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Digital Citizenship Safety Among Children and Adolescents in Indonesia

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Digital Citizenship Safety Among Children and Adolescents in Indonesia Digital Citizenship Safety among Children and Adolescents in Indonesia AIMS: to provide vital SPONSOR: UNICEF knowledge on how RESEARCH TEAM: children and Research and adolescents use social Development Agency, media and digital Indonesia MCIT technology, and the potential risks they face in doing so. Field work: 2011 – PURPOSE: to capture 2012 Sampling: Multi- the online activities of stage area random, PPS children and Sample size: 400 adolescents, to gather children and data to guide future adolescents aged 10-19 policies to protect the spread across the rights of children in country and spanning a accessing information. mixture of urban and rural areas. Internet has become part of daily life of many children and adoloscents in Indonesia. Fairly limited home-based access to internet has partly caused consumers (particularly the young) are jumping straight to mobile communications. Number of wireless telephone users increasing by 34 per cent each year between 2004 and 2009. Roy Morgan (Market Research Co) found that between March 2012 and 2013, smart-phone ownership doubled from 12% of the population to 24%. Mobile phone ownership rose by 10 percentage points, reaching 84% of the population in March 2013. Media Research Asia: smartphone penetration in Indonesia is 23%. Key research questions : Pattern of internet use? Pattern of access to internet content? Motivation to use internet? Pattern of communication in internet use? Perception to internet content and privacy? Form of supervision from parents and/or school? Quantitative approach, sample survey with 400 respondents selected randomly for OFFLINE survey by multi-stage area sampling, PPS based on population density, and 143 respondents for ONLINE survey by accidental sampling. The questionnaires were drew upon questionnaires applied by the Government of Canada in cooperation with Statistics Canada for research on Canadian Internet Use in 2005, and results of FGDs conducted before. Data analysis was conducted with descriptive statistics -- describing tendencies of the use of digital media among by children and adolescents. Qualitative data gathered through FGDs were added to enrich the description. The targeted population was 43.5 million children and adolescents aged 10-19 years. Sample size was 400 respondents, selected using multistage area random sampling based on population density and representing a mixture of urban and rural (spread across randomly selected 12 provinces). Methodology (Cont’) Population of children and adolescents aged 10 – 19 years N=43.500.000 Province Frequency Percent Level of Calculation of sample size Population (Yamane, 1967) Density n = N / Nd2 + 1 Jakarta 71 17.75 Very High = 43.500.000/ (43.500.000) (0.05)2 + 1 = 399.99 = 400 Banten 97 25.5 High respondents , with Yogyakarta 25 6.25 High Degree of significance 95 % Lampung 68 17 Medium and standard deviation 5%. West Nusa Tenggara 41 11 Medium North Sulawesi 19 4 Medium Sample n in each randomly Gorontalo 10 2.5 Low selected provice then was calculated proprtionately North Maluku 10 2.5 Low based on number of targetted West Sulawesi 11 2.75 Low population. Southeast Sulawesi 22 4.25 Low Central Kalimantan 19 4.75 Low West Papua 7 1.75 Low Total 400 100 1st FGD • Held from the mid of November 2011 until the first week of December 2011 in 6 purposively selected cities: Medan, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Makassar, Balikpapan and Jayapura (5 different FGDs for each). 2nd FGD • Held in August 2012 in the same cities (3 different FGDs for each). The Survey • Offline survey: November 2012. Online survey: 4 weeks; from December 14th 2012 to January 14th 2013, through Facebook and Kaskus social networks. Who are the children and adolescents using the Internet? What are they A lack of using to access regulation in the Internet? schools? KEY FINDINGS OF OFFLINE SURVEY What Perceptions of motivates risk and the children and safe/unsafe adolescents to use of digital use the media Internet? Communication patterns Yogyakarta Special Region 100% 0,00% 20% Jakarta Special Capital Region 97,18% 2,82% Banten 94,12% 5,88% West Sulawesi 81,82% 18,18% North Sulawesi 81,25% 18,75% 80% Gorontalo 80% 20% Lampung 69,57% 30,43% % Yes Have Ever Used The Internet West Nusa Tenggara 63,64% 36,36% % No Have Never Used The Internet Central Kalimantan 52,63% 47,37% South East Sulawesi 47,06% 52,94% North Maluku 30% 70% West Papua 28,57% 71,43% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Comparison in Provinces between those who use Internet and those who never use Internet (%) Education Level of Age of Respondents Respondents Who Have Who Have Ever Use Ever Use the Internet the Internet 1% Sex of Respondents 22% 8% 16% Who Have Ever Use 38% 23% the Internet 26% 27% 47% Elementary School 10 - 11 years old 39% 12 - 13 years old Junior HighhSchool 14 - 15 years old Senior High School 53% 16 - 17 years old Never admitted to any educational 18 - 19 years old Male institution Female How they first learned How long they have known about the Internet? about and used Internet By themselves 22% More than 5 years 9% From school 29% 2-5 years 32% 1-2 years 36% From family members 32% Less than one year 24% From friends 47% Status of School in which respondents use internet 24% 1% not ever study both at private and public schools Public 75% Privat Residence of respondents Comparison in Provinces between those who use Internet who are non-internet users and those who never use Internet (Frequency) Frequency 13% No. Province Use the Never use the internet internet 1 Yogyakarta 25 0 2 Jakarta 69 2 87% 3 Banten 91 6 4 West Sulawesi 9 2 Provincial capitals 5 North Sulawesi 16 3 Districts 6 Gorontalo 8 2 7 Lampung 47 21 8 West Nusa Tenggara 25 16 9 Central Kalimantan 10 9 10 South East Sulawesi 13 9 11 North Maluku 3 7 12 West Papua 2 5 Why they do not use the Internet? Other reasons 19% To difficult to use 22% No internet service in their area 23% Not allowed by parents 24% The cost 24% No access to a computer 34% Age of Respondents Who Never Used The Internet 4% 15% 24% 10 - 11 years old 12% 12 - 13 years old 14 - 15 years old 45% 16 - 17 years old 18 - 19 years old Equipment used by respondents to access internet Other … 1% Tablet 4% Smartphone 21% Mobile Phone 52% Video game 2% Laptop 34% PC 69% Cross Tabulation between sex Motivations and motivations Cultural education 18% 8% Self-escapism 26% Cultural education 8% 14% Self-protection 13% Self-escapism 12% Entertainment 73% 6% Looking for information 80% Self-protection 6% 79% 33% Friendship Entertainment 40% 40% The dominance of respondents used the Internet Looking for … 40% in the previous 12 months 37% Friendship 42% Youtube 49% Female Male Online games 63% Education Content 65% Social media 77% With whom do they communicate Communication topics online? World and political … 5,0% Etc 1,9% Daily life 35,8% Strangers 24,2% Entertainment 53,8% Teachers 34,6% ‘hanging out’ with … 59,4% Friends 89,3% Schoolwork 73,0% Family 56,3% Locations Internet café 65,7% School 72,3% Via their mobile equiptment 73,6% In their own room at home 69,5% Home 86,2% Locations with hotspot facilities 94,3% How often children and adolescents accessed the Internet in the previous 12 months 41% 39% 7% 7% 3% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% The risks that children and adolescents take when they are online • 41 per cent OF respondents lie about their age – with obvious implications for their safety when combined with the fact that around one-quarter interact online with people they do not know. The ethics of language and photos • 94 per cent of respondents are opposed to the online publication of rude and impolite words. A similar proportion (96 per cent) are opposed to the uploading of inappropriate images and photographs. Respondents who lie about age Respondents who lie about age based on Age based on sex 21,07% 10 - 11 years 7,23% 12 - 13 years 8,81% 14 - 15 years 20,13% 14,15% 16 - 17 years 9,12% 18 - 19 years 1,89% Male Female Respondents who lie about age based on education 9,40% 3,80% 0,30% Senior High School Junior High School Elementary School Respondents who usually communicate with Strangers Respondents who usually communicate with on the internet (Based on sex) Strangers on the internet based on province Female 11,6% West Papua 0,00% North Maluku 0,00% Male 12,6% West Sulawesi 0,60% Respondents who usually communicate with Strangers Central Kalimantan 0,60% on the internet (Based on Age) Gorontalo 0,90% 10 - 11 years 3,10% Southeast Sulawesi 0,90% 12 - 13 years 5,30% 14 - 15 years Yogyakarta 1,30% 6,90% 16 - 17 years 6,60% North Sulawesi 1,60% 18 - 19 years 2,20% Lampung 2,20% West Nusa Tenggara 2,80% Jakarta 4,10% Banten 9,10% 14 per cent have accessed online pornographic content at some time, around 52 per cent have seen pornographic content – either in the form of text, image, photographs or Most respondents (59 per videos– but only few open cent) said that they did not 64 per cent of sample who the content deliberately. have school mates or friends use the internet are aware who have ever sent or of the existence of online uploaded pornographic pornography, and 96 per images using Internet-based cent disapprove of such technology, whereas the content. remaining 41 per cent aware of such activity on the part of their friends.
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