Digital Citizenship Safety among Children and Adolescents in AIMS: to provide vital SPONSOR: UNICEF knowledge on how RESEARCH TEAM: children and Research and adolescents use social Development Agency, media and digital Indonesia MCIT technology, and the potential risks they face in doing so.

Field work: 2011 – PURPOSE: to capture 2012 Sampling: Multi- the online activities of stage area random, PPS children and Sample size: 400 adolescents, to gather children and data to guide future adolescents aged 10-19 policies to protect the spread across the rights of children in country and spanning a accessing information. mixture of urban and rural areas. Internet has become part of daily life of many children and adoloscents in Indonesia. Fairly limited home-based access to internet has partly caused consumers (particularly the young) are jumping straight to mobile communications. Number of wireless telephone users increasing by 34 per cent each year between 2004 and 2009.

Roy Morgan (Market Research Co) found that between March 2012 and 2013, smart-phone ownership doubled from 12% of the population to 24%. Mobile phone ownership rose by 10 percentage points, reaching 84% of the population in March 2013. Media Research Asia: smartphone penetration in Indonesia is 23%.

Key research questions : Pattern of internet use? Pattern of access to internet content? Motivation to use internet? Pattern of communication in internet use? Perception to internet content and privacy? Form of supervision from parents and/or school? Quantitative approach, sample survey with 400 respondents selected randomly for OFFLINE survey by multi-stage area sampling, PPS based on population density, and 143 respondents for ONLINE survey by accidental sampling.

The questionnaires were drew upon questionnaires applied by the Government of Canada in cooperation with Statistics Canada for research on Canadian Internet Use in 2005, and results of FGDs conducted before.

Data analysis was conducted with descriptive statistics -- describing tendencies of the use of digital media among by children and adolescents. Qualitative data gathered through FGDs were added to enrich the description. The targeted population was 43.5 million children and adolescents aged 10-19 years. Sample size was 400 respondents, selected using multistage area random sampling based on population density and representing a mixture of urban and rural (spread across randomly selected 12 provinces). Methodology (Cont’) Population of children and adolescents aged 10 – 19 years N=43.500.000 Province Frequency Percent Level of Calculation of sample size Population (Yamane, 1967) Density n = N / Nd2 + 1 71 17.75 Very High = 43.500.000/ (43.500.000) (0.05)2 + 1 = 399.99 = 400 97 25.5 High respondents , with Yogyakarta 25 6.25 High Degree of significance 95 % 68 17 Medium and standard deviation 5%. 41 11 Medium North 19 4 Medium Sample n in each randomly 10 2.5 Low selected provice then was calculated proprtionately North 10 2.5 Low based on number of targetted 11 2.75 Low population. 22 4.25 Low Central 19 4.75 Low West 7 1.75 Low Total 400 100 1st FGD • Held from the mid of November 2011 until the first week of December 2011 in 6 purposively selected cities: Medan, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Makassar, and Jayapura (5 different FGDs for each). 2nd FGD • Held in August 2012 in the same cities (3 different FGDs for each). The Survey • Offline survey: November 2012. Online survey: 4 weeks; from December 14th 2012 to January 14th 2013, through Facebook and Kaskus social networks. Who are the children and adolescents using the Internet? What are they A lack of using to access regulation in the Internet? schools?

KEY FINDINGS OF OFFLINE SURVEY What Perceptions of motivates risk and the children and safe/unsafe adolescents to use of digital use the media Internet? Communication patterns Yogyakarta Special Region 100% 0,00%

20% Jakarta Special Capital Region 97,18% 2,82%

Banten 94,12% 5,88%

West Sulawesi 81,82% 18,18%

North Sulawesi 81,25% 18,75%

80% Gorontalo 80% 20%

Lampung 69,57% 30,43%

% Yes Have Ever Used The Internet West Nusa Tenggara 63,64% 36,36% % No

Have Never Used The Internet 52,63% 47,37%

South East Sulawesi 47,06% 52,94%

North Maluku 30% 70%

West Papua 28,57% 71,43%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Comparison in Provinces between those who use Internet and those who never use Internet (%) Education Level of Age of Respondents Respondents Who Have Who Have Ever Use Ever Use the Internet the Internet 1% Sex of Respondents 22% 8% 16% Who Have Ever Use 38% 23% the Internet 26% 27%

47% Elementary School 10 - 11 years old 39% 12 - 13 years old Junior HighhSchool 14 - 15 years old Senior High School 53% 16 - 17 years old Never admitted to any educational 18 - 19 years old Male institution Female How they first learned How long they have known about the Internet? about and used Internet

By themselves 22% More than 5 years 9%

From school 29% 2-5 years 32% 1-2 years 36% From family members 32% Less than one year 24% From friends 47%

Status of School in which respondents use internet 24% 1% not ever study both at private and public schools Public

75% Privat Residence of respondents Comparison in Provinces between those who use Internet who are non-internet users and those who never use Internet (Frequency) Frequency 13% No. Province Use the Never use the internet internet 1 Yogyakarta 25 0 2 Jakarta 69 2 87% 3 Banten 91 6 4 West Sulawesi 9 2 Provincial capitals 5 16 3 Districts 6 Gorontalo 8 2 7 Lampung 47 21 8 West Nusa Tenggara 25 16 9 Central Kalimantan 10 9 10 South East Sulawesi 13 9 11 3 7 12 2 5 Why they do not use the Internet?

