DOCSLIB.ORG

Periodicity in Volcanic Gas Plumes: a Review and Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Periodicity in Volcanic Gas Plumes: a Review and Analysis geosciences Review Periodicity in Volcanic Gas Plumes: A Review and Analysis Tom D. Pering 1,* , Tehnuka Ilanko 1 and Emma J. Liu 2,3 1 Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; t.ilanko@sheffield.ac.uk 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK; [email protected] 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BS, UK * Correspondence: t.pering@sheffield.ac.uk Received: 18 July 2019; Accepted: 4 September 2019; Published: 10 September 2019 Abstract: Persistent non-explosive passive degassing is a common characteristic of active volcanoes. Distinct periodic components in measurable parameters of gas release have been widely identified over timescales ranging from seconds to months. The development and implementation of high temporal resolution gas measurement techniques now enables the robust quantification of high frequency processes operating on timescales comparable to those detectable in geophysical datasets. This review presents an overview of the current state of understanding regarding periodic volcanic degassing, and evaluates the methods available for detecting periodicity, e.g., autocorrelation, variations of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Periodicities in volcanic degassing from published studies were summarised and statistically analysed together with analyses of literature-derived datasets where periodicity had not previously been investigated. Finally, an overview of current knowledge on drivers of periodicity was presented and discussed in the framework of four main generating categories, including: (1) non-volcanic (e.g., atmospheric or tidally generated); (2) gas-driven, shallow conduit processes; (3) magma movement, intermediate to shallow storage zone; and (4) deep magmatic processes. Keywords: volcanic plumes; periodicity; basaltic volcanism; passive degassing; fluid dynamics 1. Introduction Active volcanoes commonly exhibit persistent (i.e., continuous or quasi-continuous) emission of gases from summit vents or fumaroles (Figure1). Persistently degassing volcanoes are typically those erupting magmas with lower silica contents—i.e., basalts, basaltic-andesites, and andesites—and thus, lower viscosities. In contrast to more silicic magmas where gas bubbles remain strongly coupled to the melt, low magma viscosities permit efficient fluid-melt separation [1,2] and allow bubbles to move independently of the melt. Once nucleated, bubbles in magma can grow either by diffusion of volatiles into the bubble, decompression, and coalescence, before either bursting at the magma surface or undergoing explosive fragmentation [3–5]. Volcanic gas emissions are predominantly composed of water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2, or in reduced form, hydrogen sulfide, H2S), with SO2 being the easiest to resolve against background atmospheric concentrations and therefore, generally the target gas used for emissions measurements [6]. Present generally in trace quantities are halogen compounds such as chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine, the latter of which is highly reactive in the atmosphere forming gaseous species such as bromine monoxide (BrO), and iodine monoxide (IO) [7–9]. The relative ease of measuring SO2, compared to other major gas species, has meant that this gas is often the target for remote sensing. Prior to the development of ultra violet (UV) camera technology [10,11], measurement techniques were constrained by sampling rate and therefore lacked Geosciences 2019, 9, 394; doi:10.3390/geosciences9090394 www.mdpi.com/journal/geosciences Geosciences 2019, 9, 394 2 of 24 Geosciencesthe temporal 2019, resolution 9, 394 to detect rapid changes in SO2 flux. For example, Differential Optical Absorption2 of 25 Spectroscopy (DOAS) could at best achieve resolutions of minutes because of the need to traverse or Spectroscopyscan gas plumes (DOAS) [12–14 could]. Now, at withbest achieve the advent resolutions of UV cameras, of minutes which because generally of the acquire need atto frequenciestraverse or scanapproaching gas plumes 1 Hz, [12–14]. periodic Now, components with the advent (oscillations) of UV cameras, in gas flux which are resolvable generally onacquire timescales at frequencies of 10 s to approaching1000 s [6,15–19 1 ].Hz, periodic components (oscillations) in