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The Lincoln Hills: Breaking the Barriers of Racial Injustice and Jim Crowism in Colorado

Mohamed Ibrahim

Wiggins High School 2020 State Qualifier

Mohamed Ibrahim is a junior at Wiggins High School. In 2019, he spent one of the best summers of his life at the Colorado Student Leaders Institute program. There, he was introduced to National History Day and later learned of the Lincoln Hills resort after a visit to the History Colorado Center. ______“An escape to the wilderness; a shelter from the storm” Jim Crow and the “Color Line” -Dani Newsum1 In the early decades of the 20th century, Colorado was predominantly governed by white supremist In 1922, during the climax of American racial political organizations and figures, resulting in a segregation and inequity, two black entrepreneurs, chronic period of unjust policy, racial oppression, Denverites E.C. Regnier and Roger Ewalt, met to and dangerous environments for the African utilize an economic opportunity west of the American community. During the 1923 election, Mississippi River in the Rocky Mountains of Benjamin Stapleton was elected Denver Mayor Colorado. After months of construction, the Lincoln due to his strong association with the Ku Klux Hills, a summer sanctuary for Klan. “The following year, the Klan reached the during the 20th century, was established in Gilpin zenith of its power and influence in the Centennial County, providing necessary refuge and economic state.”2 It gained control of the Republican party salvation for thousands of African Americans which resulted in an unprecedented number of seeking protection, welfare, and mountain KKK affiliated elections in November. Klansmen amenities in the western United States. For 44 occupied the years, Lincoln Hills assisted in laying the governor’s foundation for increased racial equality in office, Colorado, helping spark civil rights movements, represented and breaking the barrier of the American culture of the majority Jim Crowism. In addition to its influence on civil in both rights, the mountain resort served as a safe haven houses of the for all and a spiritual center of peace and hope for legislature Black Americans during a time of intense political ,and held division and pervasive , a substantial Klansmen parade down Larimer testament to the prevalent, color-based hierarchy statewide Street in downtown Denver in of privilege. The sanctuary guided thousands of offices.3 1926. African American towards a life of political Cross- success, financial increase, and educational burnings and public parades with hooded figures opportunities for many. What initially began as a were a frequent sight in the early 1920s. With the hallmark of American entrepreneurship, the added injustices of color segregation and Lincoln Hills evolved into a physical representation prohibited for black men, Colorado began of the American Dream—life, , and the a lasting history of hate groups that prevented pursuit of happiness—for Black Americans. cultural acceptance and diversity; however, this Consequently, the Lincoln Hills changed the did not affect the impact African Americans had in perspective of the state and built a bridge between the construction of Colorado.4 the culture of contempt and racial equality by Denver was home to a large population of increasing the cultural diversity in Colorado “colored” homeowners. From 1900-1929, the communities. Denver Republican reported that the black

