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Nargiz Guliyeva

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Nargiz Guliyeva ЭУЛИЙЕВА НАРЭИЗ МЕЛИК ЭЙЗЙ ФАМИЛЙ АНД ФАМИЛЙ ЛИФЕ ИН МОДЕРН АЗЕРБАИЖАНИ ВИЛЛАЭЕ БАКУ - 2011 2 Съиентифиъ едитор-ин-ъщиеф: МУСАЙЕВА ТАМИЛЛА ЩАСЩИМ Пщ.Д.оф щисторй Ревиеwер: Е.А.КЕРИМОВ ъандидате оф щисторй съиенъес И.М.ЭУЛИЙЕВА ъандидате оф щисторй съиенъес Эулийева Н.М. Фамилй анд фамилй лифе ин модерн Азербаижани виллаэе, Баку, «Елм», 2011 ИСБН 9 – 8066 – 1721 – 1 Тщис wорк ехплоред тще стате оф модерн рурал фамилй, анд тще ремаинс оф тще биэ фамилй анд патронймй, смалл фамилй, соъиал-профессионал ъомпоситион оф тще фамилй, фамилй струътуре, тще ъонъепт оф лонелинесс, сйстем оф релатионсщип, фамилй релатионс, ъщилд эроwтщ оф тще фамилй, упбринэинэ оф тще ъщилдрен, еъономиъ-доместиъ анд отщер фунътионс, марриаэе, wеддинэ ъеремиониес, традитионс ъонъернинэ биртщ анд ъщилд, фамилй традитионс, диворъес анд реасонс, фунерал ъеремонй, параллелс ин тще фамилй-марриаэе релатионс оф азербаижанианс анд отщер Туркисщ спеакинэ пеоплес, анд соъиал-ъултурал лифе оф тще фамилй. Тще wорк wас реwоркед он, сопщистиъатед, анд републисщед ин тще енриъщед форм wитщ аръщиве, ехтернал-етщноэрапщиъал, тщеоретиъал материалс. 05-2000000 655 (07) – 2011 «Елм» публисщ щоусе, 2011 3 ИНТРОДУЪТИОН Study of family and family life is one of the most important subjects of the ethnography of Azerbaijan. Family, as a historical category and a cell (6, 8) of the community, at the same time means the community itself, in the direct sense of this word. Family developed in different forms in conformity with different public-economic formations. The monograph is devoted to study of modern family life in Azerbaijani villages in 1920-1990s. It must be noted that this topic, generally speaking, was not a subject of a special study until lately. The actuality and the scientific significance of this topic is that this work provides the opportunity to study the direct influence of processes, which had happened in the Azerbaijani village since the beginning of the 20th century, upon family life and specific features of rural families. The monograph also describes the influence of complex processes of economic development in our republic under the Soviets upon rural families. The monograph describes changes in the economic and public and cultural life of families, which occurred under the impact of socioeconomic processes, which took place in Azerbaijan in the Soviet era. It has to be kept in mind that the monograph does not cover processes, which develop in families on the basis of a market-oriented economy, which was born in the Azerbaijan Republic after the USSR broke down. The fact should be noted that family, as a cell of the community, gives birth to, forms and improves human nature, and forms attitude to behavior, cultural and moral values (153, 3). Friedrich Engels notes that production and reproduction of life is finally the determinative factor in the history... As a human produces himself this means continuation of a family...The existing social rules of human life, in a certain epoch and in a certain country, are related to the degree of development of both kinds of production: labor, on the one hand, and family, on the other hand (165, 30). Sociologically, a family is a union of people based on marriage, kindred links, the bringing up of children, and a mutual vital interest (329, 91). Philosophers regard a family and relations established within it as sources forming human views of nature and community, and outlooks (421, 14). Lawyers regard a family as a source of formation of law and the state (223, 74). Provision 3 of Paragraph 16 of the UN Universal Declaration on Human Rights of December 10, 1946 reads the following: “Family, which is the principal and natural basis of the community, defends the community and the state”. Family is a complex social notion and, therefore, is a subject of study of different public sciences. Each of these sciences, on the force of its own specifics, studies different directions of family development and family’s functions. For example, laws study family-marriage relations as a legal subject; the sociology studies a family as a social institute, and deals with the functions of a family established in the community on the basis of marriage; the demography studies a family as the basis of natural increase of population; the economics studies directions of establishment of a family and sometimes regards family-marriage relations as the economic basis of a family; the philosophy studies general vital problems of a human in a family; and the ethnography studies family life of different nations and peculiarities of spiritual life (226). To a certain extent, these views should be considered the truth. Here, there is reflected the diversity and complexity of family relations and family’s interrelations with the society. All public achievements, in terms of spiritual progress, and development and formation of human personality, are reflected in a family. Along with change of the character of the