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Life History of Millepora Hydrocorals : New Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives from Population Genetic Approaches Caroline Eve Dube

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Life History of Millepora Hydrocorals : New Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives from Population Genetic Approaches Caroline Eve Dube Life History of Millepora Hydrocorals : New Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives from Population Genetic Approaches Caroline Eve Dube To cite this version: Caroline Eve Dube. Life History of Millepora Hydrocorals : New Ecological and Evolutionary Per- spectives from Population Genetic Approaches. Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE]. École pratique des hautes études - EPHE PARIS, 2016. English. NNT : 2016EPHE3075. tel-02105217 HAL Id: tel-02105217 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02105217 Submitted on 20 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Mention « Systèmes intégrés, environnement et biodiversité » École doctorale de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études USR 3278 CRIOBE EPHE-CNRS-UPVD Life History of Millepora Hydrocorals New Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives from Population Genetic Approaches Par Caroline E. DUBE Thèse de doctorat de Biodiversité, Génétique et Évolution Sous la direction de M. Serge PLANES, Directeur d’Etudes Sous le co-encadrement scientifique de Mme. Emilie BOISSIN Soutenue le 29 Novembre 2016 Devant un jury composé de: M. Mehdi ADJEROUD Directeur de Recherche, IRD – Examinateur Mme. Sophie ARNAUD-HAOND Chargé de Recherche, IFREMER – Rapporteur Mme. Emilie BOISSIN Dr., CRIOBE – Co-encadrant M. Pim BONGAERTS Dr., Global Change Institute – Examinateur M. Pierre CHEVALDONNE Directeur de Recherche, CNRS – Examinateur M. Claude MIAUD Directeur d’Etudes, CEFE – Examinateur M. Serge PLANES Directeur d’Etudes, CRIOBE – Superviseur M. Lorenzo ZANE Professor, University of Padova – Rapporteur In the middle of every difficulty lies opportunity. Albert Einstein To my family and loved ones, ACKOWLEDGEMENTS First, I wish to express my gratitude to Mehdi Adjeroud, Sophie Arnaud-Haond, Pim Bongaerts, Pierre Chevaldonné, Claude Miaud and Lorenzo Zane for agreeing to be a part of this PhD committee and for sharing their expertise. This PhD thesis would not have possible without the hard work of many people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Serge Planes for giving me the opportunity to do this PhD and for being so enthusiastic about fire coral clones and dots! I am sincerely grateful for his support and guidance throughout this project, but also for his generosity and for giving me the opportunity to remain independent during my field and lab work. I was also very fortunate to receive support from Emilie Boissin who taught me so much during the last three years. I would like to give her many thanks, not only for her availability and support regarding our research, but also for her friendship. It was a great pleasure to live this experience at her side and to share incredible adventures, such as conferences in Italy and Hawaii, but also our everyday life here in Perpignan. Despite the hard work, we had so much fun! This PhD would also not have been possible without the help of my collaborators who generously offered their time and expertise. I would like to thank Véronique Berteaux for her valuable advices and discussions throughout this entire PhD. I am sincerely grateful to Mark Vermeij for his patience and for sharing his knowledge on coral reproduction and reef ecology. It was very rewarding to work with him, as always. I also wish to express my gratitude to Jeff Maynard for his patience and especially for giving me fair advices to improve my writing skills. I also thank Jeanine Almany for her generosity and for reviewing most of my manuscripts. I would also like to thank Franck Lerouvreur and Mark Besson for their help on the field and Nathalie Tolou and Yuxiang Zhou for their help in the lab. My thanks to all the CRIOBE staff for making this journey such a memorable experience, Yannick Chancerelle, Pascal Ung, Gilles Siu, Benoit Espiau, Cécile Berthe, Christine Sidobre, Elina Burns, Aurélie Mariotti, Peter Esteve, Fabien Morat and Guillaume Iwankow. I am also grateful to all the researchers for valuable discussions and funny times, Joaquim Claudet, Rita Sayoun, Laetitia Hedouin, Suzanne Mills, Ricardo Beldade, Maggy Nugues, Valeriano Parravicini, Gaël Lecellier, David Lecchini, Pierre Sasal, Bruno Delesalle, Catherine Gobin and René Galzin. While doing research, we always make new friends who are making this experience unique, inspiring and unforgettable. I would like to thank Martin Romain and Florent Bignon for their craziness and for their support and amazing friendship! Johann Mourier for being so easily ambushed (sorry Jess)! My crazy fur-banister ladies Ornella Weideli and Myriam Reverter with whom I shared so many incredible adventures, I can’t wait for those to come! I’m also thankful to Gaëlle Quéré for her constant support and friendship. It was so nice to have you around! A special thanks to Erwan Delrieu-Trottin and Valentina Neglia for their gin tonics and lasagnas! To Océane Salles for being my PhD buddy, to Carole Blay for her kindness and support, especially at the very end! To Mélodie Dubois, Louis Bornancin, Lauric Thiault, Noa Nukamura, Antoine Puisay and Pierpaolo Brena for all the moments shared and many apéros. I also thank my Curaçao buddies, Amanda Ford and Brittany Alexander for their good friendship. A special thank you to my very best friend Valérie Chamberland, it all started with her and our dreams! Finally, I wish to thank my friends and family, who have always been there for me despite the distance. A special thanks to my parents and brother for encouraging me along this journey. I wish I could have fulfilled my dreams by working on the cold St-Laurent River and be close to home… although this is not entirely true! So I am very grateful for their understanding and for believing in my dreams. Thank you to my family in law for taking good care of me and for always feeding me with good food and wine! A very special and sincere thanks to my partner Alexandre Mercière, not only for his help on the field, or with statistics or with graphs, but for his patience and kindness, and for always taking such a good care of me during the ups and downs of the last four years. His love and support were a source of strength to accomplish this thesis. This Research received funding from the Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies for a graduate scholarship. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND THESIS OUTLINE ...................................................... 25 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 26 1. CORAL REEFS: BIODIVERSITY AND THREATS .......................................................................... 26 2. SPECIES’ RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ............................................................... 27 3. OVERVIEW OF LIFE HISTORY TRAITS IN COLONIAL REEF SPECIES ............................................ 28 3.1. REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES........................................................................................... 28 3.2. LARVAL DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................. 29 3.3. MODULARITY AND GROWTH ........................................................................................... 29 3.4. MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY ........................................................................................ 31 4. MILLEPORA HYDROCORALS .................................................................................................... 31 5. REEF HABITATS IN MOOREA, FRENCH POLYNESIA .................................................................. 34 6. INSIGHT FROM POPULATION GENETIC APPROACHES ................................................................ 35 THESIS AIMS AND OUTLINE ................................................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER 2: OVERGROWTH OF SCLERACTINIAN CORALS BY MILLEPORA ........... 41 CHAPTER 3: POPULATION STRUCTURE OF MILLEPORA ................................................ 45 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 47 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................................... 49 2.1. STUDY SITES AND FIELD SURVEYS .................................................................................. 49 2.2. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS ................................................................................... 50 2.3. COLONY SIZE DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................... 51 2.4. RECRUITMENT DYNAMICS .............................................................................................. 51 2.5. COLONY MORPHOLOGY .................................................................................................. 51 2.6. POPULATION STRUCTURE ASSESSMENT........................................................................... 52 3. RESULTS ...............................................................................................................................
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