too sophisticated9 in one manual can cont adict definitions in anothe , o even fail 1 The following su ve. p esents one of the studies I was able to ca . out this .ea in Is ael as visiting schola at the CR-J and the Unive sit. of Je usalem. Note that the bibliog aph. and co pus onl. appea in the - ench ve sion of this bulletin. 2 The ac on.m JAREL designates ethnolinguistic esea ch on the Jews of No th Af ica, the g oup of esea che s, investigato s and info mants who cont ibuted to it as well as the Documents de T avail which publish on-going epo ts conce ning this p oject designed to p oduce a bilingual Judeo-A abic, - ench dictiona .. 3 Geo gette Bensimon-Chou: oun 8hencefo th GBCH9: 1992a, p. 101-1205 1993a, p.35- 645 1993b, p.57-A25 1994, p.41-545 1996, p.25-755 1997a, p.63-7A. 4 GBCH, 1992b, p13-175 1994a, p7-175 1994b, p79-9A5 1995, p301-3375 1997b, p137- 149. 141 to coincide with a single manual 8-ontanie , 1A3095. In an. case, these devices a e the outcome of comple2 p ocesses associating the conscious and the unconscious, the individual and the collective, histo ical efe ences and compa ison b. analog. 8HagBge, 19A2, 19A5, 1993, 199A9. In final anal.sis, the simplif.ing igo of a t.polog. cannot do them justice. Claude HagBge posits e2plicitl. that figu es of speech eflect a comple2it. that is inhe ent to discou se p ocesses, because these p ocesses a e human. This is put fo wa d in his theo . of 0socio-ope ative o 0anth opological1 linguistics 8see also his Cou s, SCminai e, CollBge de - ance, 199A9. Denise - anDois- Geige 819909 uses the te m 0anth opolinguistics1 8p.2669 in the conclusion of he wo : on 0sea ch fo meaning1 to emphasiEe the vast ange of heto ical devices. Thus heto ical devices a e a means of e2p essing the comple2it. of feelings, and this itself mi o s human comple2it..6 1.3. Role of antonomasia in t.pologies Antonomasia 8a wo d dating bac: to the 14th centu ., composed of the G eco- Latin et.mons anti 8in the place of9 and onoma 8name9 is a 0poo elative,1 compa ed to the two, th ee o even fou main catego ies of t opes 8metapho , meton.m, s.necdoche and i on.9 because it is conside ed to be a subclass. It is a st.listic device 0simila to meton.m1 8C essot, 19749, a 0special case of the s.necdoche1 8-ontanie , 1A309, the s.necdoche itself being a t.pe of meton.m 8Du Ma sais, 17309, which acco ding to anothe point of view, connects 5 The manual b. Pie e -ontanie 81A309 is not the wo st. He states 8p.779 that the e a e 0th ee main t.pes of t opes in a single wo d 8meton.m, s.necdoche, metapho 91 and then immediatel. dest o.s his a gument b. sa.ing that 0we will see that each of these devices can be found in what we call mi2ed t opes1. Roland Ba thes 819669 also favo ed a t ilog. but not the same one 8p.109 0 P ovisionall., th ee main t.pes of discou se can be defined: meton.m. 8sto .9, metapho 8l. ic poet ., sapient discou se9 enth.meme 8intellectual discou se9.1 6 One e2ample is a situation whe e the meaning swings f om one efe ent to anothe , eliciting events, actions, thoughts and ep esentations. The valence of the - ench wo d 0calvai e1 in the e2p ession 0ce fut un calvai e1 as a wa. of desc ibing a difficult test is fa emoved f om the o iginal meaning of 0calvai e.1 The wo d was fi st bo owed f om Heb ew ,gulgolet, 8s:ull9, catach esis designating a place 8top of a hill9 because of its shape, the signifie 0supplice1 8to tu e9 is t ansfo med b. meton.m of the place to the act that occu ed the e, then th ough metapho ical gene aliEation to mean 0suffe ing.1 The wo d fo 0manda ine1 8tange ine9 de ives f om two bo owed wo ds: one f om Sans: it Gmanda in and f om oman Gmanda 8Po tuguese, Spanish9 as well as the metapho na anja manda ina to diffe entiate an o ange f om the 0f uit of manda ins1 8colo of tange ine peel o valued fo o simila toH9. The Spanish Iualif.ing ph ase is then t uncated b. aphae esis of the fi st phoneme and the final vowel is - enchified. 0Hasa d1 f om the A abic, via Spanish fi st of all designates one of the sides of a die, ,J-E Eha , then via meton.m, a set of dice, then th ough a fi st metapho , an. game of chance and then via a second metapho to mean an. action ove which we have no cont ol, etc. Thus one heto ical device can conceal othe sH 142 Ja:obsonKs 0two poles1 8195697 o Rastie Ks 0two isotopes1 819729A. Meton.m and metapho a e said to belong 0LHM to the same dimension, which could both be classified unde the b oade te m of metapho icit. 1 8Degu., 19699. Definitions of antonomasia can in fact be divided into two g oups. The fi st g oup of definitions conside s antonomasia to be 0something m.thical1, 0inca nating a vi tue in a st.listic device1 8Ba thes, 19709, 0a conc etiEation1 o a 0pe sonification1 o 0a condensation of a specific featu e.1 The second g oup of definitions conside s antonomasia to be 0substitution of a common noun fo a p ope noun o a p ope noun fo a common noun.1 8Litt C, 1A72, C essot, 19749, o 0a st.listic device b. which a noun is eplaced b. anothe o b. a ph ase1 8BCnac, 19499. The Le Robe t dictiona . 819A29 defines it is a 0st.listic device consisting of eplacing a noun b. a ph ase with a p ope t. of the object o the being it designates,1 etc9. The lesson to be lea ned f om these definitions is that the fi st g oup focuses on t ansfe of meaning, whe eas the second g oup eflects t ansfe of g ammatical class 8neithe t ansfe being e2clusive9, and that antonomasia can appl. to a pe son o a thing. The e2amples that follow illust ate the use of this figu e of speech. 1.4. Antonomasia in multilinguistic settings In cases of code switching 8Gumpe E, 19A99 whe e spea:e s alte nate between two languages, one of which is becoming e2tinct, instances of the d.ing language can be found in the fo m of pictu esIue usage which complement the st.le o heighten the meaning of discou se. This is the ema :able case of the use of Judeo-A abic among native No th Af ican spea:e s who a e cu entl.
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