gas flux are resolvable on timescales of 10 s to 1000The s [6,15–19]. existence of longer timescale periodicity in volcanic outgassing on the order of days to monthsThe wasexistence first identified of longer at timescale well-studied periodicity systems in with volcanic long monitoringoutgassing on timeseries, the order e.g., of Kdays¯ılauea, to monthsHawaii [was20] andfirst Soufriere identified Hills at well-studied Volcano, Montserrat systems [with21]. Whilstlong monitoring low frequency timeseries, periodic e.g., components Kīlauea, Hawaiiare widely [20] thought and Soufriere to originate Hills Volcano, from deep Montserrat processes [21]. related Whilst to large-scale low frequency magma periodic movement components [22,23], arehigh widely frequency thought signals to originate can be derivedfrom deep from processes a wide related range of to potential large-scale drivers magma [16 movement]. The causes [22,23], and highimplications frequency of short-periodsignals can be cycles derived have from yet toa bewide compared range of in potential detail across drivers volcanoes. [16]. The causes and implications of short-period cycles have yet to be compared in detail across volcanoes. Figure 1. 1. ExampleExample plumes plumes from from four four volcanoes: volcanoes: (a) Sabancaya, (a) Sabancaya, in April in April2018, showing 2018, showing a passive a passive plume duringplume duringintermittent intermittent explosive explosive activity, activity, (b) Yasur, (b) Yasur, in July in July 2018, 2018, with with strombolian strombolian explosion explosion pulses pulses emanating from from the crater ap approximatelyproximately every minute, ( c)) Stromboli, Stromboli, in in June June 2018, 2018, showing showing passive passive degassing in between the st strombolianrombolian explosions, and and ( dd)) Fuego, Fuego, in in November 2017, showing clear clear periodic degassing from Strombolian explosionsexplosions occurring approximately everyevery 8–108–10 min.min. The detection of periodic behavior is not restricted to SO2 flux measurements alone, and periodicity The detection of periodic behavior is not restricted to SO2 flux measurements alone, and periodicitycan also be identifiedcan also inbe timeseriesidentified of in molar timeseries gas ratios of molar [16,24– gas27]. ratios Open-Path [16,24–27]. Fourier Open-Path Transform InfraredFourier TransformSpectroscopy Infrared (OP-FTIR) Spectroscopy can capture (OP-FTIR) high temporal can capt resolutionure high datasetstemporal of resolution molar gas datasets ratios for of a molar broad gasrange ratios of gases, for a broad including range trace of gases, species including such as chlorinetrace species [28–32 such]. In as combination chlorine [28–32]. with thermodynamicIn combination withmodels thermodynamic of volatile solubility, models molar of volatile gas ratios solubility, can be directly molar relatedgas ratios to thecan pressure be directly (depth) related of gas-melt to the pressureseparation (depth) and are of thereforegas-melt criticalseparation to the and identification are therefore and critical tracking to the of identification new magma inputsand tracking and their of newsubsequent magma ascentinputs throughand their the subsequent shallow magmatic ascent through system the [33 shallow–36] or tomagmatic discriminate system between [33–36] redox- or to discriminateand solubility-driven between processesredox- and [24 solubility-driven,37]. processes [24,37]. This review summarizes the literature associated with with the full range of currently resolvable periodicities within volcanic degassing timeseries, timeseries, starting starting with with an an overview overview of of the methods for detecting periodicity. 2 Geosciences 2019, 9, 394 3 of 24 2. Methods for Detecting Periodicity 2.1. Spectral Analysis The presence of periodicity within volcanic gas datasets is quantified based on the principle of spectral analysis, or frequency analysis, whereby timeseries data are decomposed into a series of waves of known wavelength and amplitude, to determine the strength of different frequencies within discrete datasets. Spectral analysis is commonly performed using one of two main groups of techniques (summarized in Table1): the fast Fourier transform (FFT) [ 38–43], and the wavelet transform [16,44–49]. The continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is increasingly preferred because it offers additional degrees of freedom, such that the temporal persistence