society, the role of family, as a primary, stable cell of the society, has changed as well (154, 3). So, the bases of 4 qualities typical for the mentality of the Azerbaijanis and their being enriched with general international value are formed exactly in a family. The necessity of study of family life at every historical stage is explained by that a family, as a social phenomenon, also has its natural, biological basis. The natural basis of a family is the natural aspiration for a person of opposite sex and the desire to give birth to children. Exactly reproduction of descendants is the primary function of a family in society. In the view of F. Kocharli, having summarized qualities typical for a family, the definition of a family should be as follows: family is a historically changing form of joint living of people (a husband, a wife, and children), which is determined by a type of production relations and realizes duties such as continuation of family, the upbringing of children, and getting involved in economic activities (217, 29). Ethnographer M. Kosven believes that family commune, as one of the forms of a family, was formed at different stages of development of all nations (225, 70). In the Azerbaijani ethnography, issues of a modern rural family and its local peculiarities have not yet been studied at a proper scientific level as a topic of a special study. Exactly from this point, the monograph seems to be an important contribution to this field. The work is written on the basis of ethnographic materials obtained in rural regions across Azerbaijan. As stated above, no issues of modern family life, as a subject of a special scientific study, were touched upon in 1920-1990. The monograph’s objective is to eliminate this gap, analyze changes in family life of rural population in Azerbaijan since then, directions of development, important features of rites and peculiarities, and study modern family life-related processes in rural locations on the basis of materials obtained in rural areas in Azerbaijan. For this purpose, there were settled the following tasks: - On the basis of statistical and field ethnographic materials, there were specified, more accurately than before, principal and regional peculiarities of modern family life of the population of rural regions of Azerbaijan - There were identified typical peculiarities of family life of modern population of Azerbaijan; - There were studied the type, structure, numerical composition and inter-family relations of a modern rural family; - Ethnographically, there were studied functions of a family and the system of kindred relations; - There were studied changes and local peculiarities of spiritual life of families; - There were studied traditional and new peculiarities of a marriage, a wedding, the upbringing of children in family, and funeral rites; - There were identified customs similar to that of other nations, including new customs, rites and habits in modern family life. The ethnographic study of the aforesaid issues has given the full understanding about modern family life in the historical period after 1920s. The monograph is devoted to study of Azerbaijan’s rural population in 1920-1990s. The Azerbaijan Republic, which had been part of the USSR at this period, had been subjected to all changes that happened in the Soviet society at the time. Industrialization, collectivization, mass repressions, the World War, “subjectivism and voluntarism”, “developed socialism”, stagnation, market-oriented economy, perestroika, democracy, the period of publicity and, finally, processes of breakdown of the USSR left a direct imprint on a family in Azerbaijan. 5 As is known, pluralism of opinions known as inter-party struggle lasted from 1920s to the middle of 1930s; and the New Economic Policy continued from 1921 to 1929. Starting right from the end of 1920s and in the beginning of 1930s, as a result of socioeconomic and political changes, there was established a bureaucratic administrative-command system. The socialistic reorganization of a village started at the time. Under the slogan of “social collectivization”, there was put forward the slogan “he who does not join kolkhoz is an enemy of the Soviet power”. In areas of mass collectivization, kulak’s farms started being liquidated after there was issued a special decree of measures on liquidation of kulak’s farms. So, the annihilation of rich rural inhabitants and rural inhabitants with medium incomes, as kulaks, which lasted from 1920 to the beginning of 1930 on the basis of collectivization, led to that 93% of the number of rural economies united into kolkhozes by 1937. At the same time, in 1920-1930s, along with the traditional culture established over centuries, there were formed “new Soviet rites, holidays and habits”, and repressions were tightened (218). As more than 600,000 Azerbaijanis went to the frontline to fight at the Great Patriotic War and more than a half of this number died, such left a deep trace in the lives of thousands of families who lost their heads.
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