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population had almost doubled, a majority of 5. A summer colony where lots are being whom were domestic servants and/or physical sold at such a very low price that laborers seeking greater opportunities in the buyers will make money on the lots West.5 Despite these opportunities Denver even if they never use them presented, black homeowners were not allowed to themselves. buy and live where they chose—Denver was a 6. A place where our race can show to segregated city. In what is now East Denver, a the Nation a constructive piece of work, “Negro District” was established where a majority in the upbuilding of a great National of the African American population resided.6 Dani gathering place for health, recreation, Newsum, a civil rights attorney and historian of education and uplift.10 African American history, states that, “Blacks who In its beginning years, Lincoln Hills became a attempted to buy homes outside the “Negro weekend escape for thousands of African District” were often met with threats and acts of Americans across the nation. violence.”7 At the time, there were only three other resorts catering to “Black Americans in the United Early Development States, Oak Bluffs on Martha’s Vineyard, MA, The Lincoln Hills resort was situated along South Idlewood in MI, and American Beach on Amelia Border Creek between the small towns of Island in Fl,” all of which were east of the Rollinsvilles and Netherlands. E.C. Regnier and Mississippi River.11 The South lacked such resorts Roger Ewalt intended to market Lincoln Hills as a due to its totalitarian approach to racial vacation resort and summer sanctuary for middle- discrimination and the harsh realities it presented class African Americans living in Denver, other for African Americans. This national trend of black areas of Colorado, and beyond.8 During the safe havens carried on throughout the nation, 1920s, Colorado real estate was also experiencing offering a center of spiritual rejuvenation, peace, the damaging effects of discrimination. Ewalt and and most importantly, safety, which many other Regnier faced scrutiny from white landowners for areas of the nation could not provide at the time. their business proposition and experienced unjust Black mountain resorts gained immense popularity treatment when locating a suitable area for the throughout the 20th century, as the resources and Lincoln Hills. After two months of construction and advantages offered there could be found nowhere battling with the state, 470 lots were purchased, else in the United States. some for as low as $25. While a majority of plot Outside the mountain amenities of the owners were from Denver, some hailed from “New resort, the storm of magnified. York to California and points-in-between.”9 Pastor The KKK continued to control the Colorado G.L. Prince, a respected member of the African government through the 1920s and 1930s, which American community of Denver, addressed the further escalated hostility toward black Lincoln Hills Company in a letter providing his communities.12 A shelter from the storm provided endorsements and opinions of such a resort. momentary refuge to the “hurricane” of systematic Lincoln Hills, near Denver, where I have that raged beyond the beauty of the resort. purchased 4 lots and where I have visited on Although violence and political tension spilled different occasions, offers many unique across the state, the remarkable story of Lincoln advantages to our group: Hills continued. 1. A beautiful spot for camp, or cabin or fine summer home. A Vibrant Heart 2. A cool, invigorating summer climate Wink’s Lodge, also known as Wink’s Panorama, which is the finest known tonic for was at the core of the Lincoln Hills resort.13 The people who have had a hard year of six-room inn was built by Obrey “Winks” Hamlet work. and his first wife, Naomi. Hamlet spent his 3. A large tract of land containing 2 miles summer months in 1925 constructing the beautiful of trout stream, beside 4 creeks and three-story lodge with an interior wrap around fine lake stocked with trout. porch that overlooked the South Border Creek and 4. A railroad and 4 auto roads from Denver to the resort.

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recreational and service organizations, like the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA).”20 In 1925, Camp Nizhoni was established by the Denver Phyllis Wheatley Branch on the Lincoln Hills resort, and it became a place African American girls could call their very own.21 Nizhoni, a Navajo word for beautiful, catered to girls of all ages, ranging from 8-17 years old. The camp offered a diverse amount of activities to the attending girls. As Frances Mozetta recalls in Memories of Camp Nizhoni, “We identified and Wink’s Lodge, also known as Wink’s Panorama. collected wildflowers; went on scavenger hunts; learned to make bedrolls and blankets; and even Rocky Mountains. Completed in 1928, the lodge to cook breakfast over an outdoor fire.” Nizhoni became one of few full service resorts to cater to became a shield from the sting of segregation and African Americans.14 Winks was an accomplished racism for many campers who primarily hailed businessman in the Five-Points neighborhood of from Denver, but others were from rural regions of Denver. Along with the six rooms he rented in the Colorado, and even out of state. 22 panorama, Winks built 25 cabins on the Lincoln When the sun began to fall behind the Hills resort available to friends, families, and Rocky Mountain wall, the campers of Nizhoni customers. Hamlet added on a tavern, honeymoon would gather around the campfire and sing.23 One cabin, a tin house, and a three plex cabin.15 The of those many songs was “Nightfall on Nizhoni”: lodge became the vibrant heart of the Lincoln Hills Night on Camp Nizhoni’s Falling in its early years of success. Night on Camp Nizhoni’s Falling Wink’s Panorama hosted famous Black Nature’s Lulling All to Rest Americans during the 1930s.16 Newsum recounts And We Pray that God Will Help Us Be that “Some of the brightest lights of the Harlem That Which We Count on Best24 Renaissance—musicians, poets, novelists, For nearly 20 years, Camp Nizhoni essayists—visited the mountain retreat. After provided a summer sanctuary for thousands of performing in some of Denver’s renowned but girls. “We would not want to leave. We had so segregated jazz clubs, some of the most much fun away from the city and hatred,” recalls celebrated African American musicians of the Jennie Rucker who attended the camp in the time, including Count Basie, Lena Horne, and 1930s.25 Most importantly, the summer camp Duke Ellington, headed to Lincoln Hills.”17 became a symbolic representation for the African Denver’s hotels were segregated at the time and American community that happiness and peace even off-limits to the most famous African was attainable in the beautiful Rocky Mountains of American figures. However, at the Lincoln Hills, the Centennial State.26 they found welcome, food, shelter, spectacular scenery, and even other performance venues— Breaking Barriers Winks Panorama.18 Jess Dubois, stepson of Colorado and the United States began to plant the Obrey Hamlet, said, “Together with the cultural seeds of racial change.27 World War II helped interaction and stunning natural beauty, fresh air, accomplish what decades of protest and advocacy and a level of freedom rarely found at this time, it by African Americans and other races had not is no surprise that Wink’s Lodge became the place been able to successfully do. 28 Newsum asserts, to be for black people from all walks of life.”19 “Hitler’s white supremacist horrors, the critical role played by the United States in the defeat of Nazi Camp Nizhoni , and the war service of thousands of African American children also suffered from the Americans of color helped transform the extreme racial oppression that swept Colorado in unquestioned white supremacist assumptions held the early-to-mid 20th century. As their parents by many white Americans into beliefs that many were restricted from most mountain retreats, Black would come to consider un-democratic harbingers American children were also denied entry to many of strife and war.”29 summer programs and “excluded from many

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Those seeds of racial change sprouted however, the legacy of the resort continues. It truly locally and nationally; barriers of racial injustice was an escape to the wilderness, a shelter from and discrimination that created a white the storm. supremacist culture of contempt began to slowly crumble as a revolution of civil rights reform began to find a foothold in the 1950s and 1960s.30 Newsum contrasts the rise of the mainstream Civil Rights Movement with the decline of resorts like Lincoln Hills, “But in 1945, no one knew that as a consequence, the days of institutions like Lincoln Hills that had been built in part to provide sanctuary from the slings and arrows of exclusion, were numbered.”31 Change was afoot in Colorado, the seeds planted after World War II would slowly begin to bear fruit.32 In 1964 the Civil Rights Act outlawed and discrimination, which included country clubs and resorts that only catered to the white race.33 As a result, many affluent African Americans joined larger, integrated facilities. One year later, in 1965, Obrey Hamlet “Winks” passed away, and the property of Wink’s Lodge was sold to an independent buyer.34 With the “vibrant heart” of Lincoln Hills sold, many lost interest in owning property at the resort, but the legacy of the sanctuary would not end.35 The Lincoln Hills is now under development by a new age of African American entrepreneurs. In 2007, Matthew Burkett purchased the property in Gilpin County and developed the land into a fly-fishing resort.36 Burkett says, “I wanted to pay homage to the African American Entrepreneurs of the 1920s, and we have redeveloped Lincoln Hills into a fly-fishing resort which highlights the tradition of Wink’s Lodge and the resort communities that were there.” Breaking the barriers of racial injustice, the summer sanctuary helped establish the principles of financial freedom, political engagement, and educational opportunities for thousands of Black Americans that would be the foundation of the Civil Rights Movement to come.

