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Glenda Carrière Thesis (PDF 1MB) GOING UP THE DOWN ESCALATOR: An ethnographic case study of the uptake and utilisation of information and communication technologies by three Women in Film and Television (WIFT) organisations at the State, National and International level, 1995-2000. ♦ Glenda Mary Carrière © 2004 B.A. Griffith University, 1982 G.Cert.Higher.Ed. Griffith University, 1995 M.Bus. (Media Studies) Queensland University of Technology, 1995 Creative Industries Research and Applications Centre (CIRAC) Queensland University of Technology Thesis submitted in full requirement for the award of IF49 Doctor of Philosophy ii Given our history, it’s not possible to assume that women will automatically share equally in any gains that come from the present information revolution…and there’s plenty of evidence today to suggest that women are again being kept out of the production of information as we move to the electronic networks (Dale Spender,1995:161). ...new technology seems to be doing the impossible. It is running backward - back to a period before the current Women's Movement, back before the growth of multinational corporations, before the expansion of government-sponsored research, back before the suffragist era, back to the Industrial Revolution, to the Scientific Revolution, back perhaps to the early roots of capitalism and rationalism in the Middle Ages... (Zimmerman, 1983: 3). iii KEYWORDS Internet: Gender issues, Access, Emancipatory, Democratisation; Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs); New Media Technologies; Women's Non Government Organisations (NGOs); Non Profit Organisations (NPOs); Women in film and Television, (WIFT) Case Study; Pamela's List; Australian Peak Women's NGOs. iv ABSTRACT This thesis examines the implementation of the new digital information and communications technologies (ICTs) by the Women in Film and Television (WIFT) Non-government organisation (NGO) at the state, national and international levels through an ethnographic, participant observation case study, informed by the precepts of feminist research. A quantitative survey of Australian peak women's NGOs participating in the electronic mailing list - Pamela's List is also conducted mapping the context in which WIFT operates and providing an overview of Australian women's peak NGOs’ uptake and use of ICTs. The findings are situated in relation to a review of the international surveys available on women’s NGOs and the surveys and research reports available on the overall NGO sector, nationally and internationally. The study addresses two neglected areas in the ICT literature. For over a decade Feminist theorists have pointed to the omission of gender as a focus in studies on the new information and communications technologies. There has also been little research and few surveys into the uptake of ICTs by either women's NGOs or the broader NGO sector, nationally or internationally. The detailed, longitudinal case study of the implementation process from pre-establishment through to advanced use of digital communications by a women's NGO at state, national and international level is also unique. Combined with the survey, it affords the opportunity to not only document which ICTs are being adopted but also why particular technologies are being used over others and how they are being used. Despite key successes, the results show less than optimum uptake, a lack of advanced or strategic use, and the myriad of challenges shared by all three WIFT organisations, Australian women's peak NGOs, and the national and international NGO sector in utilising ICTs. The reasons for this are analysed revealing the conflicting values between the NGO sector and those underlying the development of ICTs and demonstrates that difficulties systemic to both the technology and the NGO sector are limiting access and utilisation by women's NGOs. While the myths of women as technophobic are seriously challenged by the findings, the study highlights the importance of gender factors in limiting access and uptake and shaping the use v of ICTs. Australian women's NGOs’ uptake is shown to be less than their mixed gender counterparts and the study also reveals a lack of acknowledgement by government of gender as a key factor in the uptake of ICTs. It is also shown that significant funding, infrastructure support and policy initiatives recognising the special technological and communication challenges of women’s NGOs and the overall NGO sector are needed, if both are to fully and strategically embrace these technologies and function effectively in the new millennium. The significant contribution to knowledge of this thesis lies foremost in furthering the understanding of gender as a key factor in the uptake and utilisation of the new ICTs while at the same time challenging the patriarchal myth of women as technophobic. It thus contributes to the reconstruction of the