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Habitat Selection Strategies of Mosquitoes Inhabiting Citrus Irrigation Furrows

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Habitat Selection Strategies of Mosquitoes Inhabiting Citrus Irrigation Furrows JuNn, 1985 J. Ar"r.Mosg. CoNrnor Assoc. 169 HABITAT SELECTION STRATEGIES OF MOSQUITOES INHABITING CITRUS IRRIGATION FURROWS G. ALAN CURTISI ABSTRACT, The mosquitoes Aedcs uexans, Psorophora columbiae and Psorophora howardii have recently extended their habitat distiibution into citrus irrigation furrows in coastal southeastern Florida. Oviposition site selection was examined by correlating species abundances with water depths due to rainfall or flood trigation. Psorophora eolumbiae and Ps.howardii oviposited low in furrows, shared similar distributional relation- ship"s to water depths and were hatched by rainfall or irrigation. Aedes texans oviposted higher in the citrus furrow, showed a different relationship to water depth and were hatched only by flood irrigation. INTRODUCTION tics for colonization and interspecies relation- ships used by mosguitoes inhabiting citrus irri- Presence of mosquito larvae in any habit is gation furrows. determined entirely by maternal choice. Habitat selection is among the most important behavioral responses that *re female mosquito MATERIALS AND METHODS makes. since the effect of this choice dictates the from two fate of her offspring. Successful choices by Data presented here were collected groves located ca. pioneering females may result in establishment similar 16.2 ha mature citrus River County,FL(27.5 of species in a newly exploitable environment 16.l km apart in Indian by the (Curtis and Frank l98l) or perpetuate the spe- N, 81.5 W). Each grove was cultivated crown flood cies in an established habitat. Ifselected habitats same techniques, which included is given contain inadequate food, abundant predators irrigation. A general grove description by Curtis and Frank (1981). or insufficient water then few or weak individu- were collected from als may result (Krebs 1972). Biotic and abiotic data period (1978-82)' Successful mosquito establishment in man- the 2 groves over a 5-year made habitats is of particular interest. Species Following rainfall or flood irrigation, immature sites that are able to select and propitiously adapt to mosquitoes were collected from 9 selected by a a man-made habitat have the possibility of within the citrus grove, determined An open ended 0.25 exploiting a new environment, with few or no stratified random method. bottom substrate other mosquito species present. One of the m2 box was forced into the pupae removed for commonest man-made mosquito habitats is that and all larvae and were (Curtis and Frank of land irrigated for agricultural purposes counting as earlier described as long as (Al-Azawi and Chew 1959, Boyd 1941, Briscoe l98l). Collections were made daily 1952, Edmunds 1958, Gunstream and Chew the aquatic habitat persisted. During each sam- 1964, 1967; Harden, et al. 1967,Hill et al. 1977, pling occasion when sampling was conducted, with Portman 1954. Reeves and Hammon 1962, water depth was recorded in association from Shemanchuk 1959 and Surtees 1970a, 1970b). mosquito species abundance, whether However, the mechanisms for mosquito estab- rainfall or flood irrigation. mos- lishment in man-made habitats are not well Soil samples for locational detection of known. quito eggs were collected as described by Curtis (1981). Citrus groves in coastal southeastern Florida and Frank Samples were analyzed from 3 have been intensively cultivated since the early specific vertical stratifications of the citrus irri- gation (A) (bot- 1900s, but the numbers of associated mos- furrow, these being: lower (B) quitoes have increased relatively recently (Cur- tom of furrow to 0.3 m vertical elevation), - (C) tis and Frank l98l). Much of this increased middle (0.3 0.6 m elevation) and upper - abundance is in response to the advent and section (0.6 0.9 m elevation) of the furrow widespread use of crown flood irrigation. In a (Fig. l). From each location 30 random samples previous study employing egg survey tech- were processed and mosquito eggs identified. niques, it was demonstrated that Aedes oexans The ability of rainfall or flooding to fill and oviposited in a specific region of the citrus fur- persist in the furrow was evaluated by measur- row (Curtis and Frank l98l). ing water depth at randomly selected sites The present study describes some of the tac- throughout the grove following rainfall or flooding. Sampling was continued as long as measurable water persisted in the habitat. For I Indian River Mosquito Control District, P.O. Box the purpose of correlating habitat persistence 670, Vero Beach, Florida, 32961. with a given rainfall, only the occasions when no 170 J. Ar"r. Mosq. CoNrnor