Other reasons 19% To difficult to use 22% No internet service in their area 23% Not allowed by parents 24% The cost 24% No access to a computer 34%

Age of Respondents Who Never Used The Internet

4%

15% 24% 10 - 11 years old 12% 12 - 13 years old 14 - 15 years old 45% 16 - 17 years old 18 - 19 years old Equipment used by respondents to access internet

Other… 1%

Tablet 4%

Smartphone 21%

Mobile Phone 52%

Video game 2%

Laptop 34%

PC 69% Cross Tabulation between sex Motivations and motivations Cultural education 18% 8% Self-escapism 26% Cultural education 8% 14% Self-protection 13% Self-escapism 12% Entertainment 73% 6% Looking for information 80% Self-protection 6% 79% 33% Friendship Entertainment 40% 40% The dominance of respondents used the Internet Looking for … 40% in the previous 12 months 37% Friendship 42% Youtube 49% Female Male Online games 63%

Education Content 65%

Social media 77% With whom do they communicate Communication topics online?

World and political … 5,0% Etc 1,9% Daily life 35,8% Strangers 24,2% Entertainment 53,8% Teachers 34,6% ‘hanging out’ with … 59,4% Friends 89,3% Schoolwork 73,0% Family 56,3%

Locations

Internet café 65,7% School 72,3% Via their mobile equiptment 73,6% In their own room at home 69,5% Home 86,2% Locations with hotspot facilities 94,3% How often children and adolescents accessed the Internet in the previous 12 months

41% 39%

7% 7% 3% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1%

The risks that children and adolescents take when they are online

• 41 per cent OF respondents lie about their age – with obvious implications for their safety when combined with the fact that around one-quarter interact online with people they do not know.

The ethics of language and photos

• 94 per cent of respondents are opposed to the online publication of rude and impolite words. A similar proportion (96 per cent) are opposed to the uploading of inappropriate images and photographs. Respondents who lie about age Respondents who lie about age based on Age based on sex 21,07% 10 - 11 years 7,23% 12 - 13 years 8,81% 14 - 15 years 20,13% 14,15% 16 - 17 years 9,12% 18 - 19 years 1,89%

Male Female Respondents who lie about age based on education

9,40%

3,80% 0,30%

Senior High School Junior High School Elementary School Respondents who usually communicate with Strangers Respondents who usually communicate with on the internet (Based on sex) Strangers on the internet based on province

Female 11,6% West Papua 0,00%

North Maluku 0,00% Male 12,6% West Sulawesi 0,60%

Respondents who usually communicate with Strangers Central Kalimantan 0,60% on the internet (Based on Age) Gorontalo 0,90% 10 - 11 years 3,10% Southeast Sulawesi 0,90% 12 - 13 years 5,30% 14 - 15 years Yogyakarta 1,30% 6,90% 16 - 17 years 6,60% North Sulawesi 1,60% 18 - 19 years 2,20% Lampung 2,20% West Nusa Tenggara 2,80%

Jakarta 4,10%

Banten 9,10% 14 per cent have accessed online pornographic content at some time, around 52 per cent have seen pornographic content – either in the form of text, image, photographs or Most respondents (59 per videos– but only few open cent) said that they did not 64 per cent of sample who the content deliberately. have school mates or friends use the internet are aware who have ever sent or of the existence of online uploaded pornographic pornography, and 96 per images using Internet-based cent disapprove of such technology, whereas the content. remaining 41 per cent aware of such activity on the part of their friends.

