A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of

BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES: Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections August Meier and John H. Bracey, Jr. General Editors

CENTERS OF THE SOUTHERN STRUGGLE FBI Files on Montgomery, Albany, St. Augustine, Selma, and Memphis

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UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA

A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of

BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES: Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections August Meier and John H. Bracey, Jr. General Editors

CENTERS OF THE SOUTHERN STRUGGLE FBI Files on Montgomery, Albany, St. Augustine, Selma, and Memphis

Edited by David J. Garrow

Guide compiled by Michael Moscato and Martin Schipper

A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA 44 North Market Street • Frederick, MD 21701 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Centers of the southern struggle [microform]. (Black studies research sources) Accompanied by a printed reel guide, compiled by Michael Moscato and Martin P. Schipper. Includes index. 1. Afro-Americans-Civil rights-History--20th century-Sources. 2. Civil rights movements- United States-History-20th century-Sources. 3. Afro-Americans-H ¡story-1877-1964~Sources. 4. United States-Race relations-Sources. 5. United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation- Archives. 6. Afro-Americans-Civil rights-Southern States~History-20th century-Sources. 7. Southern States-Race relations-Sources. I. Garrow, David J., 1953- . II. Schipper, Martin Paul. III. Moscato, Michael. IV. United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation. V. University Publications of America. VI. Series. [E185.61] 975,.00496073 88-37866 ISBN 1-55655-047-2 (microfilm)

Copyright ©1988 by University Publications of America. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-047-2. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction v

Note on Sources , xi

Editorial Note xii

Use of FBI Records Explanation of FBI Classifications xiii Explanation of Exemptions xiii How to Cite FBI Records xv

Initialism List xvi

Montgomery, Alabama Chronology, 1955-1958 1 Reel Index (Reels 1-2) 4

Albany, Georgia Chronology, 1961-1963 ,., , 7 Reel Index (Reels 2-4) ,..., , 11

St. Augustine, Florida Chronology, 1963-1964 15 Reel Index (Reels4-5) , r 18

Selma, Alabama Chronology, 1965 21 Reel Index (Reels 6-16) , 23

Memphis, Tennessee Chronology, 1968 33 Reel Index (Reels 17-21) 35

Subject Index , 43

INTRODUCTION

Important Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) files on the southern civil rights movement essentially come in three major types•lengthy ones on major individual leaders, such as the one on Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ; extremely lengthy ones on each of the major civil rights organizations that was active across the South (King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference [SCLC], the vibrant Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee [SNCC], and the Congress of Racial Equality [CORE]); and valuable but so far less-heralded files on each of the cities or towns that was a major movement "hot spot" at one time or another between the mid-1950s and the late 1960s. Familiarity with all three types of files is important for a student or researcher who wants to fully appreciate the range of monitoring and information-gathering the FBI directed toward the black freedom struggle in the South. However, mastery of the locale-oriented files is a somewhat more complicated enterprise than is the use of either individual or organizational files. This is the result of two majorfactors. First, FBI data-gathering on important centers of movement activity, such as Selma in 1965 or Memphis in 1968, went into more than one major file. Second, a substantial percentage of these crucial, locale-oriented files do not bear titles that straightforwardly describe or indicate what they contain. For example, the most important FBI headquarters file concerning the 1955-1956 Montgomery (Alabama) bus boycott contains in its title no mention of either a bus boycott or Montgomery•a fact that initially delayed the identification and release of those important materials, pursuant to the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), for several years. The available FBI locale-oriented files, especially locales that were not the sites of FBI field offices (e.g., Montgomery, Albany, St. Augustine, and Selma), quickly reveal the extent to which FBI aware- ness of and interest in black activism was almost totally reactive in the South of the 1950s and 1960s. The FBI reaction was frequently to the onset of visible public action or appeals for change in the form of protest marches ordemonstrations against racially discriminatory municipal officials and agencies. Hence, in town after town, newly interested FBI agents had little background knowledge of or familiarity with local black communities and their leaders when a protest campaign or series of demonstrations began to emerge. That lack of prior backgrou nd experience is clearly revealed by the lack of FBI information-gathering prior to the onset of visible activism, and it is reflected as well in the often extensive reliance upon local law enforcement commanders for information that bureau agents manifested when daily demonstrations or other protests did start. Whether in Montgomery in late December 1955, in Albany in December 1961, or in the months immediately preceding the formal launching of SCLC's intensive 1965 campaign in Selma, local police commanders•Police Chief Laurie Pritchett in Albany and Public Safety Director Wilson Baker in Selma•were almost without exception local bureau agents' primary sources of information. Among the results of such initial dependence is one that is frustrating to present-day users of the FOI A-released files. One provision of the FOIA, usually spoken of as "b-7-D" after its precise statutory citation, 5 U.S.C. 552 (b) (7) (D), allows the FBI•like otherfederal agencies•to delete the identities of local officials who, by providing workaday police information, became bureau "sources." Hence, one of the systematic drawbacks that readers of these files must keep very much in mind is the degree to which the processed (i.e., deleted) state of these files masks and understates the very close, regular contact that existed between local lawmen such as Pritchett and Baker and bureau agents assigned to towns such as Albany and Selma. However, each set of files, especially those on Albany, St. Augustine, and Selma, presents a greater mass of detailed, day-to-day information on developments and happenings in each of those civil rights campaigns than is available from any other source. Each set of files pertaining to the five different centers of southern civil rights activism has special characteristics and individual peculiarities. While many users of these files will want to make specific reference to the indexing of each of these files (see Reel Index for each section), some general guidance and description of how these sets of files relate to the civil rights histories of these five different locales is in order.

Montgomery, Alabama The first and most valuable of the three FBI headquarters files pertaining to the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycott is the one numbered 100-135-61, a file titled "Racial Situation, Alabama," and initially created as a repository for field office reports concerning any Alabama counties or cities, not Montgomery alone. Unlike many FBI files whose numerical designations are simply twofold•e.g., 100-106670•this file's threefold designation results in numerical serializations for individual docu- ments•e.g., 100-135-61 -199•that contain four groups of numbers. After the Montgomery boycott formally got under way on December 5,1955, four days after the arrest of Mrs. Rosa Parks for refusing to surrender her bus seat to a newly boarded white rider, the few agents in the bureau's small Montgomery "resident agency" were somewhat slow to assign much importance or devote much study to the boycott's prolongation. Only at the end of December and the early days of January 1956, by which time the boycott had been in effect for over three weeks and chances of any easily negotiated settlement seemed to be receding, did sustained attention begin to be devoted to the Montgomery protest. The most intense period of boycott events took place between late January, when city officials adopted a "get-tough" policy of harassment against the black boycotters, and mid-April, when the failure of the city's effort to squelch the protest through courtroom prosecutions left the situation in a relatively qu iet de facto stand-off f eatu ring the black commu nity's resolute perseverance. It was those early months of 1956, however, that catapulted the boycott and its youthful spokesman, the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., into national and international prominence as, first, King's home was bombed and, second, he was indicted, tried, and convicted of violating anobscure and questionable state anti- boycott statute. By then, moral and financial support forthe protest was arriving from around theglobe, but the wearisome daily effort of sustaining a car-pool system of transportation for thousands of black Montgomerians came to an end only in December 1956, more than a year after the boycott's onset, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that municipally enforced segregated seating on public buses violated the Constitution. In the wake of the boycott itself, FBI interest in the protesters' organization, the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), and in its leaders' efforts to help develop more widespread southern black activism as well as northern awareness of segregation, did not appreciably slacken. A formal case file on the MIA itself (100-429326) was established as part of a very modestly sized and inconclusive inquiry into whether any of the MIA's óut-of-town contributions were coming from Com- munist or otherwise "subversive" organizations. The more substantive and politically charged bureau interest in nascent black southern activism in Montgomery and elsewhere is reflected more fully and richly in an important but highly variegated file, 62-101087, that ostensibly was intended to be a "catch- all" repository for matters involving southern segregation. This file actually came totrack the FBI's very active interest in the major civil rights events of 1957-1959: the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom (May 17,1957) and the two successive Youth Marches for Integrated Schools (October 25,1958, and April 18, 1959)•all of which took place in Washington, D.C. As such, this "62" file offers crucially important detailed information on this significant and often underexamined "interim" period between the Montgomery boycott and the 1960 birth of the student sit-in movement in Greensboro, N.C. In particular, the 62-101087 file reflects not only the very important role that King and his fellow southern ministerial colleagues played in putting together these successive Washington demonstrations, but also the degree to which the FBI's superiors in the Justice Department and in the Eisenhower White House were actively interested in the plans, prospects, and sponsorship of this newly energized southern black presence on the American political scene.

VI Albany, Georgia Two years later, at the end of 1961, the black community in Albany, Georgia, stimulated in part by the presence of several you ng workers from the newly formed SNCC, which had grown out of the 1960 student sit-in movement, launched what became the first truly sustained, communrty-wide southern black protest campaign since the Montgomery boycott. As in Montgomery, the local agents in the FBI's resident agency had apparently paid almost no attention to black Albany prior to the onset of actual demonstrations in November 1961. Once daily marches began, however, the FBI sought to get on top of the situation and succeeded to some extent in doing so through its closely cooperative relationship with Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett, who in turn had his own excellent sources, some paid and some not paid, within black Albany and even within the leadership of the Albany Movement.1 The vast majority of the FBI's detailed and almost daily reports on civil rights events in Albany from 1961 through 1964, particularly during the especially intense series of protests and confrontations in the summer of 1962, were serialized into a large, more inclusive state of Georgia "Racial Matters" file, 157-6-2, which, much like 100-135-61 with regard to Alabama and Montgomery, also received bureau documents on Savannah, Macon, etc. In the FOIA request, processing and release of only the Albany- related serials (documents) were specified ; therefore, these FBI Albany materials represent a subject- specific selection in terms of their serialization (e.g., 157-6-2-300) within that file, rather than numerically successive documents from the 157-6-2 file. In addition, smaller numbers of Albany- related FBI documents were filed in a Georgia "school segregation" file (157-4-2) and in an additional headquarters "racial matters" file, 157-492. If used in conjunction with the detailed (and generally dependable) news coverage of Albany events that appeared in the local, white-owned Albany Herald, the FBI materials on the Albany Movement are exceptionally rich and valuable, second in importance only to the crucial city manager's files from that period, copies of some of which are available at the library and archives of the Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta.

St. Augustine, Florida Two years after the peak of the Albany Movement, St. Augustine, Florida, became the crucial civil rights movement battleground. Although local white opposition to black activism was even more energetic and violent in St. Augustine than that which had occurred in Montgomery or Albany, the role of the FBI in St. Augustine was distinctly different, in large part because of the cool if not adversarial relationship that existed between the bureau's agents and local law enforcement officials in St. Augustine and St. John's County. While in Albany both black activists and most officially involved whites viewed FBI representatives as passive allies of local white law enforcement, virtually all whites and some blacks in St. Augustine viewed the bureau's role as distinctly hostile to the Klan-friendly, violence-tolerant aura that was manifested by local lawmen, particularly St. John's County sheriff L.O. Davis. Many observers saw little distinction between Davis's force of volunteer deputies and the local Klan chapter, and only the energetic efforts of state law enforcement executives and the Florida Highway Patrol kept events in St. Augustine from turning into a far greater bloodbath for black demonstrators and marchers than they did. Because of these different lines of alliance, the bureau's reporting and investigation of events in St. Augustine reflect little of the local sympathy and overdependence that can be seen in other southern civil rights centers, such as Albany. Instead, the virtually day-by-day, hour-by-hour bureau accounts of 1964 events in St. Augustine reflect an investigative independence and energy that is unusual though not totally unique in the civil rights context. These St. Augustine bureau documents, initially requested under the FOIA by Professor David Colburn of the University of Florida,2 come from a general Florida "racial matters" file, 157-6-63, much like the Albany main file, and again, in terms of their serialization numbers, represent a selection of all St. Augustine-related materials from a filethat also contained documents pertaining to other Florida cities.

For a much fuller discussion of this issue, see David J. Garrow, "FBI Political Harassment and FBI Historiography: Analyzing Informants and Measuring the Effects," The Public Historian 10 (Fall 1988): 1-14. Colburn's subsequent book is Racial Change and Community Crisis: St. Augustine, Florida, 1877-1980 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985). vii Selma, Alabama The most copious set of FBI materials pertaining to any one southern civil rights center of the 1960s is the collection of headquarters main files dealing with black activism in Selma, Alabama. Many recollections of the 1960s feature Selma's civil rights activism only between January and April 1965 when Martin Luther King, Jr., and the SCLC mounted a major voting rights campaign there that climaxed in both the violence of "Bloody Sunday" (March 7, 1965) and the eventual government- protected march from Selma to the state capítol in Montgomery fifty-four miles away. Selma's civil rights activism, however, actually began in early 1963 when SNCC staffers joined forces with local blacks with a longtime interest in increasing black voter registration. Several series of demonstrations aimed at winning fair, nondiscriminatory registration of black applicants took place in 1963, but white Selma and Dallas County officials responded with arrests and other forms of resistance throughout all of 1963 and 1964. Even in the face of repeated Justice Department voting rights suits in the federal courts, white Selma successfully resisted civil rights change until the arrival of King and intensive national news coverage in early 1965. The FBI's extremely rich and detailed files on Selma offer superb information on that early period of Selma activism, as well as detailed day-by-day accounts of the 1965 protests and the actual Selma- to-Montgomery march. Four main headquarters files are devoted to Selma civil rights activism: one fairly inclusive "racial matters" file (157-6-61), two election law/voter registration files that trace in considerable detail the federal government's efforts to eliminate racial discrimination from Dallas County's registration process (44-12831 and 44-25760), and one that details the actual occurrence and logistics of the March 1965 march to Montgomery (44-28544). The successful culmination of the Selma movement in the spring of 1965 is now generally recognized as the peak moment of the southern civil rights movement, but even though Selma marked the movement's high-water mark, it by no means was the end of sustained black activism in the South. One major southern city that was in many ways the last significant metropolis to be touched by civil rights activism in a serious way was Memphis, which many observers thought shared more of the qualities of the state just a few miles to its south, Mississippi, than of its home state of Tennessee.