epistemologies surrounding women's relationship to technology. The study also contributes to furthering the current very limited knowledge and understanding of women's NGOs and the overall NGO sector’s uptake and use of information and communications technology. The knowledge and the critical insight provided is not purely historical but rather as the push to take up broadband begins, has relevance to this and future technological innovations. Without an understanding of the process, requirements and challenges faced by women's NGOs and the NGO sector in general, the existing problems will continue to be replicated. The material presented in this study will be useful to all women's organisations and NGOs contemplating establishing digital communications or wishing to review their current use of these technologies. It will also be of value to government and policy makers seeking to establish policies and initiatives that will enable NGOs to take up the new information and communication technologies. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS KEYWORDS … … … … … … … … … iii ABSTRACT … … … … … … … … … iv TABLE OF CONTENTS … … … … … … … vi LIST OF FIGURES … … … … … … … … xi LIST OF TABLES … … … … … … … … xii GLOSSARY OF TERMS … … … … … … … xiii STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP … … … … … xvi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT … … … … … … … xvii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION … … … … … … … 1 1.1 Introduction … … … … … … … 1 1.2 Research Question ... … … … … … … 6 1.3 Introducing the WIFT Organisation … … … … … 7 1.4 Rationale: Choice of WIFT … … … … … … 8 1.5 Significance of Research … … … … … … 10 1.6 Overview of Thesis … … … … … … … 12 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW … … … … … … 14 2.1 Feminist Perspectives on Technology and the Internet: … … 14 2.1.1 Excluded and ‘Flamed out’ … … … … … 14 2.1.2 Cyberfeminists: Technophoria and the ‘webbed utopia’ … 16 2.1.3 Technological determinism versus technology as process … 18 2.1.4 ‘Locked into locality’ … … … … … 20 2.2 Survey of Australian and International Research on NGOs’ uptake of ICTs … … … … … … 28 2.2.1 Internet Access: … … … … … … 31 2.2.1.1 Australian Studies … … … … 31 2.2.1.2 International Studies … … … … 35 2.2.2 Factors Affecting Take Up of ICTs by NGOs: … … 38 2.2.2.1 Australian Studies … … … … 38 2.2.2.2 International Studies … … … … 39 2.2.3 The Benefits of ICTs for NGOs: … … … … 42 2.2.3.1 Australian Studies … … … … 42 2.2.3.2 International Studies … … … … 43 vii CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY … … … … … 46 INTRODUCTION ... … … … … … … 46 3.1 Feminism: Interpretive Framework, Ontology and Epistemology 46 3.2 Feminist Research and Methodologies – An exploration … 48 3.3 Qualitative Research – A multi-paradigmatic focus … … 51 3.4 Ethnography & the New Ethnography: Process and Product … 52 3.5 Participant Observation: The complete member researcher … 55 3.6 Triangulation & Validity in the feminist, postmodernist research environment … … … … … 58 3.7 Case Study: The choice of study … … … … 61 3.8 Textual Representation, Voice & Reflexivity: Writing the Feminist, Postmodern Ethnography … … … 63 3.9 Situating the Ethnographer … … … … 65 3.10 Research in the Digital Realm: Process and Issues … … 68 3.11 Ethical Considerations … … … … … 69 CHAPTER 4: WOMEN IN FILM AND TELEVISION, AUSTRALIA, QUEENSLAND AND INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY (PART 1) … … … … 71 INTRODUCTION … …. … … … … … 71 4.1 Motivating Factors for the Uptake of ICTs: … … … 71 4.1.1 WIFT Australia & WIFT International: Communications and Administration … … 71 4.1.2 Equity considerations … … … … 73 4.1.3 Motivating the state WIFT organisations … … 75 4.2 Implementation Policies and Strategies: … … … 76 4.2.1 WIFT Australia & the state organisations: … … 76 4.2.1.1 Evaluation of WIFT Australia Policies and Strategies … … … … 81 4.2.2 WIFT International … … … … 83 4.3 Network Establishment - Process and Challenges: … … 85 4.3.1 WIFT Australia & the State Organisations … … 85 4.3.2 WIFT International … … … … 88 4.3.2.1 The First Class System … … … 89 4.3.2.2 Yahoo! Clubs … … … … 90 4.4 Webpage Establishment: … … … … … 92 4.4.1 WIFT Australia … … … … … 92 4.4.2 State WIFT organisations … … … … 96 4.4.2.1 The WIFT International Virtual Conference 97 4.4.3 WIFT International … …… … … 100 viii CHAPTER 5: WOMEN IN FILM AND TELEVISION, AUSTRALIA, QUEENSLAND AND INTERNATIONAL, ICT USAGE, CASE STUDY (PART 2) … … … 105 INTRODUCTION … … … … … … … … 105 5.1 Overview of WIFT Australia’s ICT Usage: … … … … 105 5.1.1 Email use during WIFT Australia’s dissolution 1998-99 … 109 5.1.2 Financial impact of ICTs … … … … … 111 5.1.3 Advanced ICT use & strategic implementation … … 112 5.2 Overview of WIFT Queensland’s ICT Usage: … … … … 113 5.2.1 Accounts and usage … … … … … 113 5.2.2 WIFT Queensland: the
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