Conclusion During its 44 years of operation, the Lincoln Hills evolved from an economic opportunity into a cultural oasis that offered the American dream for many oppressed blacks in Colorado. It combined the values of vision, equity, justice, and community to help break the barriers of racial injustice and Jim Crowism that controlled Colorado in the early- to mid-20th century. After the seeds of racial change sprouted and a revolution of civil rights acts were enacted, the Lincoln Hills closed;

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Justina Ford: Just Another Physician? Kylee Wilson

1 Joyce B. Lohse, Justina Ford, Medical Pioneer (Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2004). 2 Moya Hansen, “Dr. Justina Ford (1871-1952), “ BlackPast, 9 Sept. 2019, available from blackpast.org. 3 “Justina Ford, MD,” Colorado Women's Hall of Fame, available from cogreatwomen.org; “Our Coloradans Then: Justina Ford, Breaking Barriers in Colorado Medicine,” Our Community Now, 14 Feb. 2019, available from ourcommunitynow.com. 4 Lohse, Justina Ford. 5 “Justina Ford, M.D.,” documentary film, Rocky Mountain PBS, 28 Feb. 2013, available from pbs.org. 6 Lohse, Justina Ford. 7 Lohse, Justina Ford; “Justina Ford, MD.” Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. 8 Hansen,“Dr. Justina Ford.” 9 Marilyn Griggs Riley, High Altitude Attitudes: Six Savvy Colorado Women (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 2006). 10 Yongli, “Rossonian Hotel,” Colorado Encyclopedia, 16 Mar. 2016, available from coloradoencyclopedia.org.; Riley, High Altitude Attitudes. 11 “Justina Ford: Denver's First Female African American Doctor,” Colorado Virtual Library, 5 Nov. 2018, available from coloradovirtuallibrary.org. 12 Lohse, Justina Ford. 13 “Justina Ford, MD,” Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. 14 Riley, High Altitude Attitudes. 15 Micah Smith, “Dr. Justina Ford: CO's First Black Female Doctor,” KMGH, 2 Feb. 2019, available from thedenverchannel.com. 16 Lohse, Justina Ford. 17 “Our Coloradans Then,” Our Community Now. 18 Riley, High Altitude Attitudes. 19 Lohse, Justina Ford. 20 Our Coloradans Then,” Our Community Now. 21 Riley, High Altitude Attitudes. 22 “Changing the Face of Medicine | Justina Laurena Ford,” U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 3 June 2015, available from cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov. 23 Riley, High Altitude Attitudes. 24Yongli, “Justina Ford House,” Colorado Encyclopedia, 29 Aug. 2016, available from coloradoencyclopedia.org; “Justina Ford, Doctor and Humanitarian,” African American Registry, available from aaregistry.org. 25 Yongli, “Justina Ford House.” 26 Lohse, Justina Ford. 27 “Justina Ford Clipping,” New York Age, 9 Mar. 1911. 28 “Justina Ford (1871-1952), Physician,” America Comes Alive, 11 Jan. 2019, available from americacomesalive.com. 29 “Justina Ford,” Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia,” 19 July 2018, available from alchetron.com. 30 Yongli, “Justina Ford House;” “Justina Ford,” America Comes Alive. 31 Lohse, Justina Ford; “Our Coloradans Then,” Our Community Now. 32 “Dr. Justina Ford STEM Institute,” Dr. Justina Ford STEM Institute | National Girls Collaborative Project, available from ngcproject.org. 33 Our Coloradans Then,” Our Community Now.

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The Lincoln Hills: Breaking the Barriers of Racial Injustice and Jim Crowism in Colorado Mohamed Ibrahim

