DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of Wind Energy, Power System Balancing and Its Effects on Carbon Emissions in the Australian NEM

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of Wind Energy, Power System Balancing and Its Effects on Carbon Emissions in the Australian NEM A study of wind energy, power system balancing and its effects on carbon emissions in the Australian NEM Masters of Renewable Energy Dissertation School of Engineering and Science Murdoch University Selina Lyons BE(Hons) PostGradDip(Energy Studies) MIEAust CPEng RPEQ Supervisors: Dr Jonathan Whale, Dr Justin Wood October 2014 i | Page Declaration I declare that all work undertaken in this research topic, and presented in this dissertation is my own work, and that where data, research and conclusions from others have been used to support my findings, that these have been fairly referenced and acknowledged. Abstract With the increasing installation of wind power around the world the questions surrounding its benefits and issues are also growing at the same rate. This paper analyses the wind energy in the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) using actual data from 2012 and 2013 and attempts to answer some of the pressing questions around how variable the wind output is, its impact on carbon emissions, and its influence on other generators especially those balancing the power system. Starting with a static study of generation half hour data, the report then looks in more detail at the 5-minute variability experienced across the NEM, and the corresponding impact on frequency and time error for large excursions. Notably the largest variations experienced in wind power are during wind storms in the wind power zones of South Australia and Victoria. Three of these storms are analysed in detail looking at the individual performance of the wind farms and their contribution to the variability. Lastly, the effect of the wind variations on the regulation or balancing generators is studied – in particular with large increases in wind power that causes fossil- fueled generators to decrease their output and hence efficiency. Using the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) planning assumptions, the carbon emissions for each of the fossil-fueled generators providing balancing are estimated to show the trends in emissions, intensity and clearly show the effects directly caused by wind power. Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the following contributions: My academic supervisors Drs Jonathan Whale and Justin Wood for their time and effort reviewing and guiding my work; AEMO for retrieving data; Cameron Lee for guiding me on generator performance issues; and David Mounter, Andrew Robbie and Geoff Henderson for reviewing content. ii | Page Table of Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research context ................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research aim ......................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research questions ................................................................................................ 3 2 Wind energy statistics in the NEM ....................................................................... 5 2.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Data source ........................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Energy ................................................................................................................... 5 2.4 Carbon emissions .................................................................................................. 6 2.5 Generation displacement ...................................................................................... 8 2.6 Price setters ........................................................................................................... 8 2.7 Summary ............................................................................................................. 12 3 Methodology and data sources ........................................................................... 13 3.1 Background ......................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Data sources ........................................................................................................ 13 3.3 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 13 3.3.1 Wind power variability ................................................................................ 13 3.3.2 Storm effects on variability ......................................................................... 14 3.3.3 Carbon contribution of FCAS generators .................................................... 15 4 Frequency regulation – a brief guide .................................................................. 17 4.1 Frequency control basics .................................................................................... 17 4.2 The FCAS generators ......................................................................................... 18 4.3 Frequency regulation impacts ............................................................................. 20 4.4 FCAS Costs ........................................................................................................ 20 4.5 FCAS Regulation amounts ................................................................................. 21 4.6 Time error ........................................................................................................... 21 4.7 Summary ............................................................................................................. 22 5 Wind power variations in the NEM 2012 and 2013 ........................................... 23 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 23 5.2 Data source ......................................................................................................... 23 iii | Page 5.3 Installed capacity ................................................................................................ 