of periodic components can be investigated in detail, particularly where those components exhibit non-stationary characteristics [16,19,24,48–51]. When conducting spectral analysis, we can only consider a maximum cycle length of half the dataset length; this is termed the Nyquist criterion [52]. For example, with a dataset 1000 s in length, the maximum detectable period would be 500 s. However, as this would only allow two complete periodic cycles, it is often preferable and advisable to set the cut-off at a frequency higher than the Nyquist limit, for example at three or four complete periodic cycles. This principle is applicable to all spectral analysis techniques, including the CWT. Autocorrelation, or serial correlation,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE CASE of TURRIALBA VOLCANO (COSTA RICA) Revista Geológica De América Central, Núm
    Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Sistema de Información Científica Bragado-Massa, Esperanza; Marchamalo, Miguel; Rejas, Juan G.; Bonatti, Javier; Martínez-Frías, Jesús MONITORING HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION IN ACTIVE VOLCANOES USING REMOTE SENSING: THE CASE OF TURRIALBA VOLCANO (COSTA RICA) Revista Geológica de América Central, núm. 51, 2014, pp. 69-82 Universidad de Costa Rica San José, Costa Rica Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45433964003 Revista Geológica de América Central, ISSN (Printed Version): 0256-7024 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage www.redalyc.org Non-Profit Academic Project, developed under the Open Acces Initiative Revista Geológica de América Central, 51: 69-82, 2014 DOI: 10.15517/rgac.v51i1.16848 ISSN: 0256-7024 MONITORING HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION IN ACTIVE VOLCANOES USING REMOTE SENSING: THE CASE OF TURRIALBA VOLCANO (COSTA RICA) MONITOREO DE LA ALTERACIÓN HIDROTERMAL EN VOLCANES ACTIVOS MEDIANTE TELEDETECCIÓN: EL CASO DEL VOLCÁN TURRIALBA (COSTA RICA) Esperanza Bragado-Massa1, Miguel Marchamalo1*, Juan G. Rejas1,2, Javier Bonatti3, Jesús Martínez-Frías4 & Rubén Martínez1 1Departamento de Ingeniería y Morfología del Terreno. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain 2INTA. Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacia, Spain 3Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Atómicas, Nucleares y Moleculares (CICANUM). Universidad de Costa Rica 4Instituto de Geociencias, IGEO (CSIC-UCM), Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas C/ José Antonio Novais, 2, Ciudad Universitaria 28040 Madrid, Spain *Corresponding author: [email protected] (Recibido: 28/02/2014; aceptado: 7/10/2014) ABSTRACT: Hydrothermal alteration was analyzed in the active Turrialba Volcano, Central Volcanic Range, Costa Rica.
    [Show full text]
  • DRAFT Environmental Profile the Republic Costa Rica Prepared By
    Draft Environmental Profile of The Republic of Costa Rica Item Type text; Book; Report Authors Silliman, James R.; University of Arizona. Arid Lands Information Center. Publisher U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat, Department of State (Washington, D.C.) Download date 26/09/2021 22:54:13 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228164 DRAFT Environmental Profile of The Republic of Costa Rica prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 AID RSSA SA /TOA 77 -1 National Park Service Contract No. CX- 0001 -0 -0003 with U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat Department of State Washington, D.C. July 1981 - Dr. James Silliman, Compiler - c /i THE UNITEDSTATES NATION)IL COMMITTEE FOR MAN AND THE BIOSPHERE art Department of State, IO /UCS ria WASHINGTON. O. C. 2052C An Introductory Note on Draft Environmental Profiles: The attached draft environmental report has been prepared under a contract between the U.S. Agency for International Development(A.I.D.), Office of Science and Technology (DS /ST) and the U.S. Man and the Bio- sphere (MAB) Program. It is a preliminary review of information avail- able in the United States on the status of the environment and the natural resources of the identified country and is one of a series of similar studies now underway on countries which receive U.S. bilateral assistance. This report is the first step in a process to develop better in- formation for the A.I.D. Mission, for host country officials, and others on the environmental situation in specific countries and begins to identify the most critical areas of concern.