1“Interview with Jess Dubois,” Colorado Experience: The Lincoln Hills, Rocky Mountain PBS, aired February 21, 2013. 2Dani Newsum, Lincoln Hills and Civil Rights in Colorado, Institute of Museums and Library Sciences, p. 24 3 Noelle Phillips, "Colorado's long history-and uncertain present-with the KKK and other hate groups." Denver Post, 20 Aug. 2017. 4 Mark S. Foster, “In the face of ‘Jim Crow’: Prosperous Blacks and Vacations, Travel, and Outdoor Leisure, 1890-1945,” Journal of Negro History (1999): pp. 133-135. 5 “Negro Home Bombed by Autoists,” Rocky Mountain News, July 8, 1921, Western History and Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library. 6 Newsum, Lincoln Hills, p. 34. 7Newsum, Lincoln Hills, p. 25 8 “Letter from James H. Teller to Roger Ewalt,” 1925, Western History and Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library. 9 Dani Newsum, Lincoln Hills, p. 29. 10 Letter from G.L. Prince to Lincoln Hills CO,” March 17, 1926, Western History and Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library. 11 “The Story of Lincoln Hills,” Lincoln Hills Cares, p. 1, available from lincholnhillscares.org. 12 “Interview with Jess DuBois.” 13 “A Tribute to Lincoln Hills Cares: Where the Past and the Future of Outdoor Recreation Meet,” Colorado Sierra Club, 2015, available from sierraclub.org. 14 “The Lincoln Hills,” season 1, episode 101, Colorado Experience, aired February 21, 2013, Rocky Mountain PBS. 15 “The Lincoln Hills,” Colorado Experience. 16 Jess Eugene Dubois, Lincoln Hills (Denver, CO, 2012): 5. 17 Newsum, Lincoln Hills, p. 30. 18 Newsum, Lincoln Hills, p. 30. 19 “Interview with Jess Dubois.” 20 Newsum, Lincoln Hills, p. 43. 21 Frances Currin Mozetta, Memories of Camp Nizhoni (Denver, CO: Denver Public Library Western History and Genealogy Archives, 2015): p. 5 22 “Interview with Marie Anderson Greenwood,” Colorado Experience: The Lincoln Hills, Rocky Mountain PBS, aired February 21, 2013. 23 Mozetta, Memories of Camp Nizhoni, p. 6. 24 “Interview with Jennie Rucker,” Colorado Experience: The Lincoln Hills, Rocky Mountain PBS, aired February 21, 2013. 25 “Interview with Marie Anderson Greenwood.” 26 Newsum, Lincoln Hills, p. 41. 27 Denver Unity Council Pamphlet, pages 1-3, MSS 1654, S4.B9, FF 9, Denver Unity Council Collection, Stephen H. Hart Library and Research Center, History Colorado Center. 28 “The High Cost of Prejudice,” Rocky Mountain Life, February 1948. Stephen H. Hart Library and Research Center, History Colorado Center. 29 Newsum, Lincoln Hills, p. 50. 30 A”Wall Text,” The Lincoln Hills. History Colorado, Denver, CO, visited July 17, 2019. 31 Newsum, Lincoln Hills, p. 50. 32 “The High Cost of Prejudice,” 33 Andrea Juarez, "Lincoln Hills Country Club (1922-1966)," Black Past, 29 Sept. 2007, available from blackpast.org.

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34 “The Story of Lincoln Hills.” 35 “The Lincoln Hills,” Colorado Experience. 36 “The Lincoln Hills,” Colorado Experience.

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Images Arbid, Dani. “Lorde in Berlin.” Photograph. Exberliner. 2016. Available from exberliner.com. Dorfman, Elsa. “Audre Lorde—writer and activist.” Photograph. Wikimedia Commons.

Justina Ford: Just Another Physician? Kylee Wilson

Primary Sources “Changing the Face of Medicine | Justina Laurena Ford.” U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 3 June 2015, Available from cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov. “Justina Ford Clipping.” The New York Age, 9 Mar. 1911. “Our Coloradans Then: Justina Ford, Breaking Barriers in Colorado Medicine.” Our Community Now, 14 Feb. 2019. Available from ourcommunitynow.com. Riley, Marilyn Griggs. High Altitude Attitudes: Six Savvy Colorado Women. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 2006. Smith, Micah. “Dr. Justina Ford: CO's First Black Female Doctor.” KMGH. 2 Feb. 2019.