Assoc. Vor. I, No. 2 intervening rainfall occurred were analyzed. Re- 12 gressionanalysis on data to produce figures 2-5 was accomplished using a best fit program for linear and nonlinear data using least squares techniques(Daniel and Wood 1980). aA o9 RESULTS t- The standard configuration for a citrus fur- row in coastalFlorida resemblesa parabola with a height of 0.9 m and width of 7.6 m. Figure I depicts the amount of rainfall in 24 hr neces- sary to fill the furrow to various depths and the o216aroiz (CU) percentage of the toral iltnF 4 depth filled by rainfall. Fig. By design,crowrr-flood 2. Regression of rainfall and number of days irrigation fills the fur- that free water persisted row to l00Vo in the furrow following spc- capacity, a value that would re- cific rainfall amounts. Regression quire described b-v ihe over 43 cm of rainfall in 24 hr. equation, y=abr (R2=0.862, n= 125). O.9 n \ too X (44.7 cn) ,l .6 77 Z (37 .9 cn) \ ./ 57 Z @A.7 cn) e m \, ./ \ ze z (n.5 cd 1/ (A) \- 6 % (7.5 cn) .A % (2.o cn) Fig' ' Citrus furrow profile ^l - showing physical dimensions and relationship between furrow configuration and rainfall required to fill it to various depths. Vertical sections A, B and Ciesignate areas used fo-r special soil samples. The relationship between amount of rainfall through May for Ps. colurnbiae and Ps. howardii within 24 hr and persistence of water in the when eggs of these mosquitoes are in a quies- furrow is described by a power curve equation cent period. (y : abfl, R2 : 0.862, P<0.001) (Fig. 2). In Analysis of Ae. uexans eggs collected from soil contrast, standing water persists on average l7 samples-gave means of 0.3, 2.0 and 43.3 eggs/ days following flood irrigation. sample from sections A, B and C respectively. During the study period, llg,5l8 Aedcsaexarc The non-parametric rank comparison (Dunn's ( Meigen), 43,37 6 P sm ophora co lurnbiae (Dyar and Multiple Comparison Technique (Dunn 1964)), Knab) and 1,394 Ps. howardii Coquillett were concluded that section C, the uppermost re- collected in 1256 water samples. The abun- gion, contained significantly greater Ae. uexans dance of each species showed a significant cor- egg numbers than the other 2 sections relation with water depth, whether from rain- (P<0.05). Psorophora cohtrnbine egg collections fall or irrigation (figures 3-5). These species produced means of 5.2, l.0 and 0.I eggs/sample represented 97.3Vo of all mosquitoes collected for sections A, B and C respectively. Statistical during the course of study. Figures 3-5 repre- analysis confirmed that section A, the lowest sent the mean number/sample from the 9 region, contained significantly greater numbers collections/day following a specific rainfall or of Ps.columbiae eggs than B or C (P<0.05). The flood irrigation. mean number of eggs/sample for Ps. howardii Excluded from the data are the occasions of was 1.93 for A, 0.33 for B and 0.10 for C with A rainfall or flooding during late December being significantly greater than B or C(P<0.0b). Junr, 1985 J. Aru. Mosq. Coxrnor Assoc. t7l 2AO 260 210 700 f, zoo 5 I reo I eoo 160 \ \ 5oo E reo j, eo > 400 AAI AA 2 too z z Z loo t-- I 60 200 10 too 20 R DEPTH (CM) Fig. 3. Regression of water depth from either rain- Fig. 5. Regres,,"" "r;;*.::;; *"- either rain- fall or flood irrigation and mean/sample of Psorophma fall or flood irrigation and mean/sampleof Aedesvex- columhiat. Regression described by cubic equation, azs is described by the equation, y:0.95eo.osx _23.6+ _0.lgxr+0.001 ya y: I l.9x 1pz:0.96, (R,:0.79, n:1,256). n:851). Samples during egg quiescent period have been excluded. immature Ae. vexans remained low up to a l5 depth of 50-60 cm whereupon a steep increase in Ae, aexans numbers was observed. !3 12 5 rt DISCUSSION > to The successful exploitation of citrus groves a! t by mosquitoes is a clear example of a man-made ?e environment being colonized by indigenous t- >4 species. In the case of Ae, uexans, an uncommon resident mosquito became abundant because it 2 was able to take advantage of the recently I o created habitat (Curtis and Frank l98l). o 20 "o !o Psorophora columbiae and Ps. houardii have "orf o."r" ,"u, selected other regions of furrows to fit their specialized developmental needs. These mi- Fig. 4. Regressionof water depth from either rain- crohabitats seem to mimic their traditional nat- fall or flood irrigatioir and mean/sample of Psorophma howardii. Regression described by cubic equation, ural habitat. y=0.08+0.4x-0.01 x2+2.4E-bx3 (Rr:0.92. Due to the ephemeral nature of the aquatic n=851). Samplesduring egg quiescentperiod have citrus furrow habitat, desiccation is the single been excluded. largest contributor to mosquito mortality. Fur- row construction is such that drainage is facilitated by a slight gradient along its length.
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