Memphis, Tennessee Significant black activism in Memphis began not in an explicitly civil rights context but instead in. the form of a municipal labor dispute. In February 1968, Memphis's virtually all-black sanitation work force, angry both at working conditions and at the city's refusal to recognize their nascent union local, went out on strike. The city officials' obstinate and ham-handed dealings with the black strikers quickly succeeded in turning a low-visibility labor struggle into a racially charged and symbolic civil rights matter, and black Memphis gradually rallied to the side of the striking sanitation workers. In a few weeks' time, outside civil rights spokesmen, including the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., began coming to Memphis to lend their voices to the sanitation workers' cause. For King in particular (who was just beginning to fully articulate the goals of his 1968 Poor People's Campaign, which he hoped would address issues of poverty and economic class as well as race), the admixture of economic and racial concerns in the Memphis strike was an attractive exemplarof the problems he hoped to highlight. After appearing once in Memphis on March 18, King returned on March 28 to lead a protest march that ended up decomposing into a mini-riot featuring both black youths and Memphis police. Shaken but convinced that only a successful second march could recoup from that disaster, King came back to Memphis again on April 3. Only in the wake of King's assassination on April 4 did white Memphis officials finally concede a willingness to recognize the sanitation workers' union and reach a vyagepact with them. The FBI's files on the spring 1968 events in Memphis, initially obtained under the FOI A by assassination researcher Harold Weisberg, are among the richest on southern civil rights concerns ever released by the FBI. In part, this is because the release included not only the main headquarters' files, but also the significant field office files that were maintained in the Memphis FBI office itself. Furthermore, theextremely limited extentof the FOIA-authorized deletionsthatthe FBI made in these documents when they first were processed in the late 1970s increases their usefulness. (With few exceptions, materials released in the middle to late 1980s under FOIA requests feature more extensive deletions than do those released during the late 1970s or very early 1980s.)

VIM Two distinct pairs of files make up the bureau's Memphis-related documents. First, beginning in February 1968, both the Memphis field office and FBI headquarters developed significant files (157- 1092 and 157-9146, respectively) on the sanitation workers' strike itself. Second, both also developed extremely useful and revealing files on the local, youthful, "black power" group, The Invaders, that sought to use the strike as an opportunity to force black Memphis's mainstream civil rights leadership to accord them a far more significant role than such youths had ever before had. Owing both to several excellent sources among the adult activists and to an undercover city policeman who had infiltrated The Invaders (and whose reports were shared with local bureau agents), the FBI was able to collect first-rate information on the development of black Memphis's support of the sanitation workers' strike.3 Like the other files on Montgomery, Albany, St. Augustine, and Selma, the FBI records on the relatively short-lived Memphis activism of 1968 offer an extremely valuable perspective on those crucial events. When used thoroughly in conjunction with archival resources such as those at the King Center and oral history materials such as the important collections at Howard University's Moorland- Spingarn Research Center, these FBI files on the southern civil rights struggle represent a very valuable collection of historically significant sources.

David J. Garrow Professor of History The City College, CUNY

3. On this matter, see David J. Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.: From "Solo" to Memphis (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981), chapter five.

IX

NOTE ON SOURCES

This collection has been filmed from David Garrow's and Harold Weisberg's own holdings of recently released FBI files. These materials can also be found at the FBI Headquarters, Washington^ D.C. The following FBI files have been included in this publication in the order presented:

Montgomery, Alabama 100-135-61 Racial Situation, Alabama 62-101087 Prayer Pilgrimage, Southern Segregation 100-429326 Montgomery Improvement Association

Albany, Georgia 157-6-2 Racial Matters, Georgia (Albany) 157-492 FBI Headquarters, Albany 157-4-2 FBI Headquarters, Albany

St. Augustine, Florida 157-6-63 Racial Situation, St. Auanstine, Florida

Selma, Alabama 157-6-61 Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama 44-12831 Election Laws, Selma/Dallas County, Alabama 44-25760 Voter Registration, Selma, Alabama 44-28544 Selma to Montgomery March, 1965

Memphis, Tennessee 157-1092 FBI Memphis Field Office File, Memphis Sanitation Strike 157-9146 Sanitation Workers Strike, Memphis, Tennessee 157-6 Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike 157-1067 FBI Memphis Field Office File, The Invaders 157-8460 The Invaders, Memphis, Tennessee

An explanation of the two- or three-digit subject classification number found at the beginning of each file number can be found on page xiii.

XI EDITORIAL NOTE

All files have been filmed in their entirety. Records within FBI file designations are arranged in chronological order. Listings of the major incidents occurring at each location have been compiled by University Publications of America (UPA). The Chronology for a location is reproduced before the Reel Index to that portion of the microfilm. Thus, there are two listings in the user guide for each of the five cities in this collection: one recounts the important events, while the other lists the relevant FBI files. Within each of the five sections of the Reel Index, the four-digit frame number on the left side of the page indicates at what frame on the microfilm a specific file volu me or section begins. I n the interest of accessing material within files, the major issues, reports, prominent individuals, and key policy matters are provided for the researcher under the category Subjects. Forthe convenience of the researcher, there is also a cumulative Subject Indextothe major issues, prominent individuals, and policy issues that appear throughout the collection.

XII USE OF FBI RECORDS

Explanation of FBI Classifications

The present FBI subject-classified Central Records System (CRS) began in 1921 and has not changed in any major respect since then. The classifications in CRS correspond to specific federal crimes (e.g., bank robbery, classification 91), investigatory responsibilities (e.g., domestic security investigations, classification 100), or subjects (e.g., fingerprint matters, classification 32). The numerical classifications that have been included in this microfilm publication (and listed on the Note on Sources) correspond to the following subjects:

Code Definition

44 Civil Rights

62 Miscellaneous Subversives

100 Subversive Matters; Internal Security; Domestic Security Investigation

157 Extremist Matters; Civil Unrest

Explanation of Exemptions

The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), under which these documents were requested, proc- essed, and released, allows the FBI and other federal agencies to delete and withhold a variety of types of information. These exemptions•listed below and on the following page•authorize the bureau to withhold any classified information (exemption [b] [1]); any material "related solely to the internal rules and practices of the FBI," such as informant coding symbols ([b] [2]); any records that would invade someone's personal privacy by, for instance, discussing theirsexual habits ([b] [7] [C]); or material that would "reveal the identity of a confidential source or reveal confidential information furnished only by the confidential source" ([b] [7] [D]); among others. Whichever exemption or exemptions the FBI is claiming in withholding a certain passage or document is cited as such in the margin of a partially released document or on the top line of the "deleted page" sheets, which are inserted when a single page or entire document is withheld. Deleted page sheets also appear in place of referral documents, memos prepared by agencies other than the FBI and which the FBI forwarded to the originating agency for separate (and subsequent) FOIA processing.

SUBSECTIONS OF TITLE 5, UNITED STATES CODE, SECTION 552

(b) (1 ) information which is currently and properly classified pursuant to Executive Order 12356 in the interest of the national defense or foreign policy, for example, information involving intelligence sources or methods (b) (2) materials related solely to the internal rules and practices of the FBI (b) (3) information specifically exempted from disclosure by statute (see continuation page)

XIII (b) (4) privileged or confidential information obtained from a person, usually involving commercial or financial matters (b) (5) interagency or intraagency documents which are not available through discovery proceedings during litigation; documents, the disclosure of which would have an inhibitive effect upon the development of policy and administrative direction; or documents which represent the work product of an attorney-client relationship (b) (6) materials contained in sensitive records such as personnel or medical files, the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy (b) (7) investigatory records compiled for law enforcement purposes, the disclosure of which would: (A) interfere with law enforcement proceedings; (B) deprive a person of the right to a fair trial or an impartial adjudication, or give one party of a controversy an undue advantage by exclusive access to such information; (C) constitute an unwarranted invasion of the personal privacy of another person; (D) reveal the identity of a confidential source or reveal confidential information furnished only by the confidential source; (E) disclose investigative techniques and procedures, thereby impairing their future effectiveness; and (F) endanger the life or physical safety of law enforcement personnel (b) (8) information collected by Government regulatory agencies from financial institutions (b) (9) geological and geophysical information, including maps, produced by private companies and filed by them with Government agencies. SUBSECTIONS OF TITLE 5, UNITED STATES CODE, SECTION 552a (d) (5) information compiled in reasonable anticipation of a civil action proceeding (j) (2) material reporting investigative efforts pertaining to the enforcement of criminal law, including efforts to prevent, control, or reduce crime or apprehend criminals, except records of arrest (k) (1 ) information which is currently and properly classified pursuant to Executive Order 12356 in the interest of the national defense or foreign policy, for example, information involving intelligence sources or methods (k) (2) investigatory material compiled for law enforcement purposes, other than criminal, which would reveal the identity of an individual who has furnished information pursuant to a promise that his identity would be held in confidence (k) (3) material maintained in connection with providing protective services to the President of the United States or any other individual pursuant to the authority of Title 18, United States Code, Section 3056 (k) (4) required by statute to be maintained and used solely as statistical records (k) (5) investigatory material compiled solely for the purpose of determining suitability, eligibility, or qualifications for Federal civilian employment or for access to classified information, the disclosure of which would reveal the identity of the person who furnished information pursuant to a promise that his identity would be held in confidence (k) (6) testing or examination material used to determine individual qualifications for appoint- ment or promotion in Federal Government service, the release of which would compro- mise the testing or examination process (k) (7) material used to determine potential for promotion in the armed services, the disclosure of which would reveal the identity of the person who furnished the material pursuant to a promise that his identity would be held in confidence.

4-694a (Rev. 5-26-83)

xiv How to Cite FBI Records

Citations of FBI records should give the reader sufficient information to access the same material if desired. Although FBI files contain many different types of records, the following examples should suffice for most of them. Citations should generally include document type, "sender" to "recipient," headquarters or field office city, date, caption/subject, and classification-file number-subfile (if applicable)-serial number.

Example: memorandum, SAC [Special Agent in Charge], Boston to Director, FBI, 12/10/50, WILLIAM JONES, JOHN SMITH-VICTIM, Bureau File 7-xxxx-124. Example: letter, SAC, Atlanta to Chief of Police, Atlanta, 1976 TRAINING SCHEDULE, l-xxxx-124.

The types of documents usually found in FBI files are as follows: (1 ) Letters: A communication sent from FBIHQ [FBI headquarters] to a field office, from a field office to FBIHQ, from one field office to another, or from either FBIHQ or a field office to any outside agency or person. (2) Memorandum: A communication (on FBI memorandum paper) to the Attorney General and other department officials, from one official to another at FBIHQ, or from one employee to another within a field territory. It is also applicable to the omnibus types, such as memoranda to all SACs. (3) Letterhead Memorandum (LHM): A memorandum on letterhead stationery; it should normally require a cover communication for transmittal. (4) Report: A written document containing the results of an investigation. It is almost always prepared in a field office. (5) Cover Page: The page(s) containing administrative data, leads, and informant evaluations not found in LHMs or reports. Cover page(s) are not disseminated outside the FBI. (6) Teletype: A communication transmitted by machine. (7) Airtel: An intra-FBI communication withhighestpriorityofthösesentthroughthe mail. Originally conceived as a teletype sent via airmail, it may be in teletype phraseology.

xv INITIALISM LIST

The following ¡nitialisms are used frequently in this guide and are listed here for the convenience of the researcher.

AFL-CIO American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations AFSCME American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees AME African Methodist Episcopal BOP Black Organizing Power COME Community on the Move for Equality CORE Congress of Racial Equality FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FOIA Freedom of Information Act KKK Ku Klux Klan MIA Montgomery Improvement Association NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People SCEF Southern Conference Educational Fund SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference SDS Students for a Democratic Society SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee TRO Temporary restraining order USIA United States Information Agency

XVI CHRONOLOGY Montgomery, Alabama, 1955-1958

December 1,1955 Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to relinquish her seat on a city bus to a white passenger.

December 5,1955 First day of Montgomery bus boycott. Rosa Parks convicted of violating Alabama seat segregation statute and fined $10. Formation of the MIA, with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., as its president. Mass rally in support of bus boycott held at Holt Street Baptist Church.

Decembers, 1955 First meeting between representatives of MIA and Montgomery city officials. Second mass meeting in support of bus boycott.

December 13,1955 Car-pool system initiated to support the boycott; more than 200 drivers volunteer.

December 17,1955 Second meeting between representatives of MIA and Montgomery city officials^ First meeting of a special citizens' committee to deal with the boycott.

December 19,1955 Second meeting of the special citizens' committee.

December 22,1955 MIA executive board meets to discuss the boycott.

January 9,1956 Meeting between MIA leaders and Montgomery city officials.

January 12,1956 Announcement that frequency of mass meetings in support of the boycott will be increased from two nights a week to six.

January 23,1956 Montgomery city commissioners announce the cessation of further negotiations as long as the boycott remains in force and institute a policy of harassment of boycott participants.

January 26,1956 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., arrested for traffic violation.

January 30,1956 Bombing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s residence. February 1,1956 Lawsuit filed by MIA in federal court seeking injunctive relief against segregated bus seating and a halt to the harassment of car-pool activities. Bombing of residence of longtime black activist E.D. Nixon.

February 18,1956 Indictment of MIA attorney Fred Gray on the charge of having named as a plaintiff in MIA's federal court suit a woman who allegedly had not authorized him to use her name.

February 21,1956 Mass indictments handed down by Montgomery grand jury against numerous MIA members under the state antiboycott law. Arrival of Bayard Rustin in Montgomery.

February 23,1956 Mass rally sponsored by MIA.

March 19,1956 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., tried under state antiboycott law.

March 22,1956 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., convicted and fined $500.

April 23,1956 U.S. Supreme Court affirms a federal appellate court ruling striking down segregated seating on the municipal buses of Columbia, South Carolina. Montgomery City Lines announces that its drivers will no longer enforce segregation laws, effective immediately, while Montgomery mayor Gayle announces that the city will continue to enforce such laws.

June 1956 Three-judge federal court votes to strike down Montgomery's laws mandating segregated seating on buses.

October 30,1956 Lawsuit filed by Montgomery requesting issuance of an injunction to halt MIA's car-pool activities as an infringement on Montgomery City Lines' franchise.

November 13,1956 Judge Carter enjoins MIA's car-pool activities. U.S. Supreme Court affirms the lower court decision invalidating Montgomery's bus segregation statutes.

December 3-9,1956 Institute on Non-Violence and Social Change convenes.

December 17,1956 U.S. Supreme Court rejects Montgomery's last appeal of the Court's November 13,1956, decision.

December 18,1956 Montgomery bus boycott ends.

December 23,1956 Shotgun blast rips through front door of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s home.

December 28,1956 Two buses fired upon by snipers.

January 10,1957 Bomb demolishes home of the Reverend Robert S. Graetz, organizer of fleet of volunteer passenger cars that provided transportation to blacks during the boycott. January 1957 Montgomery City Commission suspends all bus service indefinitely in wake of series of bombings. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., calls on local FBI office to ask for federal help to prevent the violence.

January 31,1957 Seven white youths arrested in connection with the series of bombings.

May 30,1957 First two defendants to be tried in Montgomery bombing cases acquitted.

