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Crisis, Commons & Liminality Angelos Varvarousis

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Crisis, Commons & Liminality Angelos Varvarousis ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials dʼinvestigació i docència en els termes establerts a lʼart. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix lʼautorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No sʼautoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes dʼexplotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des dʼun lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc sʼautoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. Crisis, Commons & Liminality Modern rituals of transition in Greece PhD Thesis Angelos Varvarousis Supervisors: Giorgos Kallis, Dina Vaiou, Christos Zografos ~ 1 ~ Supervisors‘ Signatures: Giorgos Kallis Dina Vaiou Christos Zografos ~ 2 ~ To those who transformed their own crisis into opportunity… ~ 3 ~ Contents: 1. Abstract in English page 4 2. Abstract in Spanish page 5 3. Acknowledgments page 6 4. Introduction page 9 5. Chapter 1 – Theoretical Premises page 13 6. Chapter 2 – Study Methods page 41 7. Chapter 3 - Subjects in Crisis and Liminal Commons page 50 8. Chapter 4 - The Rhizomatic Expansion of Commoning through Social Movements page 83 9. Chapter 5 - Openness, Closure and Protection of the Commons page 105 10. Chapter 6 - Rethinking Trust, Altruism, Benefit and Membership through Liminality page 128 11. Chapter 7 - The transformative capacity of the contemporary rituals of commoning page 162 12. Bibliography page 174 ~ 4 ~ Abstract This thesis examines the making of new commons under conditions of crisis, using as a case study alternative grassroots ventures that have emerged in urban Greece in contexts of crisis and have "commoning" at their heart: occupied squares, solidarity clinics and pharmacies, cooperatives, workers‘ collectives, solidarity food structures and self-organized refugee camps. The dissertation addresses issues of organization, expansion, closure, openness, subjectivity, trust and motivation in commoning endeavors, relates these processes with the conditions of crisis and emergency and explores the transformations in the creation and sustenance of new commons in such contexts. The focus is on the transformative potential of these experiences for individuals, groups, local societies and even large-scale formations such as countries. To approach those issues, the thesis develops a theoretical framework called ―the liminal commons". It draws a parallel between the rituals of passage observed by anthropologists in archaic societies, in which participants went through a phase of liminality, and the transitional dynamics of new commons. The thesis argues that there are commons that act as modern rituals, whereby people and collectives who on account of the crisis have lost their core identity search for and form a new identity. The liminal commons are transitional forms of commoning that do not aspire to endure for long but to facilitate transitions. In this respect, they differ from the more stable forms of commoning usually examined by commons theories. This thesis explores these divergences and differentiations and tries to explain how these temporal commons can give rise to more stable structures. It also suggests that, due to their distinct nature, the ―success‖ of liminal commons cannot be assessed against the criteria established by existing theories. Each empirical chapter develops a core theoretical topic. Throughout the text, the reader is walked through different theories on the commons, crisis and liminality, as well as through diverse case studies from Greece. The thesis aims to create a theoretical ―threshold‖ in which different theories cross-fertilize to make sense of an undertheorized social phenomenon. The final argument of this thesis is that the liminal commons have a considerable transformative potential at different levels and scales, from the molecular level of the individual to the macro level of society. ~ 5 ~ Resumen Esta tesis examina la construcción de nuevos procomunes bajo condiciones de crisis, utilizando como estudio de caso los emprendimientos alternativos de base que han surgido en la Grecia urbana en contextos de crisis y se centran en el "procomún": ocupaciones de plazas, colectivos de trabajadores, clínicas y farmacias solidarias, cooperativas, cocinas solidarias y campamentos autoorganizados de refugiados. La disertación aborda cuestiones de organización, expansión, cierre, apertura, subjetividad, confianza y motivación en los proyectos del procomún, relaciona estos procesos con las condiciones de crisis y emergencia y explora las transformaciones que surgen en la creación y sustento de nuevos procomunes en tales contextos. Enfoca en el potencial de transformación que estas experiencias poseen para individuos, grupos, sociedades locales e incluso países. Para abordar estos temas, la tesis desarrolla un marco teórico denominado "el procomún liminal". Establece un paralelismo entre los ritos de paso observados por antropólogos en sociedades arcaicas, los cuales introducen los participantes en una etapa liminal, y la dinámica transicional de los nuevos procomunes. La tesis sostiene que hay procomunes que actúan como rituales modernos, mediante los cuales personas y colectivos que, a causa de la crisis, han perdido su identidad buscan y forman una nueva identidad. Los procomunes liminales son formas transicionales del procomún que no tienen como objetivo perdurar en el tiempo, sino posibilitar transiciones. En este aspecto se diferencian de los tipos más estables del procomún examinados por las teorías establecidas. Esta tesis explora estas divergencias y diferenciaciones y trata de explicar cómo estos procomunes temporales pueden dar lugar a estructuras más estables. También sugiere que, debido a su naturaleza distinta, el ―éxito‖ de los procomunes liminales no se puede evaluar según los criterios establecidos por las teorías existentes. Cada capítulo empírico desarrolla un tema teórico central. A lo largo del texto, el lector es guiado a través de diferentes teorías respecto al procomún, la crisis y la liminalidad, así como a través de diversos estudios de caso provenientes de Grecia. La tesis pretende crear un "umbral" teórico donde diferentes teorías se fecundan mutuamente para intentar comprender un fenómeno social insuficientemente teorizado. El argumento final de esta tesis es que el procomún liminal tiene un potencial considerable de transformación a diferentes niveles y escalas, desde el nivel molecular del individuo hasta el macronivel de la sociedad. ~ 6 ~ Acknowledgments In these final lines of my Ph.D. thesis, I am faced with the difficult task of compressing my gratitude into a text that I feel should have been much more extensive. Offering thanks and acknowledgment to all those who have played an important role in making this work possible cannot be done by way of a list of names. Some people already know that I owe them a lot, while others, who may have contributed—even unknowingly—in this thesis with a small gesture, a smile, a sharp comment or a revealing insight at an unanticipated moment will forever be the anonymous co-authors of the present dissertation. While I can only mention a few of them by name, this does not mean that I have forgotten all the others. First of all, I would like to thank my friend and supervisor Giorgos Kallis, whose contribution in this Ph.D. has far exceeded the expectations that any Ph.D. student can have of his or her supervisor. Giorgos‘ interest in my work before I started my Ph.D. was instrumental in changing my life direction, abandoning my previous work and diving into the depths of the academic world. In every step of my research, his influence on the evolution of my thought and the refinement of my arguments has been so significant that he could as well be listed as a co-author of this thesis. Besides this, Giorgos has become a true friend, with whom I have shared unforgettable moments of companionship and commoning: sharing a house, harvesting olives, playing sports, enjoying fiestas and many more.
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