    [Show full text]
  • Kratzmann Et Al. (2004)
    Reconnaissance Field and Geochemical Analyses of Turrialba Volcano, Costa Rica David Kratzmann1, Ronald Cole2, Jeffrey Thomas2, and Melissa Kammerer2 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001; 2 Department of Geology, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA 16335, U.S.A. ([email protected]) Published in: Dynamic Earth: past, present and future - Abstracts, Geological Society of Australia, v. 73, p. 276, 2004 Study Area and Tectonic Setting Geochemistry and Regional Implications Basalt There is a progressive southward change along the Central American 8 Sample with adakite characteristics OIB (Hawaii) ) 100 volcanic arc (CAVA) from a depleted mantle source and stronger slab % influence beneath El Salvador and Nicaragua (low La/Yb and high t 6 h E-MORB g Shoshonite Ba/La) (Carr et al. 1990; Reagan et al. 1994; Herrstrom et al. 1995) to i e ine 10 4 alkal an enriched mantle source and a weak slab influence beneath central w alc- N-MORB ( -K c Turrialba Area shown below High O Costa Rica (higher La/Yb, lower Ba/La) (Reagan and Gill, 1989; 2 Volcano line K ka 2 Calc-al 1 Leeman et al. 1994; Herrstrom et al. 1995). In addition, Pb isotope data e t i Basaltic Andesite show that the enriched mantle component beneath central Costa Rica is r Tholeiite d 0 adakite characteristics n similar to the Galapagos plume signature (Abratis and Worner, 2001). o 100 h ) C / % 12 e l t T r Central American a p Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica h c e h lkalin 10 y A m g 10 B a Trachyte Volcanic Arc i a n t s a 160 ra a d line Filled symbols are data of this study; open symbols e ka c lt e ubal h i s S S (CAVA) y c it are data from Carr (2002) and Patino et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcano-Seismology of the Irazú-Turrialba Volcanic Complex
    Master of Sciences in Earth sciences Volcano-seismology of the Irazú-Turrialba volcanic complex Contact persons: Prof. Matteo Lupi, Dr. Francisco J. Pacheco, Elliot Amir Jiwani-Brown Context The active hydrothermal system of the Irazú Turrialba Volcanic Complex (ITVC), Costa Rica plays host to frequent seismic energy from tectonically driven sources, regional seismicity and by active magma migration. All of this occurs within the diverse and unique volcanic setting of two volcanoes linked by possibly similar magmatic sources but varying in physical state, Irazú being a closed system, and the openly venting Turrialba volcano. A network of 20 seismic stations deployed around the ITVC is combined with the current OVSICORI and RSN stations to accurately monitor the seismicity of this system. The network will help to investigate and compare the seismic activity occurring across the ITVC and surrounding regions. Objectives and Methods The objective of this study is to shed light on the seismic sequences taking place at the ITVC and to characterise them in space and in time. The ITVC features a large variety of seismic signals including VT, LP, tornillos, and tremor events [Eyre et al., 2013; Zecevic et al., 2016]. Some of these signals are precursors of volcanic eruptions often occurring at the Turrialba volcanic complex or associated to surface deformation processes (i.e. landslides) driven by intrusive dynamics taking place in the near subsurface. The candidate will use classical and non-conventional seismic methods to study fluid transport processes occurring at shallow and greater depths and to discuss volcanic processes in a broad geological context. Literature Eyre, T.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanic Activity in Costa Rica in 2012 Official Annual Summary
    Volcanic Activity in Costa Rica in 2012 Official Annual Summary Turrialba volcano on January 18 th , 2012: central photo, the 2012 vent presents flamme due to the combustion of highly oxidant magmatic gas (photo: J.Pacheco). On the right, ash emission by the 2012 vent at 4:30am the same day (photo: G.Avard).On the left, incandescence is visible since then (photo: G.Avard 2-2-2012, 8pm). Geoffroy Avard, Javier Pacheco, María Martínez, Rodolfo van der Laat, Efraín Menjivar, Enrique Hernández, Tomás Marino, Wendy Sáenz, Jorge Brenes, Alejandro Aguero, Jackeline Soto, Jesus Martínez Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica OVSICORI-UNA 1 I_ Introduction At 8:42 a.m. on September 5 th , 2012, a Mw = 7.6 earthquake occurred 20 km south of Samara, Peninsula de Nicoya, Guanacaste. The maximum displacement was 2.5 m with a maximum vertical motion about 60 cm at Playa Sa Juanillo (OVSICORI Report on September 11 th , 2012). The fault displacement continued until the end of September through postseismic motions, slow earthquakes, viscoelastic response and aftershocks (> 2500 during the first 10 days following the Nicoya earthquake). The seismicity spread to most of the country (Fig.1) Figure 1: Seismicity in September 2012 and location of the main volcanoes. Yellow star: epicenter of the Nicoya seism on September 5 th , 2012 (Mw = 7.6). White arrow: direction of the displacement due to the Nicoya seism (map: Walter Jiménez Urrutia, Evelyn Núñez, y Floribeth Vega del grupo de sismología del OVSICORI-UNA). Regarding the volcanoes, the seism of Nicoya generated an important seismic activity especially in the volcanic complexes Irazú-Turrialba and Poás as well as an unusual seismic activity mainly for Miravalles, Tenorio and Platanar-Porvenir.
    [Show full text]
  • Us Department of the Interior
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY COSTA RICA VOLCANO PROFILE by Cynthia M. Stine1 Norman G. Banks1 Open-File Report 91-591 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. *U.S. Geological Survey David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory 5400 MacArthur Blvd. Vancouver, WA. 98661 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction.......................................................^ Background......................................................... Tectonic setting..................................................................................................................................................5 General description of volcanic hazards.......................................................................................................5 TephrafaU...........................................^ Pyroclastic flows and surges..............................................................................................................6 Mudflows...............................................................................................................................................6 Lava flows..............................................................................................................................................6 Debris avalanches................................................................................................................................?
    [Show full text]
  • Article filter
    Biogeosciences, 16, 1343–1360, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1343-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Plant responses to volcanically elevated CO2 in two Costa Rican forests Robert R. Bogue1,2,3, Florian M. Schwandner1,4, Joshua B. Fisher1, Ryan Pavlick1, Troy S. Magney1, Caroline A. Famiglietti1,5, Kerry Cawse-Nicholson1, Vineet Yadav1, Justin P. Linick1, Gretchen B. North6, and Eliecer Duarte7 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA 2Geology Department, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA 3Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada 4Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 5Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 6Biology Department, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA 7Observatory of Volcanology and Seismology (OVSICORI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, 2386-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica Correspondence: Florian M. Schwandner (fl[email protected]) Received: 21 February 2018 – Discussion started: 5 March 2018 Revised: 17 February 2019 – Accepted: 21 February 2019 – Published: 1 April 2019 Abstract. We explore the use of active volcanoes to deter- 1 Introduction mine the short- and long-term effects of elevated CO2 on tropical trees. Active volcanoes continuously but variably Tropical forests represent about 40 % of terrestrial net pri- emit CO2 through diffuse emissions on their flanks, exposing mary productivity (NPP) worldwide, store 25 % of biomass the overlying ecosystems to elevated levels of atmospheric carbon, and may contain 50 % of all species on Earth, but the 2 2 CO2.
