World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch
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The Global Atmosphere Watch Programme 25 Years of Global Coordinated Atmospheric Composition Observations and Analyses
THE GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WATCH PROGRAMME 25 YEARS OF GLOBAL COORDINATED ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSES WMO-No. 1143 WMO-No. 1143 © World Meteorological Organization, 2014 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 P.O. Box 2300 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-92-63-11143-2 Cover illustrations: The two photos show the changes in ozone observations from 1957 (International Geophysical Year) until now. On the left, Dobson instruments are being calibrated at the Tateno station in Japan before they are deployed to their individual stations. On the right, Dobson instruments have been set up for a modern intercomparison study. The spectrophotometers are the same, but the measurement and calibration process are now monitored by computers. NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion what- soever on the part of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. -
Global Atmosphere Watch GAW
AREP GAW Global Atmosphere Watch GAW Liisa Jalkanen Atmospheric Environment Research (AER) Division WMO Secretariat AREP GAW World Meteorological Organization Independent technical UN agency 189 Members manage through WMO Congress and Executive Council Secretariat in Geneva (staff 280) Technical Departments Observing and Information Systems (OBS) Climate and Water (CLW) Weather and Disaster Risk Reduction Services (WDS) Research (RES) Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch (ARE) Atmospheric Environment Research Division (AER) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) AREP GAW THE GAW MISSION • Systematic long-term monitoring of atmospheric chemical and physical parameters globally • Analysis and assessment • Development of predictive capability (GURME and Sand and Dust Storm Warning System) AREP GAW Components of the GAW Programme OPAG EPAC Scientifc Advisory Groups Expert Groups Ozone | UV | GHG | RG | PC ET-WDC Chapter 2.3 JSSC Aerosols | GURME Administration WMO/GAW IGACO Offices Management Ozone/UV | GHG | Air Quality | Aerosols Chapter 2.5 Secretariat NMHSs Central QA/SACs WDCs & GAWSIS CCLs WOUDC | WDCGG | WDCA Facilities WCCs | RCCs Chapter 2.4 WRDC | WDCPC | WDC-RSAT Observing Contributing GAW Stations Satellites Systems Networks Global | Regional Aircraft Chapter 3 Contributing Parties to the Systems Programs Operational Research Users & Conventions GEOSS | GCOS IGAC | SOLAS Centers Projects Applications UNFCCC | Vienna C. GMES | … iLEAPS | … AREP GAW Observations • Weather related observations (OBS) • Climate observations (GCOS) • Atmospheric -
Global Monitoring Division Collaborations/Stakeholders
Global Monitoring Division Collaborations/Stakeholders Contents: page • Joint Institutes...................................................................2 • NOAA Laboratories and Divisions…………………………………….2 • NOAA Programs…………………………………………………………………4 • Other Federal Agencies……………………………………………………..4 • State and Municipal Agencies……………………………………………9 • National and International Networks……………………………….10 • Observatory Partnerships…………………………………………………11 • International Partnerships………………………………………………..15 • Other Research Collaborations……………………………………….18 2 GLOBAL MONITORING DIVISION COLLABORATIONS 2013- Present JOINT INSTITUTES: • Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES): NOAA Cooperative Institute at the University of Colorado. Extensive joint research and atmospheric monitoring projects are conducted at the Boulder facilities. • Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research (CIFAR): NOAA Cooperative Institute at the University of Alaska. Cooperative research in Arctic atmospheric science at the Barrow and Boulder facilities. • Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMMS): NOAA Cooperative Institute at the University of Oklahoma. GMD provides large amounts of high quality data for modelers. • Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA): NOAA Cooperative Institute at the Colorado State University. Joint research projects are conducted at the Boulder facility. • Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR): NOAA Cooperative Institute at the University of Hawaii. Studies of -
GAW Report No. 207