Secondary Sources “Dr. Justina Ford STEM Institute.” Dr. Justina Ford STEM Institute | National Girls Collaborative Project. Available from ngcproject.org. Hansen, Moya. “Dr. Justina Ford (1871-1952).” BlackPast, 9 Sept. 2019. Available from blackpast.org. “Justina Ford.” Alchetron: The Free Social Encyclopedia. 19 July 2018. Available from alchetron.com. “Justina Ford: Denver's First Female African American Doctor.” Colorado Virtual Library, 5 Nov. 2018. Justina Ford, Doctor and Humanitarian.” African American Registry. Available from aaregistry.org. “Justina Ford, MD.” Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. Available from cogreatwomen.org. “Justina Ford, M.D.” Public Broadcasting Service, 28 Feb. 2013. Available from pbs.org. “Justina Ford (1871-1952), Physician.” America Comes Alive, 11 Jan. 2019. Available from americancomesalive.com. Lohse, Joyce B. Justina Ford, Medical Pioneer. Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2004. Riley, Marilyn Griggs. High Altitude Attitudes: Six Savvy Colorado Women. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 2006. Yongli. “Justina Ford House.” Colorado Encyclopedia, 29 Aug. 2016. Available from coloradoencyclopedia.org. Yongli. “Rossonian Hotel.” Colorado Encyclopedia, 16 Mar. 2016. Available from coloradoencyclopedia.org.

Images “Dr. Justina Ford.” Photograph. Circa. 1910. Wikimedia Commons. MidiMacMan, “Justina Ford House-3091 California Street.” Photogaph. 2008. Wikimedia Commons.

Tearing Down the Patriarchy: Margaret Mead Overcoming & Sexuality Barriers Alia Sponheimer

Primary Sources Langness, L. L. “Margaret Mead and the Study of Socialization.” Ethos 3, no. 2 (1975): 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1975.3.2.02a00020.

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Mead, Margaret. Coming of Age in Samoa: a Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation. London: Forgotten Books, 2016 “Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture Margaret Mead As a Cultural Commentator.” Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture. Library of Congress. Available from loc.gov. Mead, Margaret. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. 1935. Paul Shankman. Interview by author. March 12, 2020. U.S. Constitution, amend. 19. “Working Women Today.” Women's Bureau, U.S Department of Labor. Available from dol.gov. Samoa: The Adolescent Girl-Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture. Photograph. Library of Congress. Available from loc.gov.

Secondary Sources Dreger, Alice. “Sex, Lies, and Separating Science From Ideology.” Atlantic, February 15, 2013. Geertz, Clifford. “Margaret Mead 1901-1978.” National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences, 1989. Available from nasonline.org. Gopnik, Alison. “The Students of Sex and Culture.” Atlantic, August 2019. Lutkehaus, Nancy. Margaret Mead: the Making of an American Icon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011. “Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture Margaret Mead As a Cultural Commentator.” Human Nature and the Power of Culture. Library of Congress. Available from loc.gov. “Margaret Mead (1901-1978) An Anthropology of Human Freedom.” Biography: Margaret Mead. Institute for Intercultural Studies. Available from interculturalstudies.org. “Margaret Mead’s Theories: Gender Consciousness and Imprinting.” History. A&E Television Networks, October 28, 2019. “Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture Papua New Guinea: Sex and Temperament.” Human Nature and the Power of Culture. Library of Congress. Available from loc.gov. Szalai, Jennifer. “How a Group of Heretical Thinkers Chipped Away at the Idea of 'Us' and 'Them.'” New York Times. July 30, 2019.

Images Internet Archive Book Images. “Margaret Mead Curator of Ethnology, Department of Anthropology Join the Museum Staff in 1926 B.A., 1923, Barnard College Ph.D., 1929, Columbia University.” Photograph. 1969. From A Brief Expedition into Science at the American Museum of Natural History. Wikimedia Commons.

John Snow: Breaking Barriers in Epidemiology Ella Frihauf

Primary Sources “Coronavirus Cases” Worldometer. Available from worldometers.info Kolifarhood, Goodarz, et al. “Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of COVID-19; a Narrative Review.” Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 1 Apr. 2020. Available from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Merrill, Ray M. Introduction to Epidemiology. 7th ed., vol. 1. Burlington, MA, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2017. “Principles of Epidemiology.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 May 2012. Available from cdc.gov. “Public Information Map.” Esri. ARCGIS. 1 May 2014. Available from arcgis.com.