Online pornography Porn content sent by someone that respondents know Porn content sent by someone that (Based on sex) respondents know based on province

Female 3,8% West Papua 0,00% West Sulawesi 0,00% Male 6,6% Yogyakarta 0,00%

Porn content sent by someone that respondents know Central Kalimantan 0,00% (Based on Age) North Sulawesi 0,30% 10 - 11 years 1,30% 12 - 13 years 0,90% North Maluku 0,30% 14 - 15 years 5,30% Southeast Sulawesi 0,60% 16 - 17 years 2,80% Jakarta 0,90% 18 - 19 years 0,00% Gorontalo 0,90% West Nusa Tenggara 1,30% lampung 1,60% Banten 4,40% Respondents that accidentally opened the porn site Respondents that accidentally opened the when browsing on the internet (Based on sex) porn site when browsing on the internet based on province Female 15,1% West Papua 0,00%

Male 16,4% West Sulawesi 0,60% Gorontalo 0,60% Respondents that accidentally opened the porn site when browsing on the internet (Based on Age) North Maluku 0,60% 10 - 11 years 3,10% Central Kalimantan 0,60% 12 - 13 years 6,30% North Sulawesi 1,30% 14 - 15 years 10,70% Southeast Sulawesi 1,60% 16 - 17 years 9,10% Jakarta 2,20% 18 - 19 years 2,20% Yogyakarta 3,50% West Nusa Tenggara 4,10% lampung 6,00% Banten 10,40% 42 per cent of respondents are aware of cyber bullying, with 58 per cent unaware of its existence.

Of those who know about cyber bullying, 87 per cent have not, but 13 per cent have Only 1 per cent admitted that experienced it themselves in the previous they had sent an email to three months. upset another person, while 9 per cent admitted that they had sent such a message via a social media network and 14 Of these, 5 Of those who have been per cent said that they had per cent bullied, the largest single sent such a message via SMS to have been proportion – 8.2 per cent – humiliate or anger another victimized have been bullied via social person. more than networks/media and 4.4 per once. cent via SMS messages. Respondents who aware of any violence Respondents who aware of any violence on the internet (bullying) based on sex on the internet (bullying)based on Age

10 - 11 years 6,29% 12 - 13 years Female 22,3% 8,49% 14 - 15 years 14,15% 16 - 17 years 10,06% Male 20,1% 18 - 19 years 3,46%

Respondents who aware of any violence on the internet (bullying) based on education

17,30% 17,60%

7,50%

Senior High School Junior High School Elementary School Respondents who sent message through Respondents who sent message through social social network to make other people angry network to make other people angry or feel humiliated or feel humiliated based on sex based on Age 10 - 11 years 1,26% Female 5,35% 12 - 13 years 1,26% 14 - 15 years 2,52% 16 - 17 years Male 3,77% 3,46% 18 - 19 years 0,63%

Respondents who sent message through social network to make other people 5,00% angry or feel humiliated based on education

2,50% 1,60%

Senior High School Junior High School Elementary School 61 per cent of the respondents are aware of their privacy in accessing internet. The remaining 39 per cent are not and do not mind when someone else wants to know which websites they have visited or when other people read their personal email.

Around 8 per cent had ever taken a photo of another person and published it virtually without their consent, 50.6 per cent have shared information about their school contacts, 24.5 per cent have shared their phone number and address, 22.3 per cent have shared personal photographs, and 17.9 per cent have shared information about their families. When it comes to password selection for their email and social Only just over half of respondents (50.9 per cent) network accounts, 78 per feel that their Internet use is supervised and cent are aware of the regulated by their parents. Only 20.8 per cent need for privacy 22 per cent appear to have no report that their parents are with them when aware of this. they access the Internet, and only 16.7 per cent include their parents in their ‘friend’ lists in social networks. Respondents who share the name of school Respondents who share the name of school on online contact based on sex on online contact based on Age

10 - 11 years 7,72% Female 27,0% 12 - 13 years 11,58%

14 - 15 years Male 23,6% 20,00%

16 - 17 years 14,39%

18 - 19 years 2,81% Respondents who share the name of school Respondents who share the name of school on online contact based on education on online contact based on province

West Papua 0,00% North Maluku 0,63% Elementary School 8,18% Southeast Sulawesi 0,63%

Junior High School 20,75% Central Kalimantan 0,63% Gorontalo 1,26%

Senior High School 21,70% West Sulawesi 1,26% North Sulawesi 1,89% West Nusa Tenggara 2,83% Yogyakarta 5,66% lampung 6,92% Jakarta 9,43% Banten 19,50% Respondents who share private phone number Respondents who share private phone number based on sex based on Age

10 - 11 years 2,81%

10,4% Female 12 - 13 years 5,26%

14 - 15 years 9,47%

14,2% 16 - 17 years Male 6,32%

18 - 19 years 3,51% Respondents who share private phone number Respondents who share private phone number based on education based on province

West Papua 0,00%

Elementary School 2,83% North Maluku 0,31% Southeast Sulawesi 0,31%

Junior High School 11,32% Gorontalo 0,63% North Sulawesi 1,26% 10,38% Senior High School Yogyakarta 1,57%