    [Show full text]
  • Actividad De Los Volcanes De Costa Rica Durante El Periodo 2012-2013
    Revista Geológica de América Central, 51: 145-158, 2014 DOI: 10.15517/rgac.v51i1.16910 ISSN: 0256-7024 Nota técnica ACTIVIDAD DE LOS VOLCANES DE COSTA RICA DURANTE EL PERIODO 2012-2013 ACTIVITY OF THE COSTA RICAN VOLCANOES DURING 2012-2013 Yemerith Alpízar1, 3*, Raúl Mora-Amador1, 2, 3, Gino González1, 2, 3, Carlos J. Ramírez1, 2, 3, Mauricio M. Mora1, 3 & Waldo Taylor4 1Red Sismológica Nacional (RSN (UCR-ICE)), Universidad de Costa Rica 2Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Geológicas (CICG), Universidad de Costa Rica 3Escuela Centroamericana de Geología, Universidad de Costa Rica 4Observatorio Sismológico y Vulcanológico Arenal-Miravalles (OSIVAM), Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad *Autora para contacto: [email protected] (Recibido: 21/07/2014; aceptado: 18/11/2014) ABSTRACT: As part of the tasks of Red Sismológica Nacional of Costa Rica (RSN, UCR-ICE), volcanic monitoring is a topic that need all our attention. Likewise, the record of the results from this monitoring (field and laboratory work), is a useful tool for the research in short, middle and long term. This tecnic note comprises a synthesis of the results and observations of the last two years of volcanic surveillance at active volcanoes in Costa Rica (Rincón de la Vieja, Arenal, Poás, Barva, Irazú and Turrialba). These results enrich the RSN data base, covering four decades of experience in the implementation of advanced technologies in the area. In the beginning of 2012 all volcanoes manifested background behavior, representing low levels of phreatic and seismic activity. In September 2012, an increase in volcanic activity occurred following the Samara earthquake (Mw=7,6).
    [Show full text]
  • Diffuse Co2 Degassing and the Origin of Volcanic Gas Variability from Rincón De La Vieja, Miravalles and Tenorio Volcanoes, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2016 DIFFUSE CO2 DEGASSING AND THE ORIGIN OF VOLCANIC GAS VARIABILITY FROM RINCÓN DE LA VIEJA, MIRAVALLES AND TENORIO VOLCANOES, GUANACASTE PROVINCE, COSTA RICA Aurelia Liegler [email protected] Copyright 2016 Aurelia Liegler Recommended Citation Liegler, Aurelia, "DIFFUSE CO2 DEGASSING AND THE ORIGIN OF VOLCANIC GAS VARIABILITY FROM RINCÓN DE LA VIEJA, MIRAVALLES AND TENORIO VOLCANOES, GUANACASTE PROVINCE, COSTA RICA", Open Access Master's Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2016. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/97 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the Geochemistry Commons, and the Geology Commons DIFFUSE CO2 DEGASSING AND THE ORIGIN OF VOLCANIC GAS VARIABILITY FROM RINCÓN DE LA VIEJA, MIRAVALLES AND TENORIO VOLCANOES, GUANACASTE PROVINCE, COSTA RICA By Aurelia Liegler A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Geology MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Aurelia Liegler This thesis has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Geology. Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Thesis Advisor: Chad D. Deering Committee Member: Severine Moune Committee Member: Franco Tassi Department Chair: John S. Gierke For Science. Contents List of figures.................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • (Costa Rica) After Almost 150Years of Quiesc
    Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 198 (2010) 416–432 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Geophysical, geochemical and geodetical signals of reawakening at Turrialba volcano (Costa Rica) after almost 150 years of quiescence F. Martini a,b,⁎, F. Tassi c,d, O. Vaselli c,d, R. Del Potro b,1, M. Martinez b, R. Van del Laat b, E. Fernandez b a Seismology and Computational Rock Physics Lab., School of Geological Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland b Observatorio Volcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica OVSICORI-UNA, Universidad Nacional, Apdo 2346-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica c Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy d CNR-IGG Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy article info abstract Article history: Turrialba is a basaltic–andesitic stratovolcano (3340 masl), in the Cordillera Volcánica Central in Costa Rica. Received 9 February 2010 After the last eruption (1864–1866), volcanic manifestations were limited to weak fumarolic discharge Accepted 29 September 2010 (continuous since 1980) from the summit. From 1996 onward, the degassing activity has progressively been Available online 17 October 2010 increasing, reaching its climax after 2005. New fumaroles have appeared in the Central and West summit craters, the latter now being the most active, and in the fracture system in between, showing sulphur deposits Keywords: and progressively increasing degassing rate. In 2004, fumaroles and new fissures have appeared on the SW volcano unrest outer and SSW distal flanks, the latter being located along a major NE-oriented tectonic lineament.