November 1958 Federal lawsuit filed seeking the desegregation of all Montgomery parks and recreation facilities, to which Montgomery responds by closing all public parks. REEL INDEX Montgomery, Alabama Reel 1

Racial Situation, Alabama 0001 100-135-61-1-100-135-61-45 December 1955-March 1956.132pp. Subjects: Montgomery bus boycott; Rosa Parks; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Reverend Robert S. Graetz; bombing of the home of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; bombing of the home of E.D. Nixon of the NAACP; MIA; FBI investigation of the rumor (unfounded) that blacks in Montgomery were purchasing firearms at a sharply accelerated rate; grand jury probe of the bus boycott; indictment of 115 individuals for allegedly engaging in unlawful boycotting activities. 0133 100-135-61-46-100-135-61-85 February 1956-March 1956.151pp. Subjects: Mass arrests of boycott leaders; Rosa Parks's conviction upheld; call by Governor James E. Folsom for settlement of bus boycott. 0284 100-135-61-86-100-135-61-143 March 1956-Apnl 1956.188pp. Subjects: Bus boycott trials; Congressman Charles Diggs; conviction and sentencing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in bus boycott case; abandonment by Montgomery City Lines of traditional policy of segregation of white and black passengers as a result of U.S. Supreme Court ruling; vow by Montgomery police commissioner to arrest anyone violating city segregation laws on buses operated by Montgomery City Lines. 0472 100-135-61 -144-100-135-61 -195 May 1956-Ouly 1956. 194pp. Subjects: FBI investigation of the bombing of the residence of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; suit by Montgomery to enjoin Montgomery City Lines from integrating its buses; Fellowship of Reconciliation; NAACP; MIA; arrest of two black coeds on Tallahassee, Florida, bus for violations of segregation laws; Tallahassee, Florida, bus boycott; ruling by federal court that Montgomery bus segregation laws are unconstitutional. 0666 100-135-61-196-100-135-61-254 August 1956-November 1956.179pp. Subjects: Tallahassee, Florida, bus boycott; bombing of the residence of the Reverend Robert S. Graetz; arrest, trial, and conviction of twenty-one Tallahassee, Florida, car-pool drivers; MIA; temporary injunction granted against Montgomery car-pool operators. 0845 100-135-61-255-100-135-61-325 November 1956-January 1957.239pp. Subjects: U.S. Supreme Court ruling that racial segregation on buses in Montgomery violates the U.S. Constitution; decision by U.S. District Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., enjoining Montgomery officials from enforcing any laws, statutes, or ordinances requiring blacks to submit to segregation in the use of bus transportation facilities; statement of the Montgomery City Commission in answer to the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to grant petitions for rehearing in the recent ruling outlawing segregation on city buses; attacks on blacks attempting to ride on buses; shotgun attack on the residence of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ; KKK activities; firing upon Montgomery buses; series of bombings in Montgomery; Tallahassee, Florida, boycott situation; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s petition to the FBI to solve or assist in solving bombings of black churches and residences; FBI investigation of the bombings. Reel 2 Montgomery, Alabama, cont.

Racial Situation, Alabama, cont. 0001 100-135-61 -32&-100-135-61 -388 January 1957-March 1957.206pp. Subjects: U.S. District Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.; voter registration efforts in Tallahassee, Florida; resumption of Montgomery bus service with police protection; arrest of suspects in Montgomery bombing cases; continuation of bombings in Montgomery; indictment of accused bombers; Judge Harold Garswell. 0207 100-135-61-389-100-135-61-435 March 1957-September 1957.173pp. Subjects: Voter registration activities in Montgomery; trial of Montgomery bombing suspects; Tuskegee, Alabama, racial gerrymandering plan; Tuskegee, Alabama, boycott of merchants. 0380 100-135-61 -436-100-135-61-483 September 1957-April 1958.121 pp. Subjects: The Tuskegee Civic Association; decree enjoining Tuskegee boycott of merchants; dismissal of all remaining criminal charges growing out of the Montgomery bus boycott and the subsequent bombing of black churches and homes of boycott leaders; MIA; Alabama Council on Human Relations; Tuskegee Institute report: "Race Relations in the South• 1957." 0501 100-135-61-484-100-135-61-525 May 1958-November 1958.151 pp. Subjects: Arrest of three Montgomery blacks at three polling places on charges of violating statutes governing elections; Alabama's efforts to resist integration of public schools; FBI summary of school desegregation controversy in Alabama; FBI summaries of the racial situation in Alabama; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and attempts to integrate all-white Oak Park in Montgomery; MIA; Alabama governor-elect John Patterson; NAACP;KKK. 0652 100-135-61-526-100-135-61-544 November 1958-February 1963.80pp. Subjects: Civil Rights Commission hearings in Montgomery; closing of Montgomery city parks; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and strategy for massive integration of Montgomery schools; the death of Horace Bell; Tuskegee Institute report: "Race Relations in the South•1961"; efforts to integrate Montgomery lunch counters.

Prayer Pilgrimage, Southern Segregation; MIA 0732 62-101087 and 100-429326 December 1957-July 1967.86pp. Subjects: Black student sit-down strikes in Montgomery; mass meetings; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; MIA; racial demonstrations in Montgomery; FBI report: "Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban Areas (Selma, Montgomery, Mobile)"; alleged Communist infiltration of the MIA. CHRONOLOGY Albany, Georgia, 1961-1963

November 1,1961 Charles Sherrod, Cordell Reagon, and others arrive in the Albany bus station to test local compliance with Interstate Commerce Commission regulations banning racial segregation in interstate travel facilities.

November 17,1961 Formation of the Albany Movement.

November 22,1961 Five high-school students arrested while testing facilities in the Albany bus station.

November 23,1961 Meeting between representatives of SNCC and NAACP to reconcile their differences.

November 27,1961 Trial and conviction of the five students arrested on November 22,1961. Mass student march protesting segregation.

December 10,1961 Integrated group of eleven volunteers arrested after testing segregated facilities in the Albany railway station.

December 12,1961 Mass arrest of 267 black students and adults who marched on Albany City Hall.

December 13,1961 Mass arrest of eighty marchers led by Slater King.

December 14,1961 Formation of a biracial negotiating committee. Beating of Charles Sherrod in the Terrell County Jail. Mass rally of over 2,000 movement supporters at Shiloh Baptist Church.

December 15,1961 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., addresses mass rally at Shiloh Baptist Church.

December 16,1961 Mass arrest of 250 marchers led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

December 18,1961 Tentative settlement reached between representatives of the city and the Albany Movement, calling for (1 ) release from jail without bond of all local citizens held in custody for civil rights- related violations of the law and (2) a thirty-day moratorium on civil rights demonstrations. December 1961 Albany Movement's boycott of city stores resumes.

January 1962 Boycott of Albany's major stores expands to include boycott of city bus line.

January 23,1962 Albany Movement's leaders rebuffed before Albany City Commission.

January 26,1962 Cities Transit president informs Albany City Commission that bus boycott will force the company to suspend operations on January 31,1962.

January 31,1962 Albany City Commission refuses to allow Cities Transit to desegregate its bus service. Bus service comes to an end.

February 2,1962 Movement leaders announce that boycott of city stores will be expanded.

February 19,1962 Bus service on largely white routes resumes.

February 27,1962 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy stand trial for their December 16,1961, arrest; verdict postponed for sixty days.

Marche, 1962 Bus service again terminated.

March 10,1962 Movement leaders announce that "vigilante committees" will identify blacks shopping in boycotted stores.

April 1962 Series of sit-in protests and subsequent arrests.

April 16,1962 Albany Movement leaders present a new set of demands to Police Chief Pritchett.

May-June 1962 No progress made on unresolved movement demands for establishment of a biracial committee or resolution of charges pending against protesters from the December demonstrations.

July 10,1962 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy convicted of charges arising from their December 16,1961, arrests and sentenced to forty-five days in jail or a $178 finé; they choose imprisonment.

July 12,1962 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy released from jail against their will after their fines are paid by Police Chief Pritchett.

July 16,1962 "Albany Manifesto" issued by the movement requesting face-to- face discussions with Albany City Commission. City commission refuses request for face-to-face meeting.

July 18,1962 Renewed sit-ins organized by SCLC and SNCC. July 21,1962 TRO issued against movement activists barring their participation in any mass demonstrations in Albany.

July 23,1962 Slater King's wife, Marion, beaten at the Mitchell County Jail.

July 24,1962 Judge Elbert P. Tuttle dissolves TRO of July 21,1962. Movement files two suits challenging Albany's segregated city facilities and its policy of arresting peaceful protesters. Mass arrest of forty marchers leads to violent protests from onlookers.

July 27,1962 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy, and others arrested outside city hall and jailed.

July 29,1962 Albany Movement president William Anderson appears on "Meet the Press.",

August 1,1962 President John Kennedy criticizes Albany for its intransigence in negotiating with the black leadership.

Augusts, 1962 Justice Department files an amicus curiae brief opposing Albany's renewed effort to win an injunction against the movement and supporting the two suits filed by the movement on July 24,1962.

August 10,1962 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy tried and convicted for their July 27,1962, arrest, given a suspended sentence, and released from jail.

August 11,1962 City library and park facilities closed to promote "public safety."

August 13,1962 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Dr. William Anderson announce the movement's intention to strengthen its boycott of white businesses.

August 16,1962 Dr. William Anderson calls a halt to further protests and announces that the movement plans to turn its attention to voter registration.

August 27,1962 Two groups of white ministers from Chicago and New York arrive in Albany.

August 28,1962 Seventy-five visiting preachers arrested after conducting a prayer vigil at city hall.

August 1962 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s cable to President John Kennedy requesting that the administration mediate the conflict in Albany goes unheeded.

September 1962 Torching of two black churches in rural Albany by white arsonists. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., publicly criticizes President John Kennedy. Voter registration drive in Albany. November 1962 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., quoted as stating that FBI agents in Albany sided with segregationists.

February 1963 Two movement appeals for establishment of a biracial committee rejected by city officials.

March 1963 City commission repeals Albany's segregation ordinances.

May 1963 Renewed picketing of downtown stores.

June 1963 New wave of Albany protests results in more than 100 arrests.

August 1963 Federal jury acquits Baker County sheriff L. Warren Johnson of shooting black prisoner Charles Ware.

August 9,1963 Justice Department announces federal criminal indictments of nine Albany activists on charges of perjury and conspiracy to injure a juror.

10 REEL INDEX Albany, Georgia Reel 2 cont.

Racial Matters, Georgia (Albany) 0818 157-6-2-212-157-6-2-230 December 1961.29pp. Subjects: Mass arrests of blacks marching on Albany City Hall; the Albany Movement; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the testing of segregated facilities at Union Railway Station, Albany, by civil rights activists; arrest and beating of Charles Sherrod, field secretary for SNCC; Freedom Riders; Albany mayor Asa Kelly; Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall; conference between Albany Movement representatives and city commissioners; investigation into the arrest and detention of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in Albany; Governor Nelson Rockefeller. 0847 157-6-2-231-157-6-2-350 December 1961-April 1962.111 pp. Subjects: FBI summary of racial events in Albany; terms of the agreement reached between Albany officials and representatives of the Albany Movement; dissension between SNCC and the Albany Movement; boycott of Albany merchants; bus boycott; refusal of the Albany City Commission to allow Cities Transit to integrate its bus operations; Albany City Commission's reply to the Albany Movement's demands; negotiations between the Albany Movement and the Albany City Commission; evidence heard in the trial of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; picketing of downtown stores; numerous arrests arising out of attempts to integrate downtown lunch counters. 0958 157-6-2-365-157-6-2-482 April 1962-July 1962.142pp. Subjects: Demonstration protesting the death of Walter Harris; arrests of picketers; factionalism within the Albany Movement; conviction and incarceration of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; mass meeting of the Albany Movement; Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach; TRO enjoining the sponsoring or encouraging of unlawful picketing and congregation; request by Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall that the FBI conduct an investigation relative to possible prosecutions for contempt of the aforementioned order; criticism of the federal government by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; mass demonstration in defiance of court order.

11 Reels Albany, Georgia, cont.

Racial Matters, Georgia (Albany) cont. 0001 157-6-2-486-157-6-2-556 July 1962.189pp. Subjects: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; mass meetings; beating of Mrs. Slater King by officials at the Mitchell County Jail; restraining order against integration groups vacated by U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals; SNCC; James Forman; suit in federal court requesting immediate desegregation of public facilities in Albany; mass demonstrations and arrests; arrest of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; violent meeting at Shiloh Baptist Church; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s call for full economic boycott of Albany merchants. 0190 157-6-2-558-157-6-2-645 July 1962-August 1962.194pp. Subjects: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Congressman William Fitts Ryan; James Forman; SNCC; Freedom Riders; arrests of blacks on steps of Carnegie Library; nationwide prayer vigils protesting mass jailings of blacks in Albany; appearance of Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany Movement, on "Meet the Press"; SNCC-led sit-ins; filing by Justice Department of amicus curiae brief on behalf of the Albany Movement; attempt to integrate all-white churches in Albany. 0384 157-6-2-646-157-6-2-695 July 1962-August 1962.196pp. Subjects: Arrests of blacks at the Carnegie Library and at Albany City Hall; Charles Sherrod, field secretary for SNCC; request by officials of the Albany Movement for meeting with the Albany City Commission; attempts to integrate all-white churches in Albany; Justice Department investigation into possible violation of TRO by members of the Albany Movement; numerous depositions relating to the aforementioned investigation. 0580 157-6-2-69&-157-6-2-740 August 1962.92pp. Subjects: Discussions of picketing, boycotts, and school integration; meeting between the Albany City Commission and officials of the Albany Movement; appearance of Dr. William G. Anderson of the Albany Movement on "Meet the Press"; Wyatt Walker's criticisms of the Albany Movement; attendance of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and approximately 100 northern ministers at meeting of the Albany Movement. 0672 157-6-2-741-157-6-2-865 August 1962-September 1962.206pp. Subjects: FBI summary of racial situation in Albany; hearing on civil actions filed by Albany Movement against Albany city officials; efforts to integrate Albany high schools; refusal of petition by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to President Kennedy to mediate the situation in Albany; scheduled arrival of forty-two Chicago clergymen in Albany; fast conducted by ministers in Albany county and city jails; Jackie Robinson; burning of Mount Olive Baptist Church and Mount Mary Baptist Church in Terrell County, Georgia; voter registration meetings.

12 0878 157-6-2-866-157-6-2-946 September 1962-December 1962.166pp. Subjects: Mass meetings of Albany Movement; encouragement given Albany Movement by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to step up boycott of local merchants; arrest of seven picketers; criticisms of the FBI by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and others; picketing activities. Reel 4 Albany, Georgia, cont.