23 5.4 Calculations ........................................................................................................ 23 5.5 2012 Wind power summary................................................................................ 24 5.6 2013 Wind power summary................................................................................ 25 5.7 Variations greater than normal regulation .......................................................... 26 5.8 Variations ............................................................................................................ 27 5.9 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 28 5.10 Summary ......................................................................................................... 30 6 Effect of storms on wind power output .............................................................. 31 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 31 6.2 Selected storms ................................................................................................... 31 6.3 Wind turbine operation overview ....................................................................... 31 6.4 Storm 1 – Snowtown 14 March 2012 ................................................................. 32 6.5 Storm 2 – Snowtown 23 August 2012 ................................................................ 35 6.6 Storm 3 – Snowtown & Port Augusta 30 September 2013 ................................ 39 6.7 Time error ........................................................................................................... 43 6.7.1 Data matching .............................................................................................. 43 6.7.2 14 March 2012 time error ............................................................................ 43 6.7.3 30 September 2013 time error ..................................................................... 45 6.8 Summary ............................................................................................................. 46 7 Wind power variation impacts on other generators ............................................ 49 7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 49 7.2 Data sources ........................................................................................................ 49 7.2.1 Generator production data ........................................................................... 49 7.2.2 Generator data ............................................................................................. 50 7.3 Emission curves for FCAS generators ................................................................ 51 7.3.1 AEMO Planning assumptions ..................................................................... 52 7.3.2 Average emissions – determining what is average ..................................... 53 7.3.3 Other assumptions ....................................................................................... 53 7.3.4 Curve fitting to emission output .................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South Australian Generation Forecasts
    South Australian Generation Forecasts April 2021 South Australian Advisory Functions Important notice PURPOSE The purpose of this publication is to provide information to the South Australian Minister for Energy and Mining about South Australia’s electricity generation forecasts. AEMO publishes this South Australian Generation Forecasts report in accordance with its additional advisory functions under section 50B of the National Electricity Law. This publication is generally based on information available to AEMO as at 31 December 2020, as modelled for the 2021 Gas Statement of Opportunities (published on 29 March 2021). DISCLAIMER AEMO has made reasonable efforts to ensure the quality of the information in this publication but cannot guarantee that information, forecasts and assumptions are accurate, complete or appropriate for your circumstances. This publication does not include all of the information that an investor, participant or potential participant in the National Electricity Market might require and does not amount to a recommendation of any investment. Anyone proposing to use the information in this publication (which includes information and forecasts from third parties) should independently verify its accuracy, completeness and suitability for purpose, and obtain independent and specific advice from appropriate experts. Accordingly, to the maximum extent permitted by law, AEMO and its officers, employees and consultants involved in the preparation of this publication: • make no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information in this publication; and • are not liable (whether by reason of negligence or otherwise) for any statements, opinions, information or other matters contained in or derived from this publication, or any omissions from it, or in respect of a person’s use of the information in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Report: the Social and Economic Impact of Rural Wind Farms
    The Senate Community Affairs References Committee The Social and Economic Impact of Rural Wind Farms June 2011 © Commonwealth of Australia 2011 ISBN 978-1-74229-462-9 Printed by the Senate Printing Unit, Parliament House, Canberra. MEMBERSHIP OF THE COMMITTEE 43rd Parliament Members Senator Rachel Siewert, Chair Western Australia, AG Senator Claire Moore, Deputy Chair Queensland, ALP Senator Judith Adams Western Australia, LP Senator Sue Boyce Queensland, LP Senator Carol Brown Tasmania, ALP Senator the Hon Helen Coonan New South Wales, LP Participating members Senator Steve Fielding Victoria, FFP Secretariat Dr Ian Holland, Committee Secretary Ms Toni Matulick, Committee Secretary Dr Timothy Kendall, Principal Research Officer Mr Terence Brown, Principal Research Officer Ms Sophie Dunstone, Senior Research Officer Ms Janice Webster, Senior Research Officer Ms Tegan Gaha, Administrative Officer Ms Christina Schwarz, Administrative Officer Mr Dylan Harrington, Administrative Officer PO Box 6100 Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600 Ph: 02 6277 3515 Fax: 02 6277 5829 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/clac_ctte/index.htm iii TABLE OF CONTENTS MEMBERSHIP OF THE COMMITTEE ...................................................................... iii ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... vii RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER
    [Show full text]
  • National Greenpower Accreditation Program Annual Compliance Audit
    National GreenPower Accreditation Program Annual Compliance Audit 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2007 Publisher NSW Department of Water and Energy Level 17, 227 Elizabeth Street GPO Box 3889 Sydney NSW 2001 T 02 8281 7777 F 02 8281 7799 [email protected] www.dwe.nsw.gov.au National GreenPower Accreditation Program Annual Compliance Audit 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2007 December 2008 ISBN 978 0 7347 5501 8 Acknowledgements We would like to thank the National GreenPower Steering Group (NGPSG) for their ongoing support of the GreenPower Program. The NGPSG is made up of representatives from the NSW, VIC, SA, QLD, WA and ACT governments. The Commonwealth, TAS and NT are observer members of the NGPSG. The 2007 GreenPower Compliance Audit was completed by URS Australia Pty Ltd for the NSW Department of Water and Energy, on behalf of the National GreenPower Steering Group. © State of New South Wales through the Department of Water and Energy, 2008 This work may be freely reproduced and distributed for most purposes, however some restrictions apply. Contact the Department of Water and Energy for copyright information. Disclaimer: While every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that this document is correct at the time of publication, the State of New South Wales, its agents and employees, disclaim any and all liability to any person in respect of anything or the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done in reliance upon the whole or any part of this document. DWE 08_258 National GreenPower Accreditation Program Annual Compliance Audit 2007 Contents Section 1 | Introduction.......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Minutes of Meeting 8
    Yass Valley Wind Farm & Conroys Gap Wind Farm Level 11, 75 Miller St NORTH SYDNEY, NSW 2060 Phone 02 8456 7400 Draft Minutes of Meeting 8 Yass Valley Wind Farm & Conroys Gap Wind Farm Community Consultation Committee Present: Nic Carmody Chairperson NC Paul Regan Non-involved landowner PR John McGrath Non-involved landowner JM Rowena Weir Non-involved landowner RW Tony Reeves Involved landowner TR Chris Shannon Bookham Ag Bureau CS Peter Crisp Observer PC Barbara Folkard Observer BF Brian Bingley Observer BB Wilma Bingley Observer LB Noeleen Hazell Observer NH Bruce Hazell Observer BH Alan Cole Observer AC Andrew Bray Observer AB Mark Fleming NSW OEH (Observer) MF Andrew Wilson Epuron AW Donna Bolton Epuron DB Julian Kasby Epuron JK Apologies: Sam Weir Bookham Ag Bureau Wendy Tuckerman Administrator Hilltops Council Neil Reid Hilltops Council Stan Waldren Involved landowner YASS VALLEY & CONROYS GAP WIND FARM PTY LTD COMMUNITY CONSULTATION COMMITTEE Page 2 of 7 Absent: Councillor Ann Daniel Yass Valley Council Date: Thursday 23rd June 2016 Venue: Memorial Hall Annex, Comur Street, Yass Purpose: CCC Meeting No 8 Minutes: Item Agenda / Comment / Discussion Action 1 NC opened the Community Consultation Committee (CCC) meeting at 2:00 pm. - Apologies were noted as above. 2 Pecuniary or other interests - No declarations were made. 3 Minutes of Previous meeting No comments were received on the draft minutes of meeting number 7, which had been emailed to committee members. The draft minutes were accepted without changes and the finalised minutes will be posted on the project website. AW 4 Matters arising from the Previous Minutes JM raised that the planned quarterly meetings had not been occurring and that the previous meeting was in March 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Musselroe Wind Farm, Development Proposal and Environmental Management Plan
    This document is a summary of the Development Proposal and Environmental Management Plan (DPEMP) for the proposed Musselroe Wind Farm. The DPEMP is produced in five volumes as shown above. The Project Summary is not part of the DPEMP but provides an 5 abridged version of its contents. The Project Summary includes a brief description of the proposed development, assesses the likely impacts of the Project on environmental and socio- economic factors, and summarises the commitments process made by Hydro Tasmania in relation to the management of potential environmental impacts. 05.02.0066 0 Foreword FFoorreewwoorrdd The project proposed is for the construction of a $270 million wind farm on private land near Little Musselroe Bay at Cape Portland in north-east Tasmania. As a renewable energy project the Musselroe Wind Farm (the Project) will contribute to the Commonwealth Government’s Mandated Renewable Energy Target (MRET). The MRET is based on the recognition that renewable energy is a global key to long-term reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. This Project will generate approximately 400,000 MWh of renewable electricity and displace an estimated 368,000 tonnes CO2-e per year. In addition, the Project will provide considerable revenue to the State of Tasmania, facilitate the generation of temporary and long-term employment opportunities, and create indirect flow-on benefits to a number of service industries in the region. Hydro Tasmania is seeking a planning permit from Dorset Council for the establishment of the wind farm and a corridor of land for the construction of a 110 kV transmission line to connect the wind farm to the Tasmanian electricity grid at the Derby Electricity Substation.