West Sulawesi 1,57%

Central Kalimantan 1,57%

West Nusa Tenggara 1,89%

Lampung 2,52%

Jakarta 2,83%

Banten 10,06% Respondents who share home address on Respondents who share home address online contact based on sex on online contact based on Age

10 - 11 years 3,86% Female 8,2% 12 - 13 years 4,21%

9,4% 14 - 15 years 6,32% Male

16 - 17 years 4,21%

18 - 19 years 1,05% Respondents who share home address Respondents who share home address on online contact based on education on online contact based on province

Elementary School 3,46% West Papua 0,00% West Sulawesi 0,00% Junior High School 6,60% Gorontalo 0,31% 7,55% Senior High School North Maluku 0,31%

Southeast Sulawesi 0,31%

Central Kalimantan 0,31%

North Sulawesi 0,63%

Yogyakarta 0,94%

West Nusa Tenggara 2,20%

Lampung 2,52%

Jakarta 3,46%

Banten 6,60%

• 64.6 per cent say that they have Internet access in their schools • 59,6 per cent of those from public schools say that their schools do not impose any time limits for Internet access. • 56.6 per cent of respondents from private schools say that there are limits on Internet access hours. • 56.6 per cent of the respondents from public schools say that there is no such prohibition. • 56.6 of respondents from private schools say that there are rules in place to prohibit access to and use of such material. • 78.3 per cent of those from public school reporting no such prohibition • 67.1 per cent of those from private schools reporting the same condition. • 68.3 per cent of respondents from public schools reporting no such prohibition • 63.2 per cent of respondents from private schools also say that there is no prohibition. • 25 per cent of respondents from public schools reporting that their schools impose some limitation on the data that can be accessed • 42.1 per cent of those from private school telling that their schools set such limits. • 28.3 per cent of respondents from public schools seem to be less likely to have had any guidance in using the Internet from their teachers • 42.1 per cent of the respondents from private schools reporting the same condition. Social and digital media use is an integral and growing part of the everyday life of young Indonesians.

For the approximately 20 per cent who do not use the Internet, the most common reasons given are that they do not have the equipment or infrastructure to access the Internet or that they are forbidden by their parents to do so.

The changing media landscape in Indonesia, particularly with the growing use of mobile phones, has transformed internet digital media access and use among children and adolescents

Children and adolescents have three key motivations to access the Internet: to seek information, to connect to friends (old and new) and to be entertained.

The vast majority of their communication is with their peers, followed by their teachers, and that their communication with family members on the Internet is fairly insignificant.

Overall awareness of the risks and consequences of unsafe digital behaviour is very low among the children and adolescents surveyed

Most are, however, aware of the importance of having a password for their email or social media networks.

Parents may lag behind their children when it comes to understanding and using digital media

The potential role of digital media in aiding education and learning is rarely addressed by parents or schools, and discussions about the Internet and social media tend to revolve around restrictions on its use by children and adolescents. It is important to understand digital use and digital safety – first and foremost – from the perspective of children and adolescents, before designing the content of digital safety information programmes. This includes understanding the way in which they define and use digital technologies, online contacts and risky or unsafe behaviour.

Children and adolescents are interested in learning about Internet safety. Any campaigns or programmes designed to meet this need should be based on evidence and should be developed in collaboration with children and adolescents to ensure that they are relevant.

Parents and teachers should supervise and accompanychildren and adolescents on their digital journey, and get involved in the Internet activities of their children. One simple way in which a parent, in particular, can be involved is to become their child’s ‘friend’ in their social network account, as this is where children and adolescents ‘play’ in the virtual world. Parents canjoin them here, communicating intensively with them to create a safe and positive environment for theirgrowth and development of children in the cyber world.

Those who are in charge of the security of Internet content –ISPs and Government – should improve content security / protection so that the virtual world is a safe and positive place for children and adolescents to live and grow. This study has found that many children are exposed to negative Internet content, much of which has been foisted upon them without their consent through pop-up negative contents or through misleading links. Messages about digital media There needs to be a focus on Parents and teachers need to safety need to be balanced providing information to be aware of, and involved in, by an emphasis on the children and adolescents on digital safety programmes usefulness of the Internet in the very real dangers of aimed at children and such areas as education, meeting those they meet adolescents. online in the real world. research and commerce.

Children and adolescents Online and offline digital A cadre of young digital should be encouraged to see safety campaigns need to be safety champions needs to and use the Internet as a created for placement across be nurtured – children and valuable resource, and to the full spectrum of adolescents who can speak make use of digital traditional and digital media to their peers about these technologies in general for outlets, such as television issues through digital media, their own education, channels, radio shows, through audio and video information, opportunity and websites and on the social spots on the mass media, empowerment. media platforms that and in offline spaces such as children and adolescents schools and universities. commonly access and use.