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United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. “Palo Alto University Professor Christine Blasey Ford rises to give an oath prior to her opening statement.” Photograph. Wikimedia Commons.

The Lincoln Hills: Breaking the Barriers of Racial Injustice and Jim Crowism in Colorado Mohamed Ibrahim

Primary Sources Brown, George. “It Happens in Denver: Jim Crow Strong Ally of Communists in Appeal to Minorities.” Denver Post, September 25, 1951. Western History and Genealogy Archives. Denver Public Library. Cansler, Fritz. “Fritz Cansler to The Lincoln Hills Company.” June 4, 1925. Western History and Genealogy Archives. Denver Public Library. DuBois, Jess Eugene. Lincoln Hills. Denver, CO, 2012. Interview with Gary Jackson. “Meet longtime Lincoln Hills Vacationer.” Denver Post. February 14, 2009. Interview with Jess Dubois. Colorado Experience: Lincoln Hills. Rocky Mountain PBS. Aired February 21, 2013. Interview with Jennie Rucker. Colorado Experience: Lincoln Hills. Rocky Mountain PBS. Aired February 21, 2013. Interview with Linda Tucker Kai Kai. Colorado Experience: Lincoln Hills. Rocky Mountain PBS. Aired February 21, 2013. Interview with Marie Anderson Greenwood. Colorado Experience: Lincoln Hills. Rocky Mountain PBS. Aired February 21, 2013. Interview with Nancelia Elizabeth Scott-Jackson. Colorado Experience: Lincoln Hills. Rocky Mountain PBS. Aired February 21, 2013. Interview with Rosemary Berry. Colorado Experience: Lincoln Hills. Rocky Mountain PBS. Aired February 21, 2013. “Lincoln Hills Warranty Deed List.” 1930-1940. Western History and Genealogy Archives. Denver Public Library. Mark S. Foster. “In the Face of ‘Jim Crow’: Prosperous Blacks and Vacations, Travel and Outdoor Leisure, 1890-1945.” Journal of Negro History (Spring 1999). “Mountain Resort Summer Home Colony.” Advertisement. Colorado Statesman, May 9, 1925. Western History and Genealogy Archives. Denver Public Library. Mozetta, Frances Currin. Memories of Camp Nizhoni. Denver, CO: Denver Public Library Western History and Genealogy Archives, 2015. Pitts, William. “William Pitts to The Lincoln Hills Company.” February 1, 1928. Western History and Genealogy Archives. Denver Public Library. Ross R., George. “George R. Ross to The Lincoln Hills Company.” 1928. Western History and Genealogy Archives. Denver Public Library. Teller H., James. “James H. Teller to Roger E. Ewalt.” June 6, 1925. Western History and Genealogy Archives. Denver Public Library. “The Lincoln Hills.” Photograph. 1928. Western History and Genealogy Archives. Denver Public Library. “The Lincoln Hills Cabin Photograph.” Photograph. 2000. Western History and Genealogy Archives. Denver Public Library.

Secondary Sources “A Tribute to Lincoln Hills Cares: Where the Past and the Future of Outdoor Recreation Meet.” Colorado Sierra Club. July 28, 2015. Available from www.sierraclub.org. Erickson, Beth. “Rocky Mountain National Park: History and Culture as Factors in African-American Park Visitation.” Journal of Leisure Research 41, no. 4 (2009): 529-545.

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“The Lincoln Hills.” Colorado Experience. Season 1, episode 101. Aired February 21, 2013. Rocky Mountain PBS. "Lincoln Hills," Colorado Encyclopedia. September 21, 2018. Available from coloradoencyclopedia.org. “The Story of Lincoln Hills.” Lincoln Hills Cares. Available from lincolnhillscared.org. “Wall Text.” The Lincoln Hills. History Colorado. Denver, CO.

Images “Klansmen Parade Down Larime Street.” Photograph. May 31, 1926. Western History and Genealogy Archives. Denver Public Library. “Winks Panorama (Winks Lodge).” Photograph. Circa 1950s. Western History and Genealogy Archives. Denver Public Library.

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