Racial Matters, Georgia (Albany) cont. 0001 157-6-2-950-157-6-2-1050 January 1963-May 1963.118pp. Subjects: FBI attempts to contact Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in order to discuss his criticisms of the bureau; FBI memo characterizing Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., as a "vicious liar,... amply demonstrated in the fact that he constantly associates with and takes instruction from Stanley Levison, who is a hidden member of the Communist Party in New York"; criticism of the FBI by Sumter County, Georgia, grand jury; picketing activities; attempts to integrate restaurants, courtrooms, and libraries; summaries of meetings of the Albany Movement. 0119 157-6-2-1051-157-6-2-1207 May Í963-July 1963.154pp. Subjects: Charles Sherrod; SNCC; meetings of the Albany Movement; sale of public swimming pool to private purchaser in order to circumvent integration order; picketing activities; desegregation demonstrations leading to arrest of over twenty protesters; attempts to integrate churches. 0273 157-6-2-1210-157-6-2-1353 July 1963-August 1963.107pp. Subjects: Demonstrations at private swimming pool recently purchased from Albany; arrest of Slater King; Albany Movement's demands to the Albany City Commission. 0380 157-6-2-1355-157-6-2-1434 August 1963-November 1963.29pp. Subjects: Meetings of the Albany Movement; criticism of the federal government by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; summary of the Albany protests by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 0409 157-6-2-1435-157-6-2-1550 November 1963-February 1964.30pp. Subject: Meetings of the Albany Movement. 0439 157-6-2-1552-157-6-2-1638 February 1964-July 1964.22pp. Subjects: Killing of a fifteen-year-old black male by an Albany police officer; meetings of the Albany Movement. 0461 157-6-2-1656-157-6-2-1731 July 1964-September 1964.77pp. Subjects: Citation of satisfactory progress in racial relations between black and - white communities in Albany; favorable compliance with provisions of the civil rights bill; FBI summary of general racial conditions in Albany.

13 FBI Headquarters, Albany 0538 157-492-X1-157-492-13 December 1961-August 1962.46pp. Subjects: 'Truce" between black leaders and city officials of Albany; arrests resulting from testing of segregated facilities at Trailways bus terminal, Albany, by civil rights activists; Trailways' policy concerning use by blacks of restaurants in the Albany bus terminal; Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall. 0584 157-4-2-121-157-4-2-184 January 1962-September 1963.90pp. Subjects: Demands of the Albany Movement submitted to the Albany City Commission; boycott of the local bus company and downtown merchants; attempts to integrate lunch counters in Albany; arrests during demonstration protesting the death of Walter Harris; arrests resulting from the testing of Trailways bus terminal, Albany, by civil rights activists; mass arrests of blacks who were led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; trial and conviction of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., on a charge of parading without a license; attempts to integrate Albany high schools; filing by the Department of Justice of amicus curiae brief supporting conviction of members of the Albany Movement; attempts to integrate Albany churches; SNCC. 0674 157-4-2-187-157-4-2-204 September 1963-May 1964.38pp. [Frame 0709 omitted/p.1 of 157-4-2-204.] Subjects: School desegregation order; criticism by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., of the federal government for its prosecution of Albany Movement leaders; Committee for Non-Violent Action. 0712 157-4-2-A September 1962. 5pp. Subject: Attempts to integrate Albany high schools.

14 CHRONOLOGY St. Augustine, Florida, 1963-1964

March 1963 NAACP leaders write to Vice President Lyndon Johnson complaining of widespread segregation in St. Augustine and asking him to cancel his visit to the city to dedicate a historical Spanish landmark.

May 1963 Black activists write to President John Kennedy asking that he oppose a federal grant.of $350,000 for St. Augustine's quadricentennial observance.

June 1963 Further attempts to block federal funding for the celebration of St. Augustine's quadricentennial. Black leader Robert B. Hayling states that "I and others of the NAACP have armed ourselves, and we will shoot first and ask questions later."

June 25,1963 Demonstrations, picketing, and sit-ins commence.

July 2,1963 White teen-agers fire birdshot into a group of blacks gathered outside Robert Hayling's home.

July 18,1963 Sit-in at a iocal pharmacy results in the arrest of sixteen young blacks.

July 24,1963 Violent clash between police and approximately 100 blacks protesting the continued detention of juveniles arrested on July 18,1963.

July-September 1963 Daily demonstrations conducted against various restaurants and public facilities.

August 16,1963 Hearings conducted in St. Augustine by the Florida Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.

September 1963 Massive voter registration drive conducted.

September 18,1963 Hayling and three associates badly beaten while trying to observe a KKK rally on outskirts of St. Augustine.

Labor Day, 1963 NAACP leaders and supporters beaten by police during Labor Day rally.

15 October 24,1963 Armed white nightrider shot and killed as he and several companions drive through a black residential neighborhood.

October 1963 State highway patrolmen assigned to St. Augustine by Florida governor C. Farris Bryant to maintain order.

November 14,1963 U.S. District Court Judge Willliam McRae dismisses NAACP suit to enjoin St. Augustine authorities from arresting civil rights demonstrators.

December 1963 Special grand jury impaneled to study the racial situation in St. Augustine issues a report blaming the racial crisis on local NAACP leaders Dr. Hayling and the Reverend Goldie Èubanks.

March 23,1964 SCLC northern supporters begin arriving in St. Augustine.

March 28-30,1964 Mass sit-ins and arrests.

March 31,1964 Mass arrests of black students who marched on the segregated Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge. Mrs. Malcolm Peabody, mother of Massachusetts governor, and interracial group of seven colleagues arrested while attempting to patronize the Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge. Mass meeting ratifies eleven comprehensive demands put forward by the St. Augustine SCLC chapter.

May 3,1964 Planning session between SCLC representatives and fifty black St. Augustine citizens.

May 18,1964 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., makes his first visit to St. Augustine.

May 26,1964 Mass rally at site of historic downtown slave market.

May 28,1964 Group of 200 marchers confronted by 250 hostile whites, who then attack newsmen covering the protest. Rifle shots rip through cottage rented by SCLC for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

May 29,1964 Local law officers turn back a night march and implement a policy against such marches.

May 30,1964 Large KKK rally held on outskirts of St. Augustine.

Junel, 1964 Federal Judge Simpson hears movement's complaints against Sheriff Davis, city police chief Virgil Stuart, and Mayor Shelley.

June3,1964 Night marches suspended until Judge Simpson's ruling is handed down.

June 9,1964 Judge Simpson's order upholds movement's complaint that local officials infringed on protesters' rights by preventing their night marches.

June 10,1964 Group of 400 marchers attacked by mob of rioting whites.

16 June 11,1964 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and nine colleagues arrested and jailed for refusing to leave the segregated Monson Motor Lodge after being denied service.

June 14,1964 Attempts to desegregate religious services at several white churches result in over three dozen arrests.

June 18,1964 "Swim-in" at outdoor pool of Monson Motor Lodge. Special grand jury report issued claiming that St. Augustine possesses "a solid background of harmonious race relations" and requesting that King and SCLC "remove their influences from this community for a period of 30 days."

June 19,1964 "Wade-in" at segregated beach. Continued night marches.

June 20,1964 Governor Bryant issues an executive order banning night protests.

June 22,1964 Whites attack blacks attempting to use public beaches.

June 24,1964 Racist orators J.B.Stener and Connie Lynch address KKK rally at slave market, after which white crowd attacks movement marchers and highway patrolmen.

June 29,1964 Charges filed against Hayling, King, and others for contributing to the delinquency of minors by recruiting them for demonstrations. Governor Bryant announces the formation of a fictitious biracial committee to mediate the situation. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., suspends demonstrations for two weeks.

June 30,1964 Eighty St. Augustine businessmen meet privately and vote to abide by the newly passed Civil Rights Act of 1964.

July 1964 White businessmen begin to desegregate their establishments.

July 9,1964 Klansmen begin picketing businesses that accept black customers.

August 5,1964 Judge Simpson issues comprehensive order barring KKK from discouraging desegregated service in business establishments.

17 REEL INDEX St. Augustine, Florida Reel 4 cont. Racial Situation, St. Augustine, Florida 0717 157-6-63-438-157-6-63-843 June 1963-September 1963. 288pp. Subjects: Scheduled June 20 meeting between the NAACP and the St. Augustine City Commission; remarks by Dr. Robert B. Hayling; picketing activities; shooting incident at residence of Dr. Robert B. Hayling; June 28 meeting between the NAACP and the St. Augustine City Commission; arrests of picketers and sit-in protesters; demonstrations protesting incarceration of juveniles; meeting of the Florida Advisory Committee to the Commission on Civil Rights. Reels St. Augustine, Florida, cont.

Racial Situation, St. Augustine, Florida, cont. 0001 157-6-63-844-157-6-63-1285 September 1963-April 1964.229pp. Subjects: NAACP picketing of drugstore lunch counters; assault on blacks during a KKK rally; shooting death of Klansman William D. Kinard; racial violence; SCLC protest plans; arrest of Mrs. Malcolm Peabody, mother of governor of Massachusetts; mass arrests of protesters. 0230 157-6-63-1290-157-6-63-1586 April 1964-December 1964.431pp. Subjects: SCLC-sponsored demonstrations and picketing; KKK; night marches; Sheriff L.O. Davis's ties to the KKK; arrival of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in St. Augustine; submission of SCLC demands to St. Augustine; attacks on civil rights marchers; arrest of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; attempts to integrate churches in St. Augustine; "wade-ins"; KKK rallies; appointment of a biracial committee for St. Augustine; announcement by SCLC of a two-week "truce." 0661 Unserialized April 1964^July 1964.101pp. Subjects: Mass arrest of juveniles; "wade-ins," marches, and interracial violence; mass meetings of segregationists; sit-ins and picketing of downtown stores; racial violence.

18 0762 157-6-63-1748-157-6-63-2311 and Unserialized February 1966-September 1976.237pp. Subjects: SCLC-led picketing; FBI reports: "Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban Areas (Florida)"; picketing of Jacksonville Police Department by SCLC; H. Rap Brown.

19

CHRONOLOGY Selma, Alabama, 1965

January 2,1965 Mass meeting in Selma initiates SCLC's Alabama voting rights campaign.

January 18,1965 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and John Lewis lead 400 black citizens to county courthouse in Selma to try to register to vote.

January 19,1965 Sheriff James Clark forcibly arrests Mrs. Amelia Boynton at county courthouse; sixty additional marchers arrested.

January 20,1965 Approximately 150 additional demonstrators arrested at county courthouse.

January 22,1965 Over 100 black Selma teachers march to county courthouse to protest the unfair registration system.

January 23,1965 U.S. District Judge Daniel H. Thomas issues a TRO barring Selma and Dallas County officials from hindering voter registration applicants.

February 1,1965 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and 260 marchers arrested in Selma. Seven hundred marchers arrested by Sheriff Clark outside county courthouse.

Februarys, 1965 Third straight day of mass marches sees more than 300 protesters arrested.

February 4,1965 Judge Thomas issues a wide-ranging order mandating voter registration reforms in Selma. President Johnson endorses SCLC's efforts in Selma.

Februarys, 1965 Five hundred marchers arrested at county courthouse by Sheriff Clark. Fifteen supportive congressmen arrive in Selma.

February 9,1965 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., meets with President Johnson to discuss voting rights.

February 10,1965 Sheriff Clark and his men use nightsticks and cattle prods to drive a group of 165 protesters into the countryside on a forced march.

21 February 13,1965 Meeting held between leaders of Selma's white and black communities.

February 16,1965 C.T. Vivian assaulted and arrested on the steps of county courthouse.

February 18,1965 Alabama state troopers attack demonstrators and national newsmen near Perry County Courthouse; Jimmie Lee Jackson shot by state trooper.

March3,1965 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., preaches at memorial service for Jimmie Lee Jackson.

March?, 1965 "Bloody Sunday"•Alabama state troopers attack a group of civil rights marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge.

March 9,1965 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., leads a column of 2,000 marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge but turns back in the face of a blockade of state troopers and posse members, The Reverend James Reeb attacked by a band of whites and suffers fatal blow to the head.

March 11,1965 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., testifies at hearing held by Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., on SCLC's petition for an unobstructed march to Montgomery.

March 15,1965 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., preaches at memorial service for the late Reverend James Reeb. President Johnson delivers his voting rights address to a nationally televised joint session of Congress.

March 16,1965 Montgomery sheriff's deputies brutally attack a group of SNCC protesters near the Alabama state capítol.

March 17,1965 Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., approves SCLC's proposal for a march from Selma to Montgomery.

March 20,1965 President Lyndon Johnson signs an executive order placing 1,800 Alabama guardsmen in federal service and names Deputy Attorney General Ramsey Clark to coordinate the march.

March 21,1965 More than 3,000 participants set out on the march from Selma to Montgomery.

March 25,1965 The marchers reach Montgomery and hold a mass rally at the Alabama state capítol. Viola Gregg Liuzzo is shot and killed by a carload of Klan nightriders.

March 28,1965 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., announces SCLC's Alabama boycott.

22 REEL INDEX Selma, Alabama Reel 6

Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama 0001 157-6-61-1-157-6-61-70 April 1960-November 1961.233pp. Subjects: Negro student sit-down strikes, Montgomery, Alabama; Clifford J. Durr; attempt by Professor Richard Nesmith and others to integrate lunch counters; Allard Lowenstein; the Reverend Edwin King and Elroy Embry; Ralph Abernathy and Jackie Robinson; Institute on Non-Violence and Social Change; racial incident in Greyhound bus terminal, Montgomery; informant coverage in pertinent areas; suit to ban segregation of various facilities of Mobile airport; FBI reports on general racial condKions in Alabama. 0234 157-6-61-71-157-6-61-128 December 1961-September 1962.193pp. Subjects: Campaign to block construction of the Houston Hill federal housing project in Montgomery; the beating of the Reverend Robert Faga, white pastor of all-Negro Grace Lutheran Mission, by white youths in Montgomery; sit-in at Montgomery city library; Easter weekend boycott of clothing stores; attempts to desegregate lunch counters by means of sit- down strikes in downtown Montgomery; burning of KKK cross before entrance of offices of Montgomery City Lines; decree enjoining segregation of Montgomery city library; FBI reports on general racial conditions in Alabama. 0427 157-6-61-129-157-6-61-228 September 1962-July 1963,291 pp. Subjects: Attempts to integrate Montgomery city library; sit-ins in downtown Montgomery; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the "People-to-People Crusade" for voter registration and sit-in demonstrations throughout Alabama; Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall; annual meeting of Institute on Non-Violence and Social Change; Ralph Abernathy; Wyatt Walker; Tuskegee Institute annual report: "Race Relations in the South"; James Forman, executive secretary, SNCC; voter registration rally at Tabernacle Baptist Church, Selma, which was surrounded by fifty to sixty cars carrying armed white men; organization of voter registration drive in Selma; mass Negro voter registration rally, June 17,1963, in Selma and subsequent meetings.

23 0718 157-6-61 -229-157-6-61 -346 July 1963-September 1963. 293pp. Subjects: Mass meetings for voter registration in Selma; efforts to organize a SNCC chapter in Montgomery; John Lewis; Dallas County Improvement Association; Sheriff James Clark; Negro youth rallies in Selma; mass arrests of Negro youths in Selma; surrounding of mass meetings of Negroes by local and state police and Dallas County posse members; review of FBI informants in Alabama; youth sit-ins; demonstrations by Negro youths at R.B. Hudson High School. Reel? Selma, Alabama, cont.

Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama, cont. 0001 157-6-61-347-157-6-61-397 September 1963-October 1963.136pp. Subjects: Ruben Clark and John McKee Pratt fact-finding mission; mass arrests of blacks in Selma; youth rallies; James Forman; SNCC; Dick and Lillian Gregory; attempts to integrate Selma churches; attempts by blacks to register to vote at Dallas County Courthouse; picketing of federal buildings in Selma; Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall; James Baldwin; police brutality in voter registration line•the Carver Gene Neblett and Alvery Lee Williams incident. 0137 157-6-61-398-157-6-61-430 October 1963.144pp. Subjects: Coverage of press conference at Sixth Avenue Baptist Church, Birmingham; requests for federal marshals to oversee voter registration procedures; mass rallies; Dick Gregory; James Forman; voter registration activities; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Carver Gene Neblett and Alvery Lee Williams incident. 0281 157-6-61-431-157-6-61-539 October 1963-January 1964.303pp. Subjects: Voter registration in Selma; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; incident at habeas corpus hearing involving SNCC leaders; daily surveillance of Dallas County Board of Registration; incident involving the loan of a car to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., by a Justice Department attorney; attempt to subpoena Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall and other Justice Department officials to appear, before a state investigatory grand jury in Selma to be questioned regarding the department's knowledge of the racial situation in Alabama and of any Communist activity in connection with the racial situation; Judge James A. Hare; Selma grand jury probe into the conduct of the Justice Department in Selma; MIA. 0584 157-6-61-540-157-6-61-634 January 1964^June 1964.262pp. Subjects: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s designation of Alabama as a primary target of SCLC activity for 1964; Tuskegee Institute report: "Race Relations in the South•1963"; SCLC, SNCC, and SCEF activities in Montgomery; voter registration workshops and meetings in Selma; SCLC meeting at Bethel Baptist Church, Montgomery, outlining future Birmingham campaign; SCLC-led sit-ins at lunch counters and nonviolent street rallies in Montgomery; cross burning at Brown's Chapel AME Church, Selma; FBI report on general racial conditions in Alabama.

24 0846 157-6-61-635-157-6-61-665 June 1964^July 1964.164pp. Subjects: Cross burning at Brown's Chapel AME Church, Selma; voter registration workshops in Selma; attempts to integrate Selma movie theaters; voter registration at Dallas County Courthouse; July 5 riot in Selma. Reel 8 Selma, Alabama, cont.

Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama, cont. 0001 157-6-61-666-157-6-61-712 July 1964-October 1964.164pp. Subjects: Clifford and Virginia Durr; desegregation activities in Mobile; FBI report: "Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban Areas (Mobile, Montgomery, Selma)"; FBI reports on general racial conditions in Alabama. 0165 157-6-61-713-157-6-61-776 October 1964-February 1965.143pp. Subjects: Assault on black youths who attended a white Catholic church in Selma; protest march on state capitol in Montgomery; MIA's efforts at voter registration; development of FBI racial informants; selection of Selma by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and SCLC as site of renewed civil rights activity; NAACP; SCLC voter registration campaign, in rural "black belt" Alabama counties; assault on Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in Selma; visit of U.S. congressmen to Selma; FBI reports on general racial conditions in Alabama. 0308 157-6-61-777-157-6-61-842 February 1965-April 1965.183pp. Subjects: Nationwide demonstrations protesting actions by state and local authorities in Selma; murder of the Reverend James Reeb; voter registration activities in Selma; murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson; "Bloody Sunday"•attack on blacks marching from Selma to Montgomery; demonstration at Alabama state capitol protesting death of civil rights workers; SCLC sponsorship of nationwide boycott of Alabama products; FBI report: "Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban Areas (Mobile, Montgomery, Selma)." 0491 157-6-61-843^157-6-61-892 April 1965-May 1965.149pp. Subjects: USIA report: "World Press Reaction to Selma"; picketing of Montgomery churches by SCLC; SNCC:led demonstrations at Alabama State College for Negroes, Montgomery; antipicketing laws, Montgomery; FBI reports on general racial conditions in Alabama. 0640 157-6-61-893-157-6-61-944 May 1965-July 1965.126pp. Subjects: Picketing at Selma University campus; boycott of local merchants in Selma; Mobile County movement rally; press tour of Selma; FBI reports on general racial conditions in Alabama.

25 0766 157-6-61-945-157-6-61-1025 July 1965-August 1965. 211 pp. Subjects: Assault on integrated group of Tuskegee Institute Advancement League members testing segregated policies at the all-white First Methodist Church, Tuskegee; demonstrations at Tuskegee Methodist Church; voter registration protests and mass arrests in Greensboro; picketing activities in Greensboro. Reel 9 Selma, Alabama, cont.

Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama, cont. 0001 157-6-61-1026-157-6-61-1090 August 1965-November 1965.193pp. Subjects: Picketing activities by SNCC at Fort Deposit; demonstration by Auburn Freedom League at Orange Bowl Cafe, Auburn; attempts to integrate grand and petit juries, Lowndes County; protest marches on Tuskegee Methodist Church; protest and riot at T.U. McCoo High School, Eufaula; desegregation of hospital facilities and state trade school, Mobile; strategy meeting by SCLC and SNCC regarding demonstrations at Selma and Haynesville calling for federal legislation to protect civil rights workers; employment-related demonstrations in Mobile. 0194. Í57-6-61-1091-157-6-61-1174 November 1965-December 1965.193pp. Subjects: SCLC-led demonstrations in Selma, Greenville, and Haynesville calling for federal legislation to protect civil rights workers, as well as for equal rights and justice for blacks; demonstration at Luverne protesting firing of black schoolteacher; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 0387 157-6-61-1175-157-6-61-1260 December 1965-February 1966.246pp. Subjects: Démonstrations at Luverne protesting firing of black schoolteacher; Tuskegee demonstrations protesting murder of black civil rights worker Samuel Younge; SNCC; demonstrations and picketing in Eufaula in support of blacks' demands for employment and other rights; riot in Tuskegee; Tuskegee Institute Advancement League; march on Helicon School, Helicon, protesting the moral character of the school principal. 0633 157-6-61-1261-157-6-61-1318 February 1966-May 1966.265pp. Subjects: Marches on Helicon School, Helicon, protesting the moral character of the school principal; demonstrations and picketing in Eufaula in support of blacks' demands for employment and other rights; Conference on Alabama Justice, held at Tuskegee Institute; picketing by blacks in Prattville protesting discrimination in employment practices; march in Thomasville protesting discrimination in public facilities and employment; first annual Alabama Student Human Relations Conference; Bettina Aptheker; FBI report: "Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban Areas (Mobile, Montgomery, Selma)." 0898 157-6-61-1319-157-6-61-1354 May 1966-August 1966.109pp. Subjects: Pickets at V.J. Elmore 5 & 10c Store, Greensboro; march in Thomasville protesting discrimination in public facilities and employment; demonstrations in Greensboro protesting lack of surplus food distribution in Hale County; attempts to integrate churches in Tuskegee.

26 Reel 10 Selma, Alabama, cont.

Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama, cont. 0001 157-6-61-1355-157-6-61-1400 August 1966-November 1966.128pp. Subjects: Protest demonstrations for equal job opportunities, Thomasville; SNCC; Stokely Carmichael; picketing of S.H. Kress and Co., Montgomery. 0129 157-6-61-1401-157-6-61-1463 December 1966-xJune 1967.279pp. Subjects: Protest in Tuskegee over acquittal of Marvin Lee Segrest, accused of shooting Samuel Younge; SNCC; protest march by Autauga County Improvement Association, Prattville, arising from the shooting of Charles Henry Rasberry; law enforcement relationship in Macon County, resulting from the election of Lucius D. Amberson as a black sheriff of Macon County; meeting of Lawyers' Committee for Constitutional Defense, Selma; FBI report: "Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban Areas (Mobile, Montgomery, Selma)"; protest demonstration in Jackson resulting from shooting of Johnnie McKenzie. 0408 157-6-61-1464-157-6-61-1518 June 1967-August 1967.181 pp. Subjects: Racial violence in Prattville; Stokely Carmichael; H. Rap Brown; protest marches in Montgomery calling for open housing, equal employment, and an end to police brutality; meeting at headquarters of the MIA, Montgomery. 0589 157-6-61-1519-157-6-61-1573 September 1967-March 1968.155pp. Subjects: Proposed march regarding Laura Industries labor-management dispute, Selma; mass meeting sponsored by the MIA protesting shooting of two blacksfmass meeting protesting discrimination in housing, employment, and transportation; SCLC; demonstrations at Tuskegee protesting unequal justice toward whites and blacks; protests in Tuskegee over shooting of South Carolina State College students in Orangeburg, South Carolina. 0744 157-6-61-1574-157-6-61-1609 February 1968-May 1968.158pp. Subjects: H. Rap Brown; SNCC; incident at Forum on U.S. Foreign Policy, Tuskegee Institute; mass meeting at Tuskegee Institute calling for protest march on campus and community; memorial services and marches for the slain Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; FBI report: "Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban Areas (Mobile, Montgomery, Selma)"; protest march in Mobile demanding better housing and job opportunities for blacks. 0902 157-6-61-1610-157-6-61-1658 May 1968-September 1968.180pp. Subjects: The Poor People's Campaign; selective buying campaign in Prichard; demonstrations at school desegregation hearing Davis v. Board of School Commissioners, Mobile County, Alabama.

27 Reel 11 Selma, Alabama, cont.

Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama, cont. 0001 157-6-61-1659-157-6-61-1682 September 1968-December 1968.102pp. Subjects: Fire bombing incidents, Mobile; SNCC; boycott activity of the Dallas County Progressive Movement for Human Rights, Selma. 0103 157-6-61-A May 196(KJuly 1968.114pp. Subject: News clippings.

Election Laws, Selma/Dallas County, Alabama 0217 44-12831-1-^4-12831-51 January 1958-April 1961.435pp. Subjects: Discrimination against potential black voters in Dallas County; long-term FBI investigation (1958-1961 ) into the illegal denial of the right of blacks to register to vote because of their race by the Dallas County Board of Registrars; affidavits from numerous Dallas County blacks detailing their unsuccessful efforts in registering to vote; Alabama governor John Patterson; Acting Assistant Attorney General John Doar. 0653 44-12831-52-44-12831-93 April 1961-May 1962. 414pp. Subjects: U.S. v. Atkins et al. (Dallas County voting discrimination case)• depositions, affidavits, investigations, and trial preparation; Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall. Reel 12 Selma, Alabama, cont.

Election Laws, Selma/Dallas County, Alabama, cont. 0001 44-12831-94-44-12831-142 April 1962^July 1963. 306pp. Subjects: U.S. v. Atkins et al. (Dallas County voting discrimination case)• preparation for the trial, interviews, and reports; firing of seventeen black teachers in the Dallas County school system because they were witnesses in the aforementioned case; continued intimidation in registration and voting in Dallas County; Sheriff James Clark. 0307 44-12831-143^4-12831-188 July 1963-September 1964.487pp. Subjects: Intimidation of the black population by Dallas County officials; further hearing in U.S. v. Atkins etal.; voter registration activities; interviews with voter registrants. 0794, .44-12831-189-44-12831-232 September 1964-January 1965.360pp. Subjects: Interviews with voter registrants; further FBI investigation regarding U.S. v. Atkins etal.; plans of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and SCLC to stimulate voter registration activity in Selma.

28 Reel 13 Selma, Alabama, cont.

Election Laws, Selma/Dallas County, Alabama, cont. 0001 44-12831-233-44-12831-260 January 1965.68pp. Subjects: SCLC-led voter registration activities; arrests of blacks on voter registration lines; George Lincoln Rockwell; assault on Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 0069 44-12831-261-44-12831-276 January 1965.199pp. Subjects: Surveillance of voter registration line, Dallas County Courthouse; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; SNCC; march of black Dallas County teachers to the Dallas County Courthouse. 0268 44-12831-277-44-12831-307 January 1965-February 1965.117pp. Subjects: Voter registration workshops; voter registration activities; arrest of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; mass arrests of black youths; Malcolm X. 0385 44-12831-308-44-12831-341 February 1965.203pp. Subjects: Court papers regarding case entitled Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., et al. v. Wilson Baker et al.; Assistant Attorney General John Doar; mass arrests of marchers; threats on life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; fact-finding delegation of sixteen congressmen; NAACP; interviews of arrested pickets; mass demonstrations. 0588 44-12831-342-^4-12831-435 January 1965-February 1965. 288pp. Subjects: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Dick Gregory; mass meetings regarding voter registration; incident at county courthouse in Selma between C.T. Vivian and Sheriff Clark; voter registration activities; mass arrests. 0876 44-12831-436-44-12831-454 February 1965-March 1965.115pp. Subjects: Andrew Young; SCLC plans to move into northern metropolitan areas; voter registration activities; plans for march from Selma to Montgomery; Jimmie Lee Jackson. Reel 14 Selma, Alabama, cont.

Election Laws, Selma/Dallas County, Alabama, cont. 0001 44-12831-455-44-12831-510 February 1965-March 1965.132pp. Subjects: Memorial services for Jimmie Lee Jackson; plans for march from Selma to Montgomery; "Bloody Sunday"•attack on marchers by Alabama state troopers on the Edmund Pettus Bridge; voter registration activities; SNCC; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s decision to turn back march from Selma to Montgomery.

29 0133 44-12831-511-44-12831-570 March 1965.146pp. Subjects: Attempts by SCLC to have labor leaders join Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in Selma; death of the Reverend James Reeb; NAACP; attempts to integrate Selma churches. 0279 44-12831-571-44-12831-641 March 1965.250pp. Subjects: Demonstrations by members of the clergy; decision of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to turn back march from Selma to Montgomery; memorial services for the Reverend James Reeb; FBI investigation into the brutality that occurred in connection with the attempted march of black demonstrators from Selma to Montgomery on March 7. 0529 44-12831-642-44-12831-693 March 1965.130pp. Subjects: Civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery; Medical Committee for Human Rights; marches and demonstrations in Selma; voter registration activities. 0659 44-12831-694^14-12831-750 March 1965-April 1965.153pp. Subjects: Preparations and planning for civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery; demonstrations protesting the murder of Mrs. Viola Gregg Liuzzo. 0812 44-12831-751-44-12831-770 March 1965-April 1965.126pp. Subject: FBI investigation into the brutality that occurred in connection with the attempted march of black demonstrators from Selma to Montgomery on March 7. 0938 44-12831-771^4-12831-792 April 1965. 74pp. Subjects: Murder of Mrs. Viola Gregg Liuzzo; mass meetings and demonstrations; summary of civil rights activities in. Dallas, Wilcox, Lowndes, and Montgomery counties; voter registration activities. Reel 15 Selma, Alabama, cont.