GAW Report No. 207 Recommendations for a Composite Surface-Based Aerosol Network (Emmetten, Switzerland, 28-29 April 2009) For more information, please contact: World Meteorological Organization Research Department Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch 7 bis, avenue de la Paix – P.O. Box 2300 – CH 1211 Geneva 2 – Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 81 11 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 81 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw_home_en.html © World Meteorological Organization, 2012 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chair, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 P.O. Box 2300 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Opinions expressed in WMO publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. -
METAR/SPECI Reporting Changes for Snow Pellets (GS) and Hail (GR)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION N JO 7900.11 NOTICE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Effective Date: Air Traffic Organization Policy September 1, 2018 Cancellation Date: September 1, 2019 SUBJ: METAR/SPECI Reporting Changes for Snow Pellets (GS) and Hail (GR) 1. Purpose of this Notice. This Notice coincides with a revision to the Federal Meteorological Handbook (FMH-1) that was effective on November 30, 2017. The Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (OFCM) approved the changes to the reporting requirements of small hail and snow pellets in weather observations (METAR/SPECI) to assist commercial operators in deicing operations. 2. Audience. This order applies to all FAA and FAA-contract weather observers, Limited Aviation Weather Reporting Stations (LAWRS) personnel, and Non-Federal Observation (NF- OBS) Program personnel. 3. Where can I Find This Notice? This order is available on the FAA Web site at http://faa.gov/air_traffic/publications and http://employees.faa.gov/tools_resources/orders_notices/. 4. Cancellation. This notice will be cancelled with the publication of the next available change to FAA Order 7900.5D. 5. Procedures/Responsibilities/Action. This Notice amends the following paragraphs and tables in FAA Order 7900.5. Table 3-2: Remarks Section of Observation Remarks Section of Observation Element Paragraph Brief Description METAR SPECI Volcanic eruptions must be reported whenever first noted. Pre-eruption activity must not be reported. (Use Volcanic Eruptions 14.20 X X PIREPs to report pre-eruption activity.) Encode volcanic eruptions as described in Chapter 14. Distribution: Electronic 1 Initiated By: AJT-2 09/01/2018 N JO 7900.11 Remarks Section of Observation Element Paragraph Brief Description METAR SPECI Whenever tornadoes, funnel clouds, or waterspouts begin, are in progress, end, or disappear from sight, the event should be described directly after the "RMK" element. -
Wmo/Gaw Experts Workshop on a Global Surface-Based Network for Long Term Observations of Column Aerosol Optical Properties
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WATCH No. 162 WMO/GAW EXPERTS WORKSHOP ON A GLOBAL SURFACE-BASED NETWORK FOR LONG TERM OBSERVATIONS OF COLUMN AEROSOL OPTICAL PROPERTIES Davos, Switzerland, 8-10 March 2004 2005 WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WATCH No. 162 WMO/GAW EXPERTS WORKSHOP ON A GLOBAL SURFACE-BASED NETWORK FOR LONG TERM OBSERVATIONS OF COLUMN AEROSOL OPTICAL PROPERTIES Hosted by the World Optical Depth Research and Calibration Centre (Davos, Switzerland, 8-10 March 2004) Edited by U. Baltensperger, L. Barrie and C. Wehrli WMO TD No. 1287 Foreword Suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere, commonly known as aerosol by the technical and scientific community, plays a role in climate change, air quality/human health, ozone depletion and the long-range transport and deposition of toxics and nutrients. Aerosols have many sources ranging from sea spray and mineral dust that are mechanically generated by wind at the Earth’s surface to sulphates, nitrates and organics produced primarily by chemical reaction of gases in the atmosphere producing non-volatile products that condense to form particles. In addition, semi-volatile substances such as certain herbicides and pesticides can simply condense on existing particles. Aerosols range in size from molecular clusters a few nm in diameter to dust and sea salt, which can be as large as tens of µm. The dynamics of aerosol production, transformation and removal that govern size distribution and composition are affected not only by clear air processes but also by interaction with clouds and precipitation. The complexity of aerosol processes in our environment is so great that it leads to large uncertainties in our quantitative understanding of their role in many of the major environmental issues listed above. -