    [Show full text]
  • BUILDING STRONGER COMMUNITIES Wind's Growing
    BUILDING STRONGER COMMUNITIES Wind’s Growing Role in Regional Australia 1 This report has been compiled from research and interviews in respect of select wind farm projects in Australia. Opinions expressed are those of the author. Estimates where given are based on evidence available procured through research and interviews.To the best of our knowledge, the information contained herein is accurate and reliable as of the date PHOTO (COVER): of publication; however, we do not assume any liability whatsoever for Pouring a concrete turbine the accuracy and completeness of the above information. footing. © Sapphire Wind Farm. This report does not purport to give nor contain any advice, including PHOTO (ABOVE): Local farmers discuss wind legal or fnancial advice and is not a substitute for advice, and no person farm projects in NSW Southern may rely on this report without the express consent of the author. Tablelands. © AWA. 2 BUILDING STRONGER COMMUNITIES Wind’s Growing Role in Regional Australia CONTENTS Executive Summary 2 Wind Delivers New Benefits for Regional Australia 4 Sharing Community Benefits 6 Community Enhancement Funds 8 Addressing Community Needs Through Community Enhancement Funds 11 Additional Benefts Beyond Community Enhancement Funds 15 Community Initiated Wind Farms 16 Community Co-ownership and Co-investment Models 19 Payments to Host Landholders 20 Payments to Neighbours 23 Doing Business 24 Local Jobs and Investment 25 Contributions to Councils 26 Appendix A – Community Enhancement Funds 29 Appendix B – Methodology 31 References
    [Show full text]
  • Scheduling Error – 3 and 4 July 2011
    SCHEDULING ERROR – 3 AND 4 JULY 2011 PREPARED BY: Electricity Market Performance DATE: 30 November 2011 FINAL SCHEDULING ERROR – 3 AND 4 JULY 2011 Disclaimer Purpose This report has been prepared by the Australian Energy Market Operator Limited (AEMO) for the purpose of detailing reasons for a declaration of a scheduling error under clause 3.8.24(a)(1) of the National Electricity Rules. No reliance or warranty This report contains data provided by third parties as well as data extracted from AEMO’s systems. Third party data might not be free from errors or omissions. While AEMO has used due care and skill, AEMO does not warrant or represent that the data, conclusions or other information in this report are accurate, reliable, complete or current or that they are suitable for particular purposes. You should verify and check the accuracy, completeness, reliability and suitability of this report for any use to which you intend to put it, and seek independent expert advice before using it, or any information contained in it. Limitation of liability To the extent permitted by law, AEMO and its advisers, consultants and other contributors to this report (or their respective associated companies, businesses, partners, directors, officers or employees) shall not be liable for any errors, omissions, defects or misrepresentations in the information contained in this report, or for any loss or damage suffered by persons who use or rely on such information (including by reason of negligence, negligent misstatement or otherwise). If any law prohibits the exclusion of such liability, AEMO’s liability is limited, at AEMO’s option, to the re-supply of the information, provided that this limitation is permitted by law and is fair and reasonable.
    [Show full text]
  • Starfish Hill Wind Farm
    LIA STA TRA RFIS AUS H HIL UTH L WIN A ~ SO D FARM ~ FLEURIEU PENINSUL The Starfish Hill Wind Farm is South Australia’s first wind energy generation venture The Starfish Hill Wind Farm will reduce Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions by up to 2.1 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent during its forecast 25-year operating life. The Starfish Hill Wind Farm has assisted in establishing South Australia as a leader in large-scale renewable energy production in Australia. The 34.5 megawatt (MW) capacity wind farm contributes to the State’s electricity demands and expands the State’s generation sources. Starfish Hill also reduces the State’s reliance on coal and gas and helps avoid the “losses” associated with transporting electricity long distances. The power generated by the wind farm is more than sufficient to meet the annual needs of the Fleurieu Peninsula and Kangaroo Island. Local businesses have developed new skills and expertise in this green energy industry, putting them in a strong position to bid for other similar work not only in South Australia but also interstate. Tarong Energy will be seen as pioneers of wind energy in South Australia The Starfish Hill Wind Farm is South Australia’s first wind farm representing a total investment of $65 million in the State. Starfish Hill provides enough energy to meet the needs of about 18,000 households, representing 2% of South Australia’s residential customers, and it adds 1% to the available generation capacity in South Australia. All electricity generated is sold to AGL for the South Australian domestic market.
    [Show full text]
  • Modifying the Project Approval
    Community Newsletter | No.11 | October 2015 Collector Wind Farm: Modifying the Project Approval. RATCH-Australia (‘RATCH’) has now submitted an application to the NSW Department of Planning & Environment (“DoPE”) seeking some minor modifications to the Collector Wind Farm Project Approval. This application proposes a number of changes, as described in our previous newsletters: yyRefinement of site layout (roads, electrical cabling, project buildings) yyIncrease in blade length of the turbine used, within the existing overall height limit yyAdjustment of approval conditions for biodiversity offsetting yyAdjustment of approval conditions relating to background noise Full details of the proposed modifications and assessment of any associated impacts can be reviewed in the final Modification Assessment Report and supporting appendices, which can be downloaded from both the RATCH website and the DoPE’s Major Projects website: yyRATCH: ratchaustralia.com/collector/modification_application.html yyDoPE: majorprojects.planning.nsw.gov.au/index.pl?action=view_job&job_id=3778 Please contact us if you are unable to access the documents online, or if you have any comments or questions about the modification application: Anthony Yeates, phone 02 8913 9407 or by email at: [email protected] Public Exhibition and Submissions: In addition to the online documents, hard If you have any concerns or comments copies of the Modification Assessment Report about the application, you are able to and supporting appendices will also be placed make a submission
    [Show full text]
  • Dear Ms Gardner
    Select Committee on Wind Turbines Submission 208 - Attachment 1 [Reference No] Ms.Ann Gardner By email to: Dear Ms Gardner, Thank you for your email to the Chair of the Clean Energy Regulator, dated 18 November 2014, making a formal complaint about noise and vibration from the Macarthur Wind Farm. The matters raised by you are more appropriately addressed to the Victorian Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure (formerly known as the Victorian Department of Planning and Community Development). They are not matters that fall within the powers of the Clean Energy Regulator (the Regulator) under the various Commonwealth legislation administered by the Regulator. The Clean Energy Regulator is an economic regulator. With respect to the Renewable Energy Target, the Regulator regulates both the supply of certificates (by ensuring the integrity of their creation by renewable power stations) and the demand and surrender of those certificates (by ensuring liable electricity retailers surrender the correct number of certificates). The Clean Energy Regulator is only empowered to administer relevant Commonwealth laws (eg to ensure that a wind farm operator complies with its responsibilities under relevant Commonwealth legislation that the Regulator administers). It cannot interfere in state-based activities. If a wind farm is not complying with State/Territory laws (eg as to planning requirements and noise control etc), it is a matter for the relevant State/Territory a.uthority to address. The Macarthur Wind Farm is an accredited power station under the Renewable Energy (Electricity} Act 2000 (the Act) and the Renewable Energy (Electricif:W Regulations 2001 (the Regulations). Once an eligible power station has been accredited, it remains accredited unless the Regulator decides to suspend the accreditation under Division 11 of Part 2 of the Act {being sections 30D and 30E and the circumstances prescribed for the purposes of subsection 30E(5) in regulation 20D of the Regulations).
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Chronology of SA EPA and Other SA Regulatory Authorities Awareness of Wind Farm Noise Complaints and Ongoing Evidence Of
    1 A brief chronology of SA EPA and other SA regulatory authorities awareness of wind farm noise complaints and ongoing evidence of LGA and community requests for review of the SA wind farm noise guidelines and compliance procedures M Morris 3/4/14 There appears to be a systemic failure of the SA wind farm noise complaints procedure and the following up of complaints with regulatory authorities as the number of complaints by residents and received by the developers and local councils is not reflected in the number of complaints quoted by the SA EPA. (SA only acknowledges seven separate complaints). The two SA wind farms generating the greatest number of complaints are the Waterloo wind farm (Clare & Gilbert Valleys Council) and the Hallett group of wind farms (Regional Council of Goyder). Presumably there has also been at least one complaint about the Clements Gap wind farm as the 2012 EPA/Resonate(1) study released January 31, 2013 investigated this Clements Gap home variously described as approximately 1.4 km (page 23) and also 1.5 km (page 65) from the nearest turbine as well as one house 1.5 km from the nearest turbine at The Bluff wind farm near Hallett. The SA EPA’s and met with Millicent residents on 14 March 2013 (in the presence of by M Morris and ), and heard the extent of their problems near the Lake Bonney wind farm. The EPA was asked, but declined, to investigate the noise at the Mortimer home. Either the majority of Waterloo and Hallett wind farm complaints have not been passed on to the EPA, or the SA EPA has not acknowledged them.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report
    BLACK SYSTEM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 28 SEPTEMBER 2016 Published: March 2017 BLACK SYSTEM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 28 SEPTEMBER 2016 – FINAL REPORT IMPORTANT NOTICE Purpose AEMO has prepared this final report of its review of the Black System in South Australia on Wednesday 28 September 2016, under clauses 3.14 and 4.8.15 of the National Electricity Rules (NER). This report is based on information available to AEMO as of 23 March 2017. Disclaimer AEMO has been provided with data by Registered Participants as to the performance of some equipment leading up to, during, and after the Black System. In addition, AEMO has collated information from its own systems. Any views expressed in this update report are those of AEMO unless otherwise stated, and may be based on information given to AEMO by other persons. Accordingly, to the maximum extent permitted by law, AEMO and its officers, employees and consultants involved in the preparation of this update report: make no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information in this update report; and, are not liable (whether by reason of negligence or otherwise) for any statements or representations in this update report, or any omissions from it, or for any use or reliance on the information in it. © 2017 Australian Energy Market Operator Limited. The material in this publication may be used in accordance with the copyright permissions on AEMO’s website. Australian Energy Market Operator Ltd ABN 94 072 010 327 www.aemo.com.au [email protected] NEW SOUTH WALES QUEENSLAND SOUTH AUSTRALIA VICTORIA AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY TASMANIA WESTERN AUSTRALIA BLACK SYSTEM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 28 SEPTEMBER 2016 – FINAL REPORT NER TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND MEASURES This report uses many terms that have meanings defined in the National Electricity Rules (NER).
    [Show full text]