Election Laws, Selma/Dallas County, Alabama, cont. 0001 44-12831-793-44-12831-863 April 1965-June 1965.180pp. Subjects: Mass meetings; voter registration activities; NAACP civil suit against Sheriff James Clark; SNCC and SCLC differences. 0181 44-12831-864^4-12831-917 June 1965-August 1966.177pp. Subjects: Boycott activities in downtown Selma; mass arrests of picketers; U.S. v. Dallas County Board of Registrars; voter registration activities. 0358 44-12831-A November 1959-June 1965.246pp. Subject: News clippings and related memoranda.

30 Voter Registration, Selma, Alabama 0604 44-25760-1-44-25760-44 June 1964-iJuly 1964.124pp. Subjects: SNCC; voter registration activities; election laws; mass meetings and picketing. 0729 44-25760-45-44-25760-81 July 1964-May 1966.189pp. Subjects: Voter registration activities; election laws; intimidation of prospective voters; Andrew Young; compliance with Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Selma to Montgomery March, 1965 0918 44-28544-1 ^t4-28544-49 March 1965.83pp. Subject: Daily reports on the march from Selma to Montgomery. Reel 16 Selma, Alabama, cont.

Selma to Montgomery March, 1965, cont. 0001 44-28544-50-44-28544-122 March 1965.155pp. Subjects: Daily reports on the march from Selma to Montgomery; preparations of civil rights organizations and law enforcement agencies concerning the march; SNCC-SCLC negotiations concerning the march; KKK; reports on groups taking part in the march; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Governor George Wallace. 0156 44-28544-123^4-28544-190 March 1965.157pp. Subjects: Daily reports on the march from Selma to Montgomery; preparations of civil rights organizations and law enforcement agencies concerning the march; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; SNCC-SCLC tensions. 0313 44-28544-191-44-28544-289 March 1965. 206pp. Subjects: March from Selma to Montgomery; Andrew Young; preparations of civil rights organizations and law enforcement agencies concerning the march; court order from Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., allowing the march to proceed; FBI security measures; travel of students and other participants to Selma to take part in civil rights demonstrations; SNCC- SCLC tensions. 0519 44-28544-290-44-28544-349 March 1965.199pp. Subjects: March from Selma to Montgomery; civil action brought against Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and SCLC by Selma and the Selma Bus Lines; preparations for the final stages of the march; court order from Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., allowing the march to proceed. 0718 44-28544-350^4-28544-380 March 1965-April 1965.195pp. Subjects: March from Selma to Montgomery; voter registration activities in Selma; FBI chronology of the march; Congressman William L. Dickinson of Alabama.

31 0913 44-28544-A March 1965-April 1965. 69pp. Subject: News clippings on the march from Selma to Montgomery. 0982 , 44-28544-380-X-44-28544-385 March 1965-April 1965. 24pp. Subjects: March from Selma to Montgomery; Congressman William L. Dickinson of Alabama.

32 CHRONOLOGY Memphis, Tennessee, 1968

January 30,1968 Owing to heavy rains that made work in sewers impossible, sewer and drain workers are sent home; twenty-one black workers receive only two hours "show-up" pay, while their white co-workers are paid for a full day.

February 1,1968 Two black sanitation workers crushed to death on the job.

February 11,1968 Strike meeting held by members of Local 1733 of AFSCME.

February 12,1968 Memphis sanitation workers' strike begins.

February 15,1968 Memphis mayor Henry Loeb denounces strikers for "flaunting the law" and declares that city will not negotiate until they return to work.

February 16,1968 FBI Memphis field office alerts J. Edgar Hoover that, because of NAACP support of striking sanitation workers, strike should be characterized as a racial matter with potential implications for national security.

February 23,1968 Injunction issued against the strike. Strike support march through downtown Memphis results in violence as police mace, club, and gas protesters.

February 24,1968 Formation of COME under the leadership of the Reverends H. Ralph Jackson and James M. Lawson, Jr.

February-March 1968 Announcement of the economic boycott of downtown stores and of the city's two Scripps-Howard newspapers. Daily marches and evening rallies held.

March 14,1968 Roy Wilkins and Bayard Rustin address rally of 9,000 strike supporters at the Mason Temple.

March 18,1968 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., addresses rally of 9,000 strike supporters at the Mason Temple, calling for a one-day general work stoppage.

March 26,1968 Settlement talks among union, COME, and city officials fall through.

33 March 28,1968 Strike support protest march leads to rioting and looting. FBI executives order that special efforts be made to develop full information on King's involvement in the riot-torn march.

March 29,1968 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., meets with leaders of The Invaders, whose members were rumored to have instigated the March 28 riot. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., announces a second major strike support march in Memphis.

March 31,1968 SCLC representatives Hosea Williams, James Bevel, and Jesse Jackson arrive in Memphis to organize the second march.

Aprils, 1968 U.S. District Judge Bailey Brown signs TRO barring any mass protests within the next ten days. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., addresses mass meeting at the Mason Temple.

April 4,1968 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated.

Aprils, 1968 President Johnson dispatches Undersecretary of Labor James J. Reynolds to Memphis to mediate strike.

April 6,1968 Mayor Loeb and union representatives agree on the final terms of a strike settlement. Union membership votes unanimously to accept the proposed settlement and end the sixty-five-day strike.

34 REEL INDEX Memphis, Tennessee Reel 17

FBI Memphis Field Office File, Memphis Sanitation Strike 0001 157-1092-1-157-1092-59 February 1968-March 1968.205pp. Subjects: History of sanitation workers' strike; NAACP's support of striking sanitation workers; FBI decision to monitor strike for black nationalist infiltration; AFL-CIO; NAACP plans for picketing and boycotts; Febmary 23 protest march through downtown Memphis resulting in first strike-related violence; Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr.; picketing of downtown stores; injunction against officials of Local 1733 of AFSCME aimed at preventing strike activity; negotiations between AFSCME and Memphis; background report on W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America; meetings and marches in support of the strike; John Burrell Smith's speech at the Clayborn Temple; February 27 presentation of union demands to city council for settlement of sanitation strike; report alleging that members of the BOP were brought into the strike in order to keep BOP under control; the leading roles of the Memphis Ministerial Alliance and COME in strike support; Memphis mayor Henry Loeb's position vis-à-vis the sanitation workers' strike; relations among the NAACP, Memphis Ministerial Alliance, and the Unity League; March 1 policy meeting attended by strike leaders; invitation from the Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr., for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to come to Memphis; arrest of 116 strikers in sit-in at the city council chamber, March 6. 0206 157-1092-60-157-1092-139 March 1968.270pp. Subjects: Rally by black students in support of sanitation strike; BOP; summary of police misconduct during the strike; COME; The Invaders; arrest of BOP members for throwing themselves in front of Memphis sanitation trucks; FBI report detailing an increase in racial tension in Memphis; friction within the strike support leadership; arrival of Roy Wilkins and Bayard Rustin in Memphis in support of striking sanitation workers; itinerary of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., calling for escalation of, and support for, the sanitation workers' strike; picketing of downtown stores and rallies in support of striking sanitation workers; mediation session regarding sanitation workers' strike; the Liberal Club at Memphis State University; James Bevel; the Poor People's March; planning of massive sympathy march for striking sanitation workers; FBI background report on Islam.

35 0476 157-1092-140-157-1092-205 March 1968-April 1968.171pp. Subjects: Planning of massive sympathy march for striking sanitation workers; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Dr. Ralph Abernathy; SCLC; COME; strike mediation talks; window-breaking and looting during strike support march of March 28; aftermath of rioting; FBI summary of mass action in connection with sanitation workers' strike; activities of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., immediately following the rioting of March 28; FBI investigation into Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s conduct in relation to the riot of March 28; FBI accusation that, during the riot of March 28, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., "made no effort to quiet mob and his only concern was to run and protect himself"; plans of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to return to Memphis and lead mass march in early April. 0647 157-1092-206-157-1092-290 April 1968. 248pp. Subjects: Aftermath of March 28 riot; black community sentiment regarding the death of Larry Payne, a youth killed by police during the riot; arrival in Memphis of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s aides in preparation of scheduled April 8 mass march; Jesse Jackson; BOP; FBI background report on the SCEF; arrival in Memphis of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; TRO issued against Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and aides enjoining them from leading or conducting scheduled Memphis mass march; strategy meeting held by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Operation Breadbasket; assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; discussion between Stanley Levison and Harry Wachtel regarding what action should be taken as a result of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; negotiations aimed at resolving the sanitation workers' strike resumed; SCLC-BOP relations; preparations for memorial march for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Bayard Rust in; federal pressure applied to Memphis to settle sanitation workers'strike. 0895 157-1092-291-157-1092-326 April 1968-August 1968.107pp. Subjects: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., memorial march; racial disturbances in Memphis in the aftermath of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination; Undersecretary of Labor James Reynolds; possibility of cutoff of federal aid to Memphis if sanitation workers' strike not settled; boycott and picketing activities; lifting of Memphis curfew; continuation of strike negotiations; six-point agreement ending the sanitation workers' strike; the Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr.; Jesse Jackson and Operation Breadbasket. Reel 18 Memphis, Tennessee, cont.

FBI Memphis Field Office File, Memphis Sanitation Strike cont. 0001 157-1092-327-157-1092-359 April 1968-August 1968 cont. 167pp. Subjects: Jesse Jackson and Operation Breadbasket; Ralph Abernathy; the Poor People's Campaign; SCLC plans for stepped-up boycotts in Memphis; The Invaders; Southern Student Organizing Committee; list of those arrested during March 28 riot.

36 0168 157-1092-Sub2 March 1968-^uly 1968.163pp. Subject: News clippings.

Sanitation Workers Strike, Memphis, Tennessee 0331 157-9146-X-157-9146-X16 February 1968.97pp. Subjects: FBI summary of sanitation workers' strike; NAACP; Memphis mayor Henry Loeb; Jerry Wurf, international president of AFSCME; recognition of union and dues checkoff as outstanding issues in the sanitation workers' strike; February 23 protest march through downtown Memphis resulting in first strike-related violence; alleged power struggle between competing black factions in Memphis; February 23 meeting between Memphis City Council and striking sanitation workers and supporters; the Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr.; February 26 meeting of strike sympathizers at Clayborn Temple. 0428 157-9146-X17-157-9146-X44 March 1968.128pp. Subjects: Unlawful arrests of two black photographers; youth march in support of striking sanitation workers; meeting between Mayor Loeb and the Interde- nominational Ministerial Alliance of Memphis; March 5 "stand-in" at city hall by sanitation workers resulting in mass arrests; daily FBI reports concerning strike-related activities; arrival of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in Memphis; speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., calling for escalation of sanitation workers' strike; the Reverend Ezekiel Bell; BOP; March 1 policy meeting between striking sanitation workers and supporters. 0556 157-9146-1-157-9146-4. April 1968. 29pp. Subjects: Press conference attended by Ralph Abernathy, Andrew Young, James Bevel, A.D. King, and Hosea Williams hailing end of sanitation strike; the Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr.'s plans to escalate black protest movement in Memphis; Operation Breadbasket; the Poor People's Campaign; calls for increased economic boycott in Memphis. 0585 157-9146-5-157-9146-45 March 196&-April 1968. 207pp. Subjects: Looting, vandalism, and sniping following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; memorial march for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; COME- SCLC-BOP relations and strategy session; discussion between Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and representatives of BOP in aftermath of March 28 riot; assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; resumption of negotiations relating to sanitation workers' strike; Undersecretary of Labor James Reynolds; Operation Breadbasket; settlement of sanitation workers'strike; the Poor People's Campaign; SCLC strategy for Memphis; plans for March 28 sympathy march for striking sanitation workers; James Bevel; riot arising from March 28 sympathy march. 0792 157-9146-4&-157-9146-74 March 1968-April 1968. 208pp. Subjects: Rioting of March 28; actions of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., during the riot; aftermath of rioting; Jesse Jackson; COME-SCLC-BOP strategy session.

37 1000 157-9146-75-157-9146-106 March 1968-April 1968.132pp. Subjects: Memorial march for the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; picketing and marching activities in support of striking sanitation workers; itinerary of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr.; speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., at sanitation workers' strike support meeting.

Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike 1132 157-6-2-157-6-54 March 1968-April 1968. 25pp. Subjects: Plans of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; participation of civil rights groups in demonstrations. Reel 19 Memphis, Tennessee, cont.

FBI Memphis Field Office File, The Invaders 0001 157-1067-1-157-1067-37 January 1968-May 1968.122pp. Subjects: BOP support for Memphis sanitation workers' strike; Memphis State University student groups; FBI report on BOP leadership, aims, and dissatisfaction with nonviolent policies of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and SCLC. 0123 157-1067-38-157-1067-150 May 1968-June 1968. 58pp. Subjects: Antiwar activities of BOP leadership; dissatisfaction with nonviolent policies of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and SCLC; organization of COME; Memphis Police Department placement of undercover officer in BOP and meetings with The Invaders. 0181 157-1067-151-157-1067-220 June 1968--July 1968.123pp. Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; arrests at Carver High School; War on Poverty projects in Memphis; COME funding, organization, and personnel; distribution of narcotics and marijuana. 0304 157-1067-221-157-1067-304 July 1968-August 1968. 55pp. Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; distribution of narcotics and marijuana; arrest of employees of War on Poverty projects in Memphis. 0359 157-1067-305-157-1067-343 August 1968. 77pp. Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; War on Poverty projects in Memphis. 0436 157-1067-344-157-1067-374 August 1968.36pp. Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; Black Knights. 0472 157-1067-375-157-1067-471 August 1968-October 1968.86pp. Subject: BOP organization and personnel. 0558 157-1067-472-157-1067-568 October 1968-November 1968.90pp. Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; distribution of narcotics and marijuana; legal defense efforts; arrests on theft charges.

38 0648 157-1067-569-157-1067-633 November 1968-December 1968.106pp. Subjects: BOP reorganization and new personnel; plans for campus demonstrations at LeMoyne-Owen College. 0754 157-1067-634-157-1067-720 November 1968-December 1968.104pp. Subjects: Campus demonstrations at LeMoyne-Owen College; BOP organization and personnel; arrests. 0858 157-1067-721-157-1067-820 December 1968-January 1969.73pp. Subjects: Arrests; BOP organization and personnel. Reel 20 Memphis, Tennessee, cont.

FBI Memphis Field Office File, The Invaders cont. 0001 157-1067-821-157-1067-916 January 1969-February 1969.56pp. Subjects: Radical activities at Memphis State University; BOP organization and personnel; legal defense efforts; arrests. 0057 157-1067-917-157-1067-979 February 1969-March 1969.154pp. Subjects: Legal defense efforts; organization and personnel; trial for shooting of Memphis policeman; FBI report on The Invaders. 0211 157-1067-980-157-1067-1070 March 1969.80pp. Subjects: Organization and personnel; proposal for Memphis Leadership Conference for Black and Poor People; police raid on The Invaders' headquarters. 0291 157-1067-1071-157-1067-1134 March 1969-April 1969. 95pp. Subjects: Organization and personnel; Dick Gregory; discussion of The Invaders at a Black Panther party meeting in Berkeley, California. 0386 157-1067-1135-157-1067-1244 April 1969-June 1969.107pp. Subjects: Legal defense efforts; organization and personnel; connections with the Interreligipus Foundation for Community Organizations; SNCC; VISTA activities in Memphis. 0493 157-1067-1245-157-1067-1355 June 1969-%July 1969. 86pp. Subjects: Organization and personnel; violence involving personnel of The Invaders; picketing in Forrest City, Arkansas. 0579 157-1067-1356-157-1067-1450 July 1969. 56pp. Subject: Organization and personnel. 0635 157-1067-1451-157-1067-1534 July 1969-September 1969. 64pp. , Subjects: Organization and personnel; demonstrations in Forrest City, Arkansas; arrests on armed robbery charges. 0699 157-1067-1535-157-1067-1597 September 1969-October 1969.75pp. Subjects: Organization and personnel; demonstrations in Forrest City, Arkansas; VISTA; Operation Breakfast. 39 0774 157-1067-1598-157-1067-1686 October 1969-November 1969. 26pp. Subjects: Demonstrations in Forrest City, Arkansas; legal defense efforts; organization and personnel; activities in Cincinnati, Ohio. 0800 157-1067-1687-157-1067-1794 November 1969-March 1970.42pp. Subjects: Legal challenge to constitutionality of state "nightriding" law; organization and personnel. 0842 157-1067-1795-157-1067-1876 March 1970-June 1970. 57pp. Subjects: Opinion of U.S. Department of Justice regarding proposed prosecution of The Invaders under federal laws governing internal security; organization and personnel; legal challenge to constitutionality of state "nightriding" law; organization and personnel. 0899 157-1067-1877-157-1067-1945 June 1970-July 1970. 203pp. Subjects: Organization and personnel; Black Panther party; potential for racial violence in Memphis. 1102 157-1067-1946-157-1067-2020 July 1970-September 1970.207pp. Subjects: Organization and personnel; demonstration marches; People's Revolutionary party; We, the People; People's Rally against Genocide. Reel 21 Memphis, Tennessee, cont.

FBI Memphis Field Office File, The Invaders cont. 0001 157-1067-2021-157-1067-2056 September 1970-July 1976.105pp. Subjects: People's Revolutionary party; VISTA; Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention organized by the Black Panther party; We, the People; FBI characterization of The Invaders as a defunct organization; news reports regarding FBI informants and FBI investigations of The Invaders and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 0106 157-1067-Sub1A-1-157-1067-Sub1A-26 December 1967-August 1968. 57pp. Subjects: Publications; meeting with representatives of the Memphis Police Department. 0163 157-1067-Sub1A-27-157-1067-Sub1A-51 August 1968-October 1968.15pp. Subject: Publications. 0178 157-1067-Sub 1A-52-157-1067-Sub 1A-78 October 1968-February 1969.106pp. Subjects: Publications; proposal for Memphis Leadership Conference for Black and Poor People; notebook listing names of members and supporters. 0284 157-1067-Sub 1A-79-157-1067-Sub 1A-87 February 1969-October 1969. 22pp. Subjects: Publications; list of long distance telephone chargesfor office of The Invaders.

40 The Invaders, Memphis, Tennessee 0306 157-8460-1-157-8460-10 January 1968-November1968.191pp. Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; racial disturbances following assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; publications; James Bevel; FBI report on BOP; War on Poverty projects in Memphis; violent activities of BOP; distribution of marijuana and narcotics; arrests; demonstrations at LeMoyne-Owen College. 0497 157-8460-11-157-8460-26 November 1968-May 1969.179pp. Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; demonstrations at LeMoyne-Owen College; SDS; FBI report on The Invaders; violent activities and arrests of The Invaders; request for National Council of Churches funding for proposed Memphis Leadership Conference for Black and Poor People; connections with the Black Panther party. 0676 157-8460-27-157-8460-56 June 1969-February 1976. 245pp. Subjects: Organization and personnel; shootings and stabbings of personnel; Memphis police officer role as undercover agent on board of directors of The Invaders; demonstrations in Forrest City, Arkansas; press relations; Operation Breakfast; splitting of The Invaders into We, the People and the People's Revolutionary party; Black Student Association; news reports regarding FBI informants in The Invaders and the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 0921 157-9146-37-157-9146-55 ; 157-6-28 ; and Other Files on The I nvaders March 1968-October 1970.128pp. Subjects: AFSCME and Memphis sanitation workers' strike; organization and personnel; friction with SCLC leaders at Resurrection City; demonstrations in Forrest City, Arkansas; Poor People's Campaign; Southern Student Organizing Committee.

41

SUBJECT INDEX

The following is a guide to the major subjects of this collection. The first Arabic number refers to the reel, and the Arabic number after the colon refers to the frame at which an FBI file containing material on the particular subject begins. Hence, 3:0672 directs the researcher to the subject that is found in the file that begins at Frame 0672 of Reel 3.

Abernathy, Ralph Tuskegee 2:0207,0380; 8:0766; 9:0387; 6: 0001, 0427; 17:0746; 18: 0001, 10:0129,0589,0744 0556 voter registration 6:0427 AFL-CIO Wilcox County 14:0938 17:0001 Alabama Council on Human Relations AFSCME 2:0380 17:0001; 18:0331; 21-.0921 Alabama State College for Negroes Airports 8:0491 integration•Mobile, Alabama 6:000Í Alabama Student Human Relations Conference Alabama 9:0633 Auburn 9:0001 Albany, Georgia Birmingham 7:0137,0584 2:0818-0958;3:0001-0878;4:0001-0712 boycott of products 8:0308 Albany Movement Conference on Alabama Justice 9:0633 2:0818-0958; 3:0190-0878; 4:0001-0439, Dallas County 14:0938 0584,0674 Eufaula 9:0001, 0387, 0633 Amberson, Lucius D. Greensboro 8:0766 10:0129 Haynesville 9:0001,0194 Amicuscuriae Helicon 9:0387, 0633 briefs•Albany, Georgia 3: 0190; 4:0584 integration•schools 2:0501 Anderson, William G. Lowndes County 9:0001 ; 14:0938 3:0190,0580 Luverne9:0194, 0387 Aptheker, Bettina Mobile 2:0732; 6:0001, 0234; 8:0001, 0308, 9:0633 0640; 9:0001,0633; 10:0129,0744,0902; Arkansas 11:0001 Forrest City 20: 0493, 0774; 21:0676, 0921 Montgomery 1:0001-0845; 2:0001-0732; Arrests 6: 0001-0718;7:0281, 0584;8:0001- Albany, Georgia 2:0818-0958; 3:0001,0190, 0491 ; 9:0633; 10:0001, 0129, 0408, 0744; 0878; 4: 0119, 0273, 0538, 0584 13:0876; 14:0001, 0279-0938; 15:0918; Greensboro, Alabama 8:0766 16:0001-0982 Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001, 0206; racial situation 2:0501 ; 6:0001, 0234; 8:0001, 18: 0001,0428; 19: 0121, 0754; 20: 0211, 0165 0635:21:0306 racial violence•possibility of 2:0732; 8:0001 Montgomery, Alabama 1:0133; 2:0001,0501 Selma 2:0732; 6: 0001-0718; 7: 0001-0846; St. Augustine, Florida 4:0717; 5:0001 8:0001-0766;9:0001-0898;10:0001- Selma, Alabama 6:0718; 7:0001 0902; 11:0001-0653;12:0001-0794; Tallahassee, Florida 1:0472,0666 13:0001-0876;14:0001-0938; 15:0001- Assassination 0918;16:0001-0982 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 17: 0647, 0895; sit-ins 6:0427 18: 0585; 21: 0306, 0676

43 Atkins et al., U.S. v. Brown, H. Rap 11:0653;12:0001-0794 5: 0762; 10: 0408, 0744 Auburn, Alabama Brown's Chapel AME Church demonstrations 9:0001 7: 0584, 0846 Baker et al.. King et al. v. Brutality 13:0385 police•Albany, Georgia 4:0439 Baldwin, James police•Selma, Alabama 7:0001,0137; 7:0001 14:0001,0279,0812 Beatings Burnings Mitchell County, Georgia 3:0001 churches•Terrell County, Georgia 3:0672 Montgomery, Alabama 6:0234 cross•Montgomery, Alabama 6:0234 Bell, Ezeklel cross•Selma, Alabama 7:0846 18:0428 Buses Bell, Horace integration•Albany, Georgia 2:0847; 4:0538, 2:0652 0584 Berkeley, California integration•Montgomery, Alabama 1:0472; 20:0291 6:0001,0234 Bethel Baptist Church see also Boycotts 7:0584 California Bevel, James Berkeley 20:0291 17:0206; 18:0556 Carmlchael, Stokely Birmingham, Alabama 10:0001,0408 press relations 7:0137 Carswell, Harold SCLC campaign 7:0584 2:0001 • Black Knights Churches 19:0436 bombings 1:0845 Black Panther party burnings•Terrell County, Georgias: 0672 20:0291, 0899;21:0001 integration•Albany, Georgia 3:0190,0384; Black Student Association 4:0119 21:0676 integration•St. Augustine, Florida 5:0230 Board of School Commissioners, Mobile integration•Selma, Alabama 7:0001 ; 8:0165 County, Alabama, Davis v. integration•Tuskegee, Alabama 8:0766 10:0902 Cities Transit Bombings 2:0847 general 1:0845 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Mobile, Alabama 11:0001 compliance in Albany, Georgia 4:0461 Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001,0472,0845; Civil Rights Commission 2: 0001,0207 Florida Advisory Committee 4:0717 BOP hearings•Montgomery, Alabama 2:0652 17: 0001, 0206,0647; 18:0585, 0792; Clark, James 19: 0001-0858;20:0001 ; 21:0306, 0497 6: 0718; 12: 0001; 15: 0001 Boycotts Clark, Ruben Alabama products 8:0308 7:0001 bus•Albany, Georgia 4:0584 COME bus•Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001-0284 17:0001-0476; 18:0585,0792; 19:0123, 0181 bus•Tallahassee, Florida 1:0472-0845 Committee for Non-Violent Action Dallas County Progressive Movement for Albany, Georgia 4:0674 Human Rights•Selma, Alabama 11:0001 Communism Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001 ; 18:0001, Alabama grand jury probe 7:0281 0556 alleged infiltration of MIA 2:0732 merchants•Albany, Georgia 3:0001,0580, Communist party 0878;4:0584 4:0001 merchants•Selma, Alabama 6:0234 Conference on Alabama Justice merchants•Tuskegee, Alabama 2:0207, 9:0633 0380

44 Convictions Dickinson, William L. Albany, Georgia 2:0958 16:0718,0982 Montgomery, Alabama 1:0133,0284 Dlggs, Charles Tallahassee, Florida 1:0666 1:0284 Court orders Doar, John Albany, Georgia 2: 0958; 3:0384; 4:0674 11:0217; 13: 0385 march from Selma to Montgomery 16:0313, Drugstore lunch counters 0519 see Lunch counters Memphis, Tennessee 17:0647 W.E.B. Du Bols Clubs of America Courtrooms 17:0001 integration•Albany, Georgia 4:0001 Du rr, Clifford J. Cross burnings 6:0001 ; 8: 0001 Montgomery, Alabama 6:0234 Du rr, Virginia Selma, Alabama 7:0846 8:0001 Dallas County, Alabama Embry, Elroy civil rights activities 14:0938 6:0001 see also Selma, Alabama Eufaula, Alabama Dallas County Board of Registrars, U.S. v. demonstrations 9:0387,0633 15:0181 school protest 9:0001 Dallas County Board of Registration Factionalism surveillance•Selma, Alabama 7:0281 Albany Movement 2:0958 Dallas County Improvement Association Faga, Robert 6:0718 6:0234 Dallas County Progressive Movement for Human Fasting Rights Albany, Georgia 3:0672 11:0001 FBI Davis, L.O. criticism of 3:0878; 4:0001 5:0230 Martin Luther King, Jr., and 3: 0878; 4: 0001 ; Davis v. Board of School Commissioners, 17:0476;21:0001 Mobile County, Alabama Federal courts 10:0902 Albany, Georgia 3:0001 Demonstrations Montgomery, Alabama 1:0472 Albany, Georgia 2:0958; 3:0001 ; 4:0119, Fellowship of Reconciliation 0273 1:0472 Auburn, Alabama 9:0001 Firearms Euf aula, Alabama 9:0387,0633 purchases rumored•Montgomery, Alabama Forrest City, Arkansas 20:0774; 21:0676, 1:0001 0921 Florida Haynesville, Alabama 9:0001 Jacksonville 5:0762 Luverne, Alabama 9: 0194,0387 racial violence•possibility of 5:0762 Memphis, Tennessee 17:0206; 18:1132 St. Augustine 4:0717; 5:0001-0762 Montgomery, Alabama 2:0732 Tallahassee 1:0472r-0845; 2:0001 nationwide•Selma, Alabama 8:0308 Folsom, James E. St. Augustine, Florida 4:0717; 5:0001-0762 1:0133 Tuskegee, Alabama 9:0387; 10:0129,0589, Forman, James 0744 3:0001, 0190; 6: 0427; 7:0001, 0137 Depositions Forrest City, Arkansas Albany, Georgia 3:0384 20: 0493, 0774; 21:0676, 0921 Desegregation Forum on U.S. Foreign Policy Albany, Georgia 3:0001 ; 4:0119 10:0744 see also Integration Freedom Riders 2:0818

45 Georgia churches•Albany, Georgia 3:0190,0384; Albany 2:0819-0958; 3:0001-0878; 4:0119 4:0001-0712 churches•St. Augustine, Florida 5:0230 Mitchell County•beatings 3:0001 churches•Selma, Alabama 7:0001 ; 8:0165; Sumter County•grand jury 4:0001 14:0133 Terrell County•church burnings 3:0672 churches•Tuskegee, Alabama 8:0766 Gerrymandering courtrooms•Albany, Georgia 4:0001 Tuskegee, Alabama 2:0207 juries•Lowndes County, Alabama 9:0001 Graetz, Robert S. libraries•Albany, Georgia 4:0001 1:0001,0666 libraries•Montgomery, Alabama 6:0234, Grand juries 0427 integration•Lowndes County, Alabama lunch counters•Albany, Georgia 2:0847; 9:0001 4:0584 Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001 lunch counters•Montgomery, Alabama Selma, Alabama 7:0281 2:0652 Sumter County, Georgia 4:0001 lunch counters•St. Augustine, Florida Greensboro, Alabama 5:0001 voter registration 8:0766 lunch counters•Selma, Alabama 6:0001 ; Gregory, Dick 7:0584 7:0001, 0137; 13:0588; 20: 0291 movie theaters•Selma, Alabama 7:0846 Gregory, Lillian restaurants•Albany, Georgia 4:0001 7:0001 schools•Alabama 2:0501,0652 Greyhound bus terminal schools•Albany, Georgias: 0580,0672; Montgomery, Alabama 6:0001 4:0584-0712 Habeas corpus schools•Mobile, Alabama 10:0902 hearings•Selma, Alabama 7:0281 schools•Selma, Alabama 6:0718 Hare, James A. swimming pools•Albany, Georgia 4:0119,0273 7:0281 see also Wade-ins Harris, Walter Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance of 2:0958;4:0584 Memphis Hayling, Robert B. 17:0001;18:0428 4:0717 Interrellgious Foundation for Community Haynesvllle, Alabama Organizations demonstrations 9:0001 20:0386 Hearings The Invaders habeas corpus•Selma, Alabama 7:0281 17:0206;18:0001 ; 19: 0001-0858;20: 0001- Helicon, Alabama 1102;21:0001-0921 protests 9:0387, 0633 Islam Housing 17:0206 Mobile, Alabama 10:0744 Jackson,Jesse Montgomery, Alabama 6:0234; 10:0408 17:0647, 0895; 18:0001,0792 Indictments Jackson, Jlmmie Lee Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001 ; 2:0001 8:0308; 13:0876; 14:0001 Injunctions Johnson, Frank M., Jr. Montgomery, Alabama 1:0666; 6:0234 1:0845; 2:0001; 16:0313, 0519 Tuskegee, Alabama 2:0380 Juries Institute on Non-Violence and Social Change see Grand juries 6:0001,0427 Katzenbach, Nicholas Integration 2:0958 airports•Mobile, Alabama 6:0001 Kelly, Asa buses•Albany, Georgia 2:0847; 4:0538, 2:0818 0584 Kennedy, John F. buses•Montgomery, Alabama 1:0472; 3:0672 6:0001,0234

46 Klnard, William D. Lunch counters 5:0001 integration•Albany, Georgia 2:0847; 4:0584 King, A.D. . integration•Montgomery, Alabama 2:0652 18:0556 integration•St. Augustine, Florida 5:0001 King, Edwin integration•Selma, Alabama 6:0001 ; 7:0584 6:0001 Luveme, Alabama King, Martin Luther, Jr. demonstrations 9:0194,0387 Albany, Georgia 2:0818-0958; 3:0001, 0190, McKenzie, Johnnie 0580-0878;4:0001,0380, 0584, 0674 10:0129 FBI and 3:0878; 4:0001; 17:0746; 21:0001 Malcolm X Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001-0895; 18:0428, 13:0268 0585-1132;19:0001,0123;21: 0306 Marches Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001,0284,0472, Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001-0647; 18:0331, 0845;2:0501-0732 0585,1000 St. Augustine, Florida 5:0230 St. Augustine, Florida 5:0230 Selma, Alabama 6:0427; 7:0137-0584; Selma to Montgomery 8:0308; 13:0876; 8:0165; 9:0194; 10:0744; 12:0794; 14:0001,0279-0812;15:0918; 13:0001-0588;14:0001-0279;16:0001, 16:0001-0982 0156,0519 Marijuana U.S. government and 2:0958; 4:0380,0674 distribution•Memphis, Tennessee 19:0181, King, Mrs. Slater 0304,0558; 21: 0306 3:0001 Marshall, Burke King, Slater 2:0818, 0958; 4:0538; 6: 0427; 7: 0001, 0281; 4:0273 11:0653 King et al. v. Baker et al. Mass meetings 13:0385 Albany, Georgia 3:0001, 0878 KKK Montgomery, Alabama 2:0732 Montgomery, Alabama 1:0845; 2:0501 ; St. Augustine, Florida 5:0001 6:0234 Selma, Alabama 6:0427,0718; 7:0001 ; St. Augustine, Florida 5:0001, 0230 15:0001,0181 Selma, Alabama 7: 0846; 16:0001 Medical Committee for Human Rights Lawson, James M., Jr. 14:0529 17: 0001. 0895; 18:0331, 0556,1000 "Meet the Press" LeMoyne-Owen College 3:0190,0580 19:0648, 0754; 21:0306, 0497 Memphis, Tennessee Levison, Stanley 17:0001-0895;18:0001-1132;19:0001-0858; 4: 0001; 17:0647 20:0001-1102;21:0001-0921 Libraries Memphis Leadership Conference for Black and arrests•Albany, Georgias: 0190 Poor People integration•Albany, Georgia 4:0001 20: 0211; 21: 0178, 0497 integration•Montgomery, Alabama 6:0234, Memphis Ministerial Alliance 0427 see Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance of Lluzzo, Viola Gregg Memphis 14:0659,0938 Memphis State University Loeb, Henry 17:0206; 19: 0001; 20: 0001 17:0001;18:0331,0428 Merchants Lowensteln, Allard see Boycotts 6:0001 MIA Lowndes County, Alabama 1:0001, 0472, 0666; 2: 0380, 0501, 0732; civil rights activities 14:0938 7:0281;10:0408 integration•juries 9:0001 Ministers Albany, Georgia 3:0580,0672

47 Mitchell County Jail Parks, Rosa 3:0001 1:0001,0133 Mobile, Alabama Patterson, John bombings 11:0001 2:0501:11:0217 employment 10:0744 Payne, Larry housing 10:0744 17:0647 integration•schools 10:0902 Peabody, Mrs. Malcolm racial violence•possibility of 2:0732; 8:0001, 5:0001 0308; 9: 0633; 10:0129, 0744; 11:0001 People's Rally against Genocide Montgomery, Alabama 20:1102 beatings 6:0234 People's Revolutionary party general 1:0001-0845; 2:0001-0732; 20:1102; 21:0001,0676 6: 0001-0718; 7:0584; 8:0001-0491 ; PeopIe-to-People Crusade 9:0633;10: 0001-0744;14:0279-0938; 6:0427 15:0918;16:0001-0982 Petitions housing•general 10:0408 Albany, Georgias: 0672 housing•Houston Hill 6:0234 Picketing ntegration•buses 1:0472; 6:0001, 0234 Albany, Georgia 2:0847,0958; 3:0580, 0878; integration•libraries 6:0234,0427 4:0001,0119 racial incident•Greyhound bus terminal Forrest City, Arkansas 20:0493 6:0001 Greensboro, Alabama 8:0766 sit-down strikes 6:0001 Jacksonville, Florida 5:0762 Mount Mary Baptist Church Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001,0206 3:0672 St. Augustine, Florida 4:0717; 5:0001-0762 Mount Olive Baptist Church Police 3:0672 brutality•Albany, Georgia 4:0439 Movie theaters brutality•Selma, Alabama 7:0001,0137; integration•Selma, Alabama 7:0846 14:0001,0279,0812 Murders misconduct•Memphis, Tennessee 17:0206 Selma, Alabama 8:0308 Montgomery, Alabama 2:0001 NAACP picketing of•Jacksonville, Florida 5:0762 Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001 undercover agents•Memphis, Tennessee Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001, 0472; 2:0501 19:0123;21:0001,0676 St. Augustine. Florida 4:0717; 5:0001 Poor People's Campaign Selma, Alabama 8:0165; 14: 0133 10:0902; 18:0001, 0556, 0585; 21: 0921 Narcotics Poor People's March distribution•Memphis, Tennessee 19:0181, 17:0206 0304,0558;21:0306 Pratt, John McKee Neblett, Carver Gene 7:0001 7:0001,0137 Prayer vigils Nesmlth, Richard Albany, Georgia 3:0190 6:0001 Press relations Nightridlng Albany, Georgia 3:0190,0580 Tennessee law challenged 20:0800,0842 Birmingham, Alabama 7:0137 see also KKK Memphis, Tennessee 18:0556 Nixon, E.D. Selma, Alabama 8:0491 1:0001 Protests Operation Breadbasket Helicon, Alabama 9:0387, 0633 17:0647, 0895; 18:0001, 0556, 0585 Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001 ; 18:0428, Operation Breakfast 0556 20:0699;21:0676 see also Demonstrations; Marches; Picketing Parks Publications closing of•Montgomery, Alabama 2:0501 The Invaders•Memphis, Tennessee 21:0106-0284

48 Race relations SCLC Alabama 6:0001, 0234; 8:0001,0165 Birmingham, Alabama 7: 0584 incidents•Montgomery, Alabama 6:0001 Memphis, Tennessee 17: 0476, 0647; 18:0001, Memphis, Tennessee 17:0206,0895 0585,0792; 19:0Ö01, 0123; 21:0921 progress in Albany, Georgia 4:0461 Montgomery, Alabama 7: 0584; 8:0491 Tuskegee Institute reports on 2:0380, 0652; Resurrection City 21:0921 6:0427; 7:0584 St. Augustine, Florida 5: 0001, 0230, 0762 see also Violence Selma, Alabama 7:0584; 8:0165, 0308; Rasberry, Charles Henry 9:0001, 0194; 10: 0589; 13: 0001, 0876; 10:0129 14: 0133; 15: 0001; 16: 0001-0519 Reeb, James SDS 8: 0308; 14: 0133, 0279 21:0497 Restaurants Segregation integration•Albany, Georgia 4:0001 buses•Montgomery, Alabama 1:0284,0472, see also Lunch counters 0845 Resurrection City buses•Tallahassee, Florida 1:0472 21:0921 Segregationists Revolutionary People's Constitutional mass meetings•St. Augustine, Florida 5:0661 Convention Segrest, Marvin Lee 21:0001 10:0129 Reynolds, James Selma, Alabama 18:0585 general 6:0001-0718; 7:0001-0846; 8:0001- Riots 0766;9:0001-0898;10:0001-0902; Memphis, Tennessee 17:0476-0895; 11:0001-0653;12:0001-0794; 18:0585,0792 13:0001-0876;14:0001-0938; Selma, Alabama 7:0846 15:0001-0918;16:0001-0982 see also Violence march from Selma to Montgomery 8:0308; Robinson, Jackie 13:0876; 14:0001, 0279-0812; 15:0918; 3: 0672; 6:0001 16:0001-0982 Rockefeller, Nelson racial violence•possibility of 2:0732 2:0818 Sherrod, Charles Rockwell, George Lincoln 2: 0818; 3:0384; 4:0119 13:0001 Shiloh Baptist Church Rustin, Bayard 3:0001 17:0206,0647 Shootings Ryan, William Fitts St. Augustine, Florida 5:0001 3:0190 Sit-down strikes St. Augustine, Florida Montgomery, Alabama, students 2:0732; 4:0717;5:0001-0762 6:0001 Sanitation workers Sit-ins strikes•Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001-0895; Alabama 6:0427 18:0331-1000;21:0921 Albany, Georgia 3:0190 SCEF Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001 7:0584; 17:0647 Montgomery, Alabama 6:0427 Schools St. Augustine, Florida 4:0717 integration•Alabama 2:0501,0652 Selma, Alabama 6:0718; 7:0584 integration•Albany, Georgia 3:0580; 0672; Smith, John Burrell 4:0584-0712 17:0001 integration•Mobile, Alabama 10:0902 integration•Selma, Alabama 6:0718 protest•Euf au la, Alabama 9:0001

49 suce U.S. Constitution Albany, Georgia 2:0818,0847; 3:0001-0384; challenge to Tennessee nightriding law 4:0584 20:0800, 0842 Memphis, Tennessee 20:0386 general 1:0472,0666 Montgomery, Alabama 6:0718 U.S. Department of Justice Selma, Alabama 6:0427,0718; 7:0001,0281, Albany, Georgia 3:0190, 0384; 4:0584 0584; 8:0491; 9:0001, 0387; 10:0001, Memphis, Tennessee 20:0842 0129, 0744; 11: 0001 ; 13:0069; 15:0001, Selma, Alabama 6:0427; 7:0281 ; 11:0217, 0604 0653; 13:0385; 15:0181 Southern Student Organizing Committee U.S. Department of Labor 18:0001; 21:0921 18:0585 Strikes USIA sanitation workers•Memphis, Tennessee Selma, Alabama 8:0491 17:0001-0895;18:0331-0585,1000; U.S. Supreme Court 21:0921 1:0284, 0666 Sumter County, Georgia U.S.v. Atkins et al. grand jury 4:0001 11:0653;12:0001-0794 Swimmingpools U.S. v. Dallas County Board of Registrars integration•Albany, Georgia 4:0119,0273 15:0181 see also Wade-ins Violence Tallahassee, Florida Alabama 2:0732 1:0472-0845;2: 0001 Albany, Georgia 3:0001 Tennessee Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001,0476-0895; constitutionality of nightriding law challenged 18:0331, 0585,0792; 20:0493, 0899 20: 0800, 0842 Montgomery, Alabama 1:0845 Memphis 17:0001-0895; 18:0001-1132; St. Augustine, Florida 5:0001-0762 19:0001-0858;20:0001-1102; Selma, Alabama 7:0001,0137,0846; 8:0001- 21:0001-0921 0308 Terrell County, Georgia see also Bombings church burnings 3:0672 VISTA Trail ways bus terminal activities•Memphis, Tennessee 20:0386; Albany, Georgia 4:0538 21:0001 Trials Vivian, C.T. Montgomery, Alabama 1:0284; 2:0207 13:0588 Tallahassee, Florida 1:0666 Volunteers Tuskegee, Alabama Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001,0666 boycotts 2:0207, 0380 Tallahassee, Florida 1:0666 demonstrations 9:0387; 10:0129,0589,0744 Voter registration integration•churches 8:0766 Albany, Georgias: 0672 Tuskegee Civic Association Greensboro, Alabama 8:0766 2:0380 Montgomery, Alabama 2:0207,0501 Tuskegee Institute Selma, Alabama 6:0427,0718; 7:0001-0846; annual report 6:0427 8:0165, 0308; 11:0217, 0653; 12:0001- reports 2:0380, 0652; 7: 0584 0794;13:0001-0268,0588,0876; Unity League 14: 0001, 0529,0938; 15:0001, 0181 17:0001 Tallahassee, Florida 2:0001 U.S. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Foreign Policy, Forum 10:0744 15:0729 government•criticism by Dr. Martin Luther Wachtel, Harry King, Jr. 2:0958; 4:0380, 0674 17:0647 government•pressures on Memphis by Wade-ins 17:0647,0895 St. Augustine, Florida 5:0230,0661 U.S. Congress see also Integration; Swimming pools members' visit to Selma, Alabama 8:0165

50 Walker, Wyatt Williams, Alvery Lee 3:0580;6:0427 7:0001,0137 Wallace, George Williams, Hosea 16:0001 18:0556 War on Poverty Wurf, Jerry projects•Memphis, Tennessee 19:0181-0359; 18:0331 21:0306 Young, Andrew We, the People 13:0876; 15:0729; 16: 0313; 18: 0556 20:1102; 21:0001,0676 Younge, Samuel Wilcox County, Alabama 9:0387; 10:0129 civil rights activities 14:0938 Wilklns, Roy 17:0206

51

BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES

Centers of the Southern Struggle Civil Rights during the Johnson Administration Civil Rights during the Kennedy Administration Manuscript Collections from the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture Papers of the Civil Rights Congress Papers of the International Labor Defense Papers of the National Negro Congress The Martin Luther King, Jr., FBI File