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. -
Air Quality Products and Services from the Global to Urban Scales
URBANIZATION AND MEGACITIES: GAW Urban Research Meteorology and Environ- IMPACT BASED FORECASTS AND RISK ment Project (GURME) GURME is an integral part of urban research and services, and BASED WARNINGS its activities include: Multiple hazards in urban areas defining meteorologial and air quality measurements that support urban forecasting Poor air quality, providing cities access to air quality numerical pre- extreme heat/cold weather and human thermal diction systems and monitoring information which stress serve as the basis for health-related prediction ser- hurricanes, typhoons, extreme local winds vices, and flooding, promoting city pilot projects for different cities to de- sea-level rise due to climate change, monstrate successful expansion of MeteoServices for ur- energy and water sustainability, ban environment issues. public health issues caused by the above, and climate change: 70% of greenhouse gas emissions Go to http://mce2.org/wmogurme/ for list of projects. from urban areas India Commonwealth Games GURME Pilot Project The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, Air Quality Integrated Urban Weather, Water, Environ- is spearheading the country's first major initiative named ment and Climate Services a "System of Air Quality Forecasting and Research Products and A priority of WMO is to enhance the capabilities of (SAFAR)", which was successfully tested during the com- National Meteorological and Hydrology Services in monwealth Games 2010 for National Capital Region Delhi. conducting research and providing services for cities The vision is to spread the SAFAR to other major cities in Services to deal with weather, water, climate and environmen- India. http://safar.tropmet.res.in/ tal problems. -
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
OCEANS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA: REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL – PART II (2015) CONTRIBUTION OF WMO SUMMARY WMO is the authoritative voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth’s atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it produces and the resulting distribution of water resources. The Oceans provide essential natural resources to human beings, and regulate the global climate. WMO contributes to oceans-related issues through the observation and monitoring of the ocean and climate; research on the climate and Earth systems; development and delivery of services for disaster risk reduction, including marine hazards; provision of science-based information and tools for policymakers and the general public at regional and global levels. WMO continues strengthening the global observing systems through implementation of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) and WMO Information System (WIS), and observing networks with partners. The WMO-ICSU-IOC-UNEP Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) serves the requirements of Members for comprehensive, continuous, reliable climate data and information, for climate monitoring, research, projections and assessments, to provide climate information and to promote sustainable development. The IOC-WMO-UNEP-ICSU Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) improves its capabilities in climate- and ocean-related services, and recognizes the importance of coastal observations and links to products for societal benefits. WMO coordinates the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) to work on sea level rise and study changes in tracks of medium-latitude storms such as tropical cyclones, which reflect the complexity and interactions among the major components of the planet – ocean, atmosphere, land and ice. -
Accuracy of NWS 8 Standard Nonrecording Precipitation Gauge
54 JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 15 Accuracy of NWS 80 Standard Nonrecording Precipitation Gauge: Results and Application of WMO Intercomparison DAQING YANG,* BARRY E. GOODISON, AND JOHN R. METCALFE Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada VALENTIN S. GOLUBEV State Hydrological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia ROY BATES AND TIMOTHY PANGBURN U.S. Army CRREL, Hanover, New Hampshire CLAYTON L. HANSON U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center, Boise, Idaho (Manuscript received 21 December 1995, in ®nal form 1 August 1996) ABSTRACT The standard 80 nonrecording precipitation gauge has been used historically by the National Weather Service (NWS) as the of®cial precipitation measurement instrument of the U.S. climate station network. From 1986 to 1992, the accuracy and performance of this gauge (unshielded or with an Alter shield) were evaluated during the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison at three stations in the United States and Russia, representing a variety of climate, terrain, and exposure. The double-fence intercomparison reference (DFIR) was the reference standard used at all the intercomparison stations in the Intercomparison project. The Intercomparison data collected at different sites are compatible with respect to the catch ratio (gauge measured/DFIR) for the same gauges, when compared using wind speed at the height of gauge ori®ce during the observation period. The effects of environmental factors, such as wind speed and temperature, on the gauge catch were investigated. Wind speed was found to be the most important factor determining gauge catch when precipitation was classi®ed into snow, mixed, and rain. The regression functions of the catch ratio versus wind speed at the gauge height on a daily time step were derived for various types of precipitation. -
Implementing an Integrated, Global Greenhouse Gas Information System (IG 3IS)
Implementing an Integrated, Global Greenhouse Gas Information System (IG 3IS) Oksana Tarasova 1 and James Butler 2,3 Towards a Global Carbon Observing System: Progress and Challenges 1-2 October 2013, Geneva 1WMO Global Atmosphere Watch, Geneva, CH 2WMO Commission for Atmospheric Sciences, Geneva, CH IGIS Tarasova and Butler, WMO 3Global Monitoring Division, NOAA/ESRL Boulder, CO, USA GEO-Carbon 2013 Outline • Drivers of the need for an IG 3IS • Components of an IG 3IS • What WMO is doing • An international framework beyond WMO • Beginnings of an IG 3IS IGIS Tarasova and Butler, WMO GEO-Carbon 2013 A Few Fundamentals . IGIS Tarasova and Butler, WMO GEO-Carbon 2013 Atmospheric CO 2 - The Primary Driver of Climate Change Pre-industrial level of CO 2 was 280 ppm • Atmospheric CO 2 continues + 75 ppm to increase every year within 50 years The trend is largely driven by fossil fuel emissions • The growth rate increases decadally Variability is largely driven by the Earth System • The Earth System continues to capture 50% of emissions Despite the increase in emissions Do we understand carbon cycle? IGIS Tarasova and Butler, WMO GEO-Carbon 2013 Methane is Pre-industrial CH 4 confounding was 700 ppb • After ~10yr hiatus, CH 4 began increasing again in 2007 • Cause of this increase is uncertain Sources of atmospheric CH 4 are legion CH 4 growth rate contours Renewed interest in extraction • The recent trend seems to be largely driven by emissions in the tropics and subtropics The arctic was significant only in 2007 Extraction does not seem significant – yet IGIS (Plots courtesy of E.Tarasova Dlugokencky, and Butler, NOAA) WMO GEO-Carbon 2013 400 ppm May 31, 2012 Monthly CO 2 averages reached 400 ppm for the first time at all arctic sites. -
17-Briggs WCRP Final
Observing the Climate System – now and in the future Prof. Stephen Briggs Chair, GCOS Steering Committee Dept. of Chemistry, Cambridge University & Dept. of Meteorology Reading University Credit: Victor & Kennel, Nature Climate Change, 2014. Atmosphere Physical - Surface Physical - subsurface Biogeochemical Surface •Ocean surface heat flux •Subsurface currents •Inorganic carbon •Precipitation •Sea ice •Subsurface salinity •Nitrous oxide •Pressure •Sea level •Subsurface temperature •Nutrients •Radiation budget •Sea state •Ocean colour •Temperature Ocean •Sea surface currents Biological/ecosystems •Oxygen •Water vapour •Sea surface salinity •Transient tracers •Wind speed and direction •Sea surface stress •Marine habitat properties •Plankton Upper-air •Sea surface temperature •Cloud properties •Earth radiation budget Hydrosphere Biosphere •Lightning Essential •Groundwater •Above-ground biomass •Temperature •Lakes •Albedo •Water vapour Climate •River discharge •Evaporation from land •Wind speed and direction Cryosphere •Fire •Fraction of absorbed Atmospheric Composition Variables •Glaciers photosynthetically active •Aerosol and ozone precursors •Ice sheets and ice shelves radiation (FAPAR) •Aerosols properties Land •Permafrost •Land cover •Carbon dioxide, methane and •Snow •Leaf area index other greenhouse gases ECV •Soil carbon •Ozone Anthroposphere •Soil moisture •Anthropogenic Greenhouse gas fluxes •Land surface temperature •Anthropogenic water use Ocean Precipitation, Cloud Acidification Carbon Properties, Deforestation Dioxide, Water