    [Show full text]
  • Actividad Explosiva Volcán Turrialba Período 2010-2016
    Revista Geológica de América Central, 55: 7-60, 2016 DOI: 10.15517/rgac.v55i0.26965 ISSN: 0256-7024 LA ACTIVIDAD EXPLOSIVA DEL VOLCÁN TURRIALBA (COSTA RICA) EN EL PERÍODO 2010 - 2016 THE EXPLOSIVE ACTIVITY OF TURRIALBA VOLCANO (COSTA RICA) IN 2010 - 2016 Guillermo E. Alvarado1, 5*, José Brenes-André2, Manuel Barrantes1, Eduardo Vega1, J. Maarten de Moor3, Geoffroy Avard3, Pierfrancesco Dellino4, Daniela Mele4, Charlotte DeVitre5, Andrea Di Piazza6, Andrea L. Rizzo7 & Maria L. Carapezza6 1Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE), Apdo. 10032 - 1000, Costa Rica 2Red Ciudadana de Estaciones Meteorológicas, Apdo. 290 - 3015, Costa Rica 3Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica (OVSICORI), Apdo. 2386-3000, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica 4Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italia. 5Red Sismológica Nacional (RSN: UCR - ICE) 6Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Roma, Italia 7Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Palermo, Italia *Autor para contacto: [email protected] (Recibido: 9/10/2015; aceptado: 10/9/2016) ABSTRACT: The most recent eruptive activity of Turrialba volcano began on the 5th of January 2010, after more than a century of dormancy. The fragmentation process and aerodynamic behavior of the ash from Turrialba’s vulcanian eruptions were investigated by combining grain-size, petrography, mineralogy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive System (EDS) analyses. The ash components include variable percentages of accessory fresh (no necessary juvenile) to hydrothermally altered lithics (15 - 50 % vol.) with hydrothermal minerals (≤ 12 % vol.: anhydrite, gypsum, bassanite, alunite, hexahydrite, pyrite, heulandite, native sulfur), clay minerals (8 - 17 % vol.: montmorillonite, halloysite, allophane), and a smaller quantity of fresh glassy ashes (5 - 49 % vol.) as fragments and shards (3 - 20 % vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanism and Geochemistry in Central America: Progress and Problems M
    Volcanism and Geochemistry in Central America: Progress and Problems M. J. Carr1, M.D. Feigenson1, L. C. Patino2 and J.A. Walker3 1Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers University 2Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University 3Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, Northern Illinois University Most Central American volcanoes occur in an impressive volcanic front that trends parallel to the strike of the subducting Cocos Plate. The volcanic front is a chain, made of right-stepping, linear segments, 100 to 300 Km in length. Volcanoes cluster into centers, whose spacing is random but averages about 27 Km. These closely spaced, easily accessible volcanic centers allow mapping of geochemical variations along the volcanic front. Abundant back-arc volcanism in southeast Guatemala and central Honduras allow two cross-arc transects. Several element and isotope ratios (e.g. Ba/La, U/Th, B/La, 10Be/9Be, 87Sr/86Sr) that are thought to signal subducted marine sediments or altered MORB consistently define a chevron pattern along the arc, with its maximum in Nicaragua. Ba/La, a particularly sensitive signal, is 130 at the maximum in Nicaragua but decreases out on the limbs to 40 in Guatemala and 20 in Costa Rica, which is just above the nominal mantle value of 15. This high amplitude regional variation, roughly symmetrical about Nicaragua, contrasts with the near constancy, or small gradient, in several plate tectonic parameters such as convergence rate, age of the subducting Cocos Plate, and thickness and type of subducted sediment. The large geochemical changes over relatively short distances make Central America an important margin for seeking the tectonic causes of geochemical variations; the regional variation has both a high amplitude and structure, including flat areas and gradients.
    [Show full text]