Bats from the islands of the Southwestern Indian Ocean display high Leptospira prevalence and diversity
Erwan Lagadec, Yann Gomard, Steve M. Goodman, Pablo Tortosa and Koussay Dellagi
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Research Program FEDER Faune Sauvage – Océan Indien
Objectives - Iventory pathogens associated with wildlife - Identify animal species which can be reservoirs and their associated ectoparasites
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Leptospirosis (Adolf Weil, 1886) Pathogen: Bacteria (Spirochaetales, Leptospiraceae, Leptospira sp.)
Symptoms: 90% Flu-like symptoms 10% Weil’s didease
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Leptospirosis in the world
WHO: « Between 0.1 and 1.0 for 100 000 Hab in temperate zones ≥ 10.0 for 100 000 Hab in humid tropical zones »
Pappas et al. 2008
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Leptospirosis in the world
WHO: « Between 0.1 and 1.0 for 100 000 Hab in temperate zones ≥ 10.0 for 100 000 Hab in humid tropical zones »
Pappas et al. 2008
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Leptospirosis in the Southwest Indian Ocean: The case of La Reunion Island
Point épidémiologique N°34 du 11/08.2011 – CIRE Océan Indien
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Leptospirosis in the Southwest Indian Ocean CIRE Océan Indien 2011 La Réunion Seychelles 10 (2010) L. interrogans 54.0 (1988-2004) Icterohaemorraghiae Icterohaemorraghiae Hurstbridge Pappas et al. 2008
Comores ? Maurice
Cervus timorensis russa Tarassovi Pomona Mayotte Sejroe Mini 45 (2009) Roger 2007 com. pers. L. borgpetersenii L. kirschneri Mini CIRE Océan Indien 2010
Madagascar Incidence for 100 000 Hab L. interrogans Genus species Canicola-Kuwait Raherlinirina and Al. 2010 Serovar 24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Leptospirosis in the Southwest Indian Ocean
Contrasted epidemiology of human leptospira: Incidence Species diversity / Distribution
What are the factors governing the distribution of Leptospira in the islands of SWIO?
Diversity of the Diversity of the Anthropogenic potential reservoirs ? environments ? factors ?
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Bats: a potential reservoir
Objectives Iventory pathogens associated with wildlife: example of bats’ associated leptospira
Roussetus Mormopterus acetabulosus obliviosus
Miniopterus Miniopterus sp. griveaudi
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Sampling missions
Comores
Roussetus obliviosus (n=30) Miniopterus griveaudi (n=17) Chaerephon pusillus (n=30) 3 sp. n=77
Madagascar
Otomops madagascariensis (n=8) Triaenops furculus (n=1) Triaenops menamena (n=10) Pipistrellus raceyi (n=1) Maurice Miniopterus gleni (n=7) Mormopterus acetabulosus (n=55) Miniopterus mahafaliensis (n=10) Miniopterus griffithsi (n=2) Mormopterus jugularis (n=12) 1 sp. n=55 8 sp. n=51
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Detection protocol
Pools (Kidney – Lung – Spleen) of bats
Detection
qRT-PCR probe on 16S rRNA
+ -
PCR on 16S rRNA
Phylogeny
Sequencing
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Prevalence results
Bat species Sampled Island N (positive) % Prevalence
Otomops madagascariensis Madagascar 8 (1) 12.5 Triaenops furculus Madagascar 1 (1) 100 Triaenops menamena Madagascar 10 (8) 80 Pipistrellus raceyi Madagascar 1 (0) 0 Miniopterus gleni Madagascar 7 (1) 14.3 Miniopterus mahafaliensis Madagascar 10 (3) 30 Mormopterus jugularis Madagascar 12 (2) 16.7 Miniopterus griffithsi Madagascar 2 (1) 50 Total Madagascar 51 (17) 33.3 Roussetus obliviosus Gde Comore 30 (7) 23.3 Miniopterus griveaudi Gde Comore 17 (1) 5.9 Chaerephon pusillus Anjouan 30 (1) 3.3 Total Union of Comoros 77 (9) 11.7 Mormopterus acetabulosus Mauritius 55 (23) 41.8 Total Mauritius 55 (23) 41.8 Total 183 (49) 26.8
Table. Leptospirosis prevalence. N, number of bats tested; (positive), number of bats positives for Leptospira sp.
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Sequencing results
Pathogenic species L. interrogans
L. kirschneri
L. noguchii
L. Weilii
L. borgpetersenii
L. santarosai
Intermediate strains L. fainei Saprophytic L. meyeri Cerqueira and al. 2010 species L. biflexa 24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Sequencing results
Pathogenic Roussetus obliviosus_COM species L. interrogans
Miniopterus mahafaliensis_MADA L. borgpetersenii Mormopterus acetabulosus_MAURICE Mormopterus acetabulosus_MAURICE Otomops madagascariensis_MADA Roussetus obliviosus_COM Miniopterus griveaudi_COM
Triaenops menamena_MADA ? Intermediate strains Saprophytic species 24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Discussion
Total Leptospirosis prevalence: 26.8% 11/12 bats species positives
Diversity and distribution of Leptospira in bats:
- At least 3 species of leptospira (14 sequences)
- Presence on the 4 islands
Level of host/Leptospira specificity?
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Discussion
o Bats infected with pathogenic Leptospira o Molossidae tightly associated with humans o Potential role of bats as reservoirs of Leptospira
Role of bats in human transmission?
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Leptospira genotypes from patients in Mayotte
22 patients Bourhy and Al. 2010 L. interrogans : 1 case L. borgpetersenii : 14 cases
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Discussion
o Complete the sampling (Réunion, Mayotte, Seychelles)
o Compare human and bat Leptospira sequences
o Potential role of bats as reservoirs of Leptospira
Humans are dead end hosts for Leptospira. Understanding leptospirosis in humans relies on the understanding of the natural cycle of leptospirosis infection in the environment.
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Thank you for your attention …
24 Novembre 2011. Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge