Agritourism Guide Maps, Top Ag Products, Fishing and Tea

Hawaii AGRITOURISM GUIDE MAPS, TOP AG PRODUCTS, FISHING AND TEA

MOD INFUSION Hawaii AGRITOURISM GUIDE

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Image: TREE FERNS, Hawaii by daveynin Front cover image: Cacao by Mike McCune Back cover image: Wall of Tears, Maui by Steve Jurvetson Hawaii seafloor by nps.gov

Jack London From My Hawaiian Aloha The Hawaii-born, unlike the Californian, does not talk big. “When you come down to the Islands you must visit us,” he will say; “we’ll give you a good time.” That’s all. No swank. Just like an invitation to dinner. And after the visit is accomplished you will confess to yourself that you never knew before what a good time was, and that for the first time you have learned the full alphabet of hospitality. There is nothing like it. The Hawaii-born won’t tell you about it. He just does it. Note from the publisher Melanie Paquette Widmann Entrancing colors, evocative fragrances and sumptuous flavors, discover what grows in the soils of this paradise. On these islands, the familiar becomes exotic as your eyes wander over ice cream bananas and rainbow papayas. Catch a glimpse of these wonders at botanical gardens and arboretums or get a taste of Hawaii by visiting farmers’ markets and farms. You can also rely on the tropical waters of the Hawaiian Archipelago to yield its own colorful bounty.

Each season offers a unique experience. Some fruit is available during most of the year, while others follow a cycle of blooms in the springtime followed by fruit in the summer and fall. If you are a photographer, the seasons offer coffee trees filled with white blooms (Kona snow) or red coffee cherries that pop against waxy green leaves.

Mod Infusion makes it easy to find these agricultural gems with beautiful pictures of the top agricultural (AG) products and some exotics. We’ve also provided lists of farm tours, farmers’ markets and gardens so you can see, smell and taste these local flavors. For tea lovers, we’ve included a special section just for you! Explore!

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 4 ∙ Bananas by Alan L.

What is agritourism? Agritourism, as presented in this guide, includes travel, culinary, art and other activities that are inspired by two main sectors of the economy. These two main sectors are:

Farm Production [Crops, Pasture & Animal Production]

Fisheries [Aquaculture & Seafisheries]

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 5 ∙ The Agritourist loves ▪▪Discovering new recipes and cultures ▪▪Discovering jams, wines, syrups, oils, herbs and spa items ▪▪Discovering wild and farm raised animals on land and sea ▪▪Visiting roadside stands and farmers’ markets ▪▪Picking and growing agricultural products ▪▪Going to food, wine and agricultural festivals ▪▪Visiting arboretums, parks, museums, gardens and factories ▪▪Visiting and staying on farms ▪▪Staying at a bed and breakfast ▪▪Photography, painting and media production

2013 King Kamehemeha Parade by Daniel Ramirez

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 6 ∙ Rainbow eucalyptus tree by Frank Kovalchek

[Contents] PAGE SUBJECT 10 The Lists: Top AG Products [Animals, Fruits and Vegetables] 16 Fishing: Commercial and Sport 24 The Islands: Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu and Kauai 54 The People: Cultures and Culinary Notes 56 AG Product Focus: Top 20 AG Products and Exotics 79 Endangered Species of Hawaii 80 Hawaii-grown Tea 91 Maps: Island Highways, Waterways and Rain Fall 99 Hawaiian and Common Fish Names

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 7 ∙ Hawaiian Blue Spiny Lobster ▪ Lanai by Steve Jurvetson

Area Population Land Area (Square Miles) Hawaii State 1,374,810 6,422.63 Hawaii County 186,738 4,028.42 Maui County 156,674 1,161.52 Honolulu County 963,607 600.74 Kauai County 67,701 619.96

Data source: quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15/15009.html

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 8 ∙ Hawaii The soils and climate of the state Sources: www.ctahr.Hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/SCM-20.pdf and www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/climate_summary.php The state of Hawaii has diverse soils and climates. The state’s sea level temperature varies little from a low of 73 in the winter to about 80 degrees in the summer. From night to day, it only varies about 1 to 2 degrees. The diversity in climate comes from the wind, rain and terrain, with temperatures decreasing by 3 degrees per 1,000 feet of elevation.

The terrain ranges from sea level to mountains that reach nearly 14,000 feet. In addition to the terrain, the state’s soil is also diverse with ten of the world’s twelve types of soil. This diversity in soil and elevation enables the growth of many agricultural products.

In terms of each island’s soil profile, the older islands tend to have more types of soil. The islands are oldest to youngest from west to east, making Kaua‘i the oldest and most diverse island, in terms of soil, and Hawaii the least diverse.

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 9 ∙ Hawaii: the lists

1920 surf riders honolulu ▪ Charles William Bartlett

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 10 ∙ Coffee image by Scot Nelson

HAWAII Top 20 state products 2011 Rank Ag Product $ Value (1,000) 1 Seed crops (CORN) 242,970 2 Sugarcane 78,100 3 Cattle 46,369 4 Macadamia nuts 38,220 5 Coffee 31,540 6 Algae 25,230 7 Bananas 11,310 8 Papayas 9,722 9 Milk 9,547 10 Potatoes, sweet 7,348

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 11 ∙ Katsu Moco by Mike Saechang

Hawaii Top 20 state products 2011 Rank Ag Product $ Value (1,000) 11 Basil 6,225 12 Lettuce 5,453 13 Palms, potted 3,736 14 Dendrobiums, potted 3,400 15 Onions, dry 3,267 16 Dracaena, potted 3,164 17 Honey 3,137 18 Anthuriums, cut 3,115 19 Cabbage, head 2,790 20 Taro 2,747

Data source: www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Hawaii/Publications/ Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/stat11-07.pdf Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 12 ∙ lettuce on a Maui farm by Sue Salisbury

Hawaii Top 10 state vegetable products [taro excl.] Vegetable/Herb Production Value [2011] [1,000 lbs] [$1,000] Potatoes, sweet 16,700 7,348 Basil 4,200 6,225 Lettuce 2,050 5,453 CabbagE 14,200 5,261 Onions 4,100 5,213 Eggplant 1,800 1,764 Watercress 820 1,451 Squash 1,570 1,176 Romaine 1,700 1,037 Bittermelon 120 119

Data source: www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Hawaii/Publications/ Vegetables/annveg.pdf and www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Hawaii/ Publications/Vegetables/herb.pdf Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 13 ∙ pineapple, rambutan and bananas, hilo by Brock Roseberry

Hawaii Top state fruit products [pineapple excl.] FRUIT VALUE PRODUCTION ACRES [2011] [$1,000] [1,000 LBS] MACADAMIAS 38,220 49,000 15,000 COFFEE 31,540 7,600 6,300 BANANAS 11,310 17,400 1,000 PAPAYAS 9,722 28,600 1,300 AVOCADOS 560 700 350 GUAVAS 323 1,900 110

Other fruit with 150+ acres of production include rambutan, longan, mango and lychee.

Data source: quickstats.nass.usda.gov/ and www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_ by_State/Hawaii/Publications/Fruits_and_Nuts/tropfrt.pdf

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 14 ∙ noni fruit harvest by Scot Nelson

Hawaii NUMBER OF FARM OPERATIONS [state, 2011] Ag Product Number of farm operations Fruit 1,600 Flowers & Nursery Products 970 Coffee 830 Macadamia 570 Vegetables and Melons 540 Taro 115 Pineapples 30 Sugarcane 1 Cattle 1,000 Hogs 230 Eggs 100 Honey 35 Milk 15

Source: www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Hawaii/Publications/ Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/stat11-10.pdf and www.nass.usda.gov/ Statistics_by_State/Hawaii/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/stat11- 09.pdf Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 15 ∙ Hawaiian fisheries

1920 Hawaiian fisherman ▪ Charles William Bartlett

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 16 ∙ 500 year old Kōʻieʻie Fishpond by Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale Sanctuary Visitor Center, Kihei, Maui, HI. AQUACULTURE: fishponds

A fishpond [Loko I’a] is an aquaculture technique used to raise and harvest fish. The technique has been used in Hawaii for centuries. Although many fishponds are currently in disuse, the agritourist may spot these lining the beaches of Hawaii. Historically, fishponds were built on the seashore of bays to take advantage of the tides while others were built inland. According to a report in 1905 by J.N. Cobb, many of the inland fishponds were turned into taro and rice fields because of the value of these crops. As of 1900, Cobb reported 99 active fishponds on Hawaii [74 on Oahu, 15 on Molokai, 6 on Kauai and 4 on Hawaii]. These produced 682,464 lbs of fish with ama-ama [mullet] and awa [milkfish] representing 71% and 28% of the harvest, respectively.

Source: The commercial fisheries [of the Hawaiian Islands] Published 1905 by [U. S.] Govt. Print. Off. Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 17 ∙ Ahi poke by Family O’Abé

commercial Fishing 2011 top 10 CATCHES Fish % by fish % by weight $ value TUNA, BIGEYE 44% TUNA, BIGEYE 58% TUNA, YELLOWFIN 12% TUNA, YELLOWFIN 11% SWORDFISH 9% SWORDFISH 7% TUNA, ALBACORE 5% DOLPHINFISH 5% OPAH 5% OPAH 3% DOLPHINFISH 5% TUNA, ALBACORE 3% MARLIN, BLUE 3% WAHOO 2% MARLIN, STRIPED 3% POMFRETS 2% TUNA, SKIPJACK 2% MARLIN, BLUE 1% OILFISH 2% MARLIN, STRIPED 1%

source: www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/commercial-fisheries/commercial- landings/annual-landings-with-group-subtotals/ Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 18 ∙ Recreational Fishing

Economic Approximately $450 million in direct Impact: annual expenditures; $50 million in direct and indirect revenues for marlin fishing alone with Marlin (blue and striped), tuna, wahoo, and mahi mahi are popular target species among boat anglers Number of At least 150,000 per year (residents and Participants: visitors) Charter Fleet: 125 active charter vessels; more than 70,000 customers annually Boat Ramps and 25 small boat harbors and more than 20 Harbors: ramps Clubs and 25 active fishing clubs and more than 100 Tournaments: recreational tournaments

Maui submarine view of fish by Erik Charlton Data sources: www.fpir.noaa.gov/SFD/SFD_rcf_statistics.html and www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/recreational-fisheries/

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 19 ∙ POPULAR CATCHES Species Subspecies Anchovies N/A Barracudas Barracudas Bonefishes Smallmouth Bonefish Cartilaginous Sharks Fishes Damselfishes Blackspot Sergeant Damselfishes Other Damselfishes Dolphins Dolphins Eels Eels Eels Conger Eels Flagtails Hawaiian Flagtail Goatfishes Yellowstripe Goatfish Goatfishes Manybar Goatfish Goatfishes Whitesaddle Goatfish Goatfishes Bandtail Goatfish Hawkfishes N/A Jacks Bluefin Trevally Jacks Giant Trevally Jacks Greater Amberjack Jacks Island Jack Jacks Bigeye Trevally Mullets N/A Scorpionfishes N/A

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 20 ∙ POPULAR CATCHES Species Subspecies Sea Basses Groupers Sea Chubs Highfin Rudderfish Snappers Blacktail Snapper Snappers Green Jobfish Snappers Pink Snapper Snappers Bluestripe Snapper Snappers Von Siebolds Snapper Squirrel/ Whitetip Soldierfish Soldierfishes Squirrel/ Bigscale Soldierfish Soldierfishes Squirrel/ Squirrel Fishes Soldierfishes Surgeonfishes Unicornfishes Surgeonfishes Convict Tang Surgeonfishes Goldring Sureonfish Triggerfishes/ Triggerfishes/ Filefishes Filefishes Tunas And Other Tunas/ Mackerels Mackerels Wrasses Razorfishes Wrasses Other Wrasses Wrasses Hawaiian Hogfish

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 21 ∙ Hawaiian Islands Deep 7 Bottomfish

Image by www.fpir.noaa.gov/SFD/pdfs/Hawaii%20Bottomfish%20 Brochure%20Sept%202011%20FNL.pdf

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 22 ∙ Yellowfin goatfish by Claire Fackler, Billfish by NOAA CINMS, NOAA

Mahi mahi by Erik Charlton Mahi mahi by Allen Shimada, NOAA NMFS OST

Bigeye tuna by NOAA Snapper by Katie Semon via NOAA

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 23 ∙ DISCOVER AG products state of Hawaii

Green - conservation yellow - agriculture (AG) purple - urban

The upcoming pages include USGS maps in order to give the reader a bird’s-eye view of agricultural, urban and conservation lands. Top AG products and resources for each island also follow. If the agritourist is curious about major land ownership in Hawaii, details can be found at planning.Hawaii.gov/gis/.

source: pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_n/N-HIsummary1.html and planning. Hawaii.gov/gis/various-maps/ Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 24 ∙ DISCOVER AG PRODUCTS Hawaii county

source: pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_n/N-HIsummary1.html

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 25 ∙ Hawaii [the big island] The Big Picture: Agriculture Top Agricultural Products Cacao Macadamia Nuts [Chocolate] Coffee Papayas Flowers Cattle and Calves Aquaculture

Other AG PRODUCTS Cacao, Honey and Tea

Hawaii map image by USGS Original Hawaiian Chocolate Factory cacao by Mike McCune

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 26 ∙ Hawaii [The big island] Agriculture: A Local Look

Adapted USGS map

① KAILUA-KONA AND KEALAKEKUA Aquaculture, Avocados, Cattle, Coffee, Flowers, Forestry, Honey, Macadamia Nuts, Nursery Products, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Kealakekua) 75.0”

② WAIMEA (KAMUELA) Cattle, Flowers, Nursery Products, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Kamuela) 60.0” Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 27 ∙ Coffee Berries by Nathan Forget

③ KAPAAU: Cattle, Flowers, Macadamia Nuts, Nursery Products, Poultry, Sheep

④ HONOKAA: Bananas, Cattle, Coffee, Forestry, Ginger Root, Macadamia Nuts, Papayas, Taro, Tropical Specialty Fruit, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Laupahoehoe) 150.0”

⑤ HILO: Citrus, Flowers, Guavas, Macadamia Nuts, Nursery Products, Tropical Specialty Fruit, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Hilo) 126.3”

⑥ PAHOA: Anthuriums, Bananas, Citrus, Flowers, Guavas, Macadamia Nuts, Nursery Products, Papayas, Tropical Specialty Fruit, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Pahoa) 140.0”

⑦ PAHALA and NAALEHU: Cattle, Citrus, Coffee, Forestry, Macadamia Nuts Average Annual Rainfall (Pahala) 55.0” Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 28 ∙ HAWAII [the big island] Resources: Agritourism FARMERS’ MARKETS Hilo Farmers’ Market [www.hilofarmersmarket.com] Kona Farmers’ Market [www.konafarmersmarket.com] Hawaii Government Site [hdoa.hawaii.gov/agricultural-resources/] FESTIVALS/TOURNAMENTS Chocolate Festival [www.bigislandchocolatefestival.com] Kona Brewers Festival [www.konabrewersfestival.com] Kona Coffee Festival [www.konacoffeefest.com] Taste of the Hawaiian Range [www.tasteofthehawaiianrange.com] Marlin Tournament [konatournaments.com] PARKS AND GARDENS Amy B.H. Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden [www.bishopmuseum.org/greenwell] Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park [nps.gov/kaho] Hawaii Tropical Botanical Garden [www.hawaiigarden.com/] Hawaii Volcanoes National Park [www.nps.gov/havo] World Botanical Gardens [www.worldbotanicalgardens.com] Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 29 ∙ Plumeria by David Fulme

Hawaii [the big island] TOURS: RANCHES AND FARMS Greenwell Farms Parker Ranch [greenwellfarms.com] [parkerranch.com] Hilo Coffee Mill Tea Hawaii [hilocoffeemill.com] [teahawaii.com] Hula Daddy Kona Coffee The Original Hawaiian [huladaddy.com] Chocolate Factory Kahua Ranch Ltd. [ohcf.us] [kahuaranch.com] UCC Hawaii Corporation Kuaiwi Farm [ucc-hawaii.com] [kuaiwifarm.com] Volcano Island Honey Mauna Kea Tea Company, LLC [maunakeatea.com] [volcanoislandhoney.com] Mountain Thunder Coffee Volcano Wine Company LLC Plantation [volcanovineyards.com] [mountainthunder.com]

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 30 ∙ I’m coming personally to understand your fondness for volcanoes — I myself am getting the volcano habit. I shall come here every time there is a chance; and in future, if this pot boils up and threatens to boil over, and we’re in California, we’ll take the first steamer down to see it!

Jack London, Our Hawaii By Charmian London

Photograph by USGS

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 31 ∙ Volcanoes & Lava Flows Hawaii Volcanoes, Hawaii National Park with 2012 Lava Flows Images from USGS and nps.gov/havo

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 32 ∙ The FATE OF THE BIG ISLAND

“Countless eruptions of lava fed by the hot spot built volcanoes that eventually grew above sea level to form islands. But the volcanoes didn’t continue to erupt, because the seafloor on which they were built was continually moving northwestward across the hot spot at a rate of 7-9 cm per year. Eventually each volcano was torn away from the hot spot and carried northwestward, just as a conveyor belt moves material from one location to another. Such is the fate for the active volcanoes on the Big Island, though they will be replaced by new volcanoes, of which Lo`ihi is the first born.”

From the USGS, image by Taeko Jane Takahashi, USGS Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 33 ∙ Pele Goddess of Fire and Volcanoes It is said that Pele’s anger can cause volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. One legend has it that Pele, in an attempt to escape her older sister Namakaokaha‘i, the Goddess of the Sea, traveled west to east and island to island. Her sister followed her to each island, forcing Pele to continue east. Her sister gave up the pursuit and Pele was able to settle at Kilauea. Visitors can spend the night near the crater of the volcano by renting a local residence in this tropical rain forest.

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 34 ∙ DISCOVER AG PRODUCTS Maui county

source: pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_n/N-HIsummary1.html

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 35 ∙ Maui The Big Picture: Agriculture

Top Agricultural Products bananas Sugarcane Pineapples Vegetables Coffee Cattle and Calves Other AG Products Cacao, Goats, Onions Sugar

Hawaii USGS map Banana fruit and sugarcane (Hapai variety), Maui Nui Botanical Garden, Maui by Forest & Kim Starr

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 36 ∙ MAUI Agriculture: A Local Look

① KIHEI: Cattle, Nursery Products, Seed Crops Average Annual Rainfall (Kihei) 15.0”

② Lahainaluna and Mahinahina: Bananas, Cattle, Coffee, Nursery Products, Papayas, Seed Crops, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Lahainaluna) 20.0” & (Mahinahina) 44.1”

③ WAILUKU and KAHULUI: Bananas, Cattle, Flowers, Herbs, Hogs, Nursery Products, Pineapples, Seed Crops, Sheep, Sugarcane, Taro, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Wailuku) 28.0”

USGS Maui map adapted from the USGS

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 37 ∙ Saccharum officinarum (Ko, sugarcane) habitat, Hookipa, Maui by Forest & Kim Starr ④ KULA Avocados, Bananas, Cattle, Flowers, Herbs, Hogs, Papayas, Pineapples, Tropical Specialty Fruit, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Kula) 22.3”

⑤ HANA Bananas, Cattle, Flowers, Herbs, Hogs, Nursery Products, Tropical Specialty Fruit, Taro, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Hana) 80.0”

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 38 ∙ Maui Resources: Agritourism FARMERS’ MARKETS Upcountry Farmers’ Market [upcountryfarmersmarket.com] Hawaii Government Site [hdoa.hawaii.gov/agricultural-resources/] FESTIVALS East Maui Taro Festival [www.tarofestival.org] Maui Onion Festival [whalersvillage.com/onionfestival.htm] Kapalua Wine & Food Festival [kapaluawineandfoodfestival.com] PARKS AND GARDENS Kahanu Garden [www.ntbg.org/gardens/kahanu.php]

Hawaii USGS MAP [top] and Sugarcane, Maui Nui Botanical Garden, Maui by Forest & Kim Starr Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 39 ∙ Maui TOURS: RANCHES AND FARMS Ali’i Kula Lavender [www.aliikulalavender.com] MauiGrownTM Coffee [mauigrowncoffee.com] Maui Tropical Plantation [www.mauitropicalplantation.com] ONO Organic Farms [www.onofarms.com/tour.html] Surfing Goat Dairy [www.surfinggoatdairy.com]

Hawaii USGS map & Kula Lavender Farm by John Morgan Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 40 ∙ Lanai Agriculture: A Local Look

Bananas, Cattle, Herbs, Papayas Average Annual Rainfall (Lanai City) 33.7”

Jackfruit fruit, Lanai City, Lanai by Forest & Kim Starr Lanai map adapted from the USGS original by Mod Infusion

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 41 ∙ Molokai Agriculture: A Local Look Aquaculture, Bananas, Cattle, Coffee, Flowers, Herbs, Hogs, Nursery Products, Papayas, Seed Crops, Taro, Tropical Specialty Fruit, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Molokai Airport) 25.7”

Coconut tree, Puko’o Beach, Molokai by benketaro Molokai map adapted from the USGS original by Mod Infusion

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 42 ∙ DISCOVER AG PRODUCTS honolulu county

source: pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_n/N-HIsummary1.html

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 43 ∙ honolulU [oahu] The Big Picture: Agriculture Top Agricultural Products Other Ag Products Vegetables Cacao Pineapples Corn Tomatoes Pineapple

Hawaii USGS MAP & Pineapple (view from the top) by Randy Chiu Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 44 ∙ Honolulu [oahu] Agriculture: A Local Look

adapted USGS map

① CENTRAL OAHU, southern area: Bananas, Flowers, Herbs, Melons, Nursery Products, Pineapples, Seed Crops, Vegetables, Watercress Average Annual Rainfall (Kunia) 28.0”

② WAIANAE: Flowers, Herbs, Hogs, Nursery Products, Poultry, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Waianae) 20.0”

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 45 ∙ Ginger by Drew Avery ③ WAIALUA: Aquaculture, Bananas, Cattle, Coffee, Flowers, Lotus Root, Nursery Products, Papayas, Pineapples, Seed Crops, Taro, Tropical Specialty Fruit, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Poamoho) 45.0”

④ KAHUKU and LAIE: Avocados, Bananas, Cattle, Flowers, Herbs, Hogs, Papayas, Pineapples, Tropical Specialty Fruit, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Kula) 22.3”

⑤ winward coast, southern area: Bananas, Flowers, Nursery Products, Poultry, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Waimanalo) 42.8”

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 46 ∙ Honolulu [oahu] Resources: Agritourism

FARMERS’ MARKETS KCC Farmers’ Market [kapiolani.hawaii.edu/object/ farmersmarket.html] Hawaii Government Site [hdoa.hawaii.gov/agricultural-resources/]

FESTIVALS Hawaii Food & Wine Festival [www.hawaiifoodandwinefestival.com] Wahiawa Pineapple Festival [www.wahiawapinefest.com] Hawaii Fishing and Seafood Festival [www.hawaiifishingfestival.com]

PARKS AND GARDENS Honolulu Botanical Gardens [www1.honolulu.gov/parks/hbg/] Lyon Arboretum and Botanical Garden [www.hawaii.edu/lyonarboretum/] Waimea Valley, FKA the Audubon Center [www.waimeavalley.net]

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 47 ∙ Honolulu [oahu] TOURS: RANCHES AND FARMS Dole Plantation [dole-plantation.com] Hawaii’s Plantation Village [www.hawaiiplantationvillage.org] Kahuku Farms [www.kahukufarms.com] Madre Chocolate [madrechocolate.com] Petersons’ Upland Farm [www.islandfresheggs.com] Tropical Farms [www.macnutfarm.com]

Tomatoes, KCC Farmers’ Market by _e.t

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 48 ∙ DISCOVER AG PRODUCTS Kauai county

source: pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_n/N-HIsummary1.html

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 49 ∙ Kauai The Big Picture: Agriculture

Top Agricultural Products Sugarcane Coffee Corn Taro Cattle and calves Other Ag Products Coconut

Hawaii USGS map Papaya plant By Chuck B. Papaya

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 50 ∙ Kauai Agriculture: A Local Look

① HANAPEPE and WAIMEA: Aquaculture, Bananas, Cattle, Coffee, Flowers, Hogs, Honey, Nursery Products, Seed Crops, Taro Average Annual Rainfall (Hanapepe) 30.0”

② HANALEI: Bananas, Cattle, Guavas, Papayas, Taro, Tropical Specialty Fruit, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Hanalei) 118.7”

③ KAPAA and LIHUE: Bananas, Cattle, Flowers, Nursery Products, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Wailua) 80.0”

Lizard, Kauai by Minette Layne Adapted USGS map

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 51 ∙ Kauai Resources: Agritourism

FARMERS’ MARKETS Kaua‘i’s Sunshine Markets [www.kauai.gov/Kamaaina/ SunshineMarkets/tabid/214/Default.aspx] Hawaii Government Site [hdoa.hawaii.gov/agricultural-resources/]

FESTIVALS Koloa Plantation Days [www.koloaplantationdays.com]

PARKS AND GARDENS Allerton Garden Limahuli Garden and Preserve McBryde Garden [ntbg.org/gardens/] Na ‘Āina Kai [www.naainakai.org] Na Ala Hele Trail and Access System [hawaiitrails.ehawaii.gov/island.php?island=Kauai] Princeville Botanical Gardens [kauaibotanicalgardens.com]

Hawaii USGS map

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 52 ∙ Kauai TOURS: RANCHES AND FARMS

Ho’opulapula Haraguchi Rice Mill [haraguchiricemill.org] Kauai Coffee Company [www.kauaicoffee.com] Kauai Kunana Dairy [kauaikunanadairy.com] Nanea Chocolate [www.naneachocolate.com] Tasting Kauai [www.tastingkauai.com]

Hawaii USGS map Coconut display Kapaa, Hawaii By Fuzzy Gerdes

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 53 ∙ Hawaiian CULTURE

Waimanalo Bay Beach Park ▪ Cliff

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 54 ∙ taro bread in Maui by John Athayde

The islands’ flavors are as diverse as the culture. According to the United States Census Bureau, about 23% of Hawaiians identify their herritage from two or more nationalities. About 39% identify themselves as having Asian ancestry, 25% as white and about 10% indentify themselves as Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander.

The agritourist can spot each culture’s contribution to the culinary delights and methods found on the islands but you may be surprised by the contributions of Portuguese settlers. Portuguese sausage, found in many Hawaiian dishes, as well as Hawaiian sweet breads [pao doce and malasadas] are a few items to note. The Ukelele is also believed to have arrived with the Portuguese settlers.

source: www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/chron3.html and http://www. hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&pageid=305& Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 55 ∙ Hawaiian top AG PRODUCTS

Hibiscus ▪ KauaiI by Minette Layne

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 56 ∙ Zea mays, Corn, UH Yellow and Silver sweet, Maui by Forest & Kim Starr CORN No. 1 AG PRODUCT OF Hawaii Corn, specifically seed crop, is the major crop of Hawaii. “The seed crop industry in Hawaii currently consists of 10 farms that cultivate seed corn, soybean, wheat, sunflower, and other seed crops. Seed corn comprised 95.6% of the value of the seed crop industry in 2011. Since 2000 the industry grew 548% at an average annual rate of 18.5%. The authors are not aware of any other Hawaii economic sector or sub-sector exhibiting such growth.” From Hawaii’s Seed Crop Industry

source: www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Hawaii/Publications/ Sugarcane_and_Specialty_Crops/SeedEcon.pdf

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 57 ∙ Driving through the cane fields of HCS, Maui by Forest & Kim Starr Data

sUGARCANE No. 2 AG PRODUCT OF HAWAII The Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company (www.hcsugar.com) is the only remaining sugar farm on Maui. Sugarcane can still be found on the islands and viewed at many botanical gardens.

source: www.nass.usda.gov

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 58 ∙ View of cows grazing, Hana, Maui by Forest & Kim Starr

county # of Farms CATTLE (estimated) No. 3 AG Product of Hawaii Hawaii 680 Maui 150 For 2012, 73% of Hawaiian-raised Kauai 120 cattle was exported. Honolulu 50

Source: www.nass.usda.gov

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 59 ∙ Macadamia nuts #4 AG Product of Hawaii County # of Farms (estimated) Hawaii 525 Maui 20 Kauai 20 Honolulu 5 Macadamia and coffee plants by Scot Nelson Data source: www.nass.usda.gov

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 60 ∙ Hawaiian Kukui Nut Necklace by Shardayyy

kukui nuts

The agritourist will quickly run into the kukui nut in the form of Hawaiian leis but a few cultural notes may make this nut a special memory. The kukui nut tree (scientific name: Aleurites moluccana) produces kukui nuts that are used for jewelry (beads), as a poi relish (inamona) and as an oil.

The oil of the nuts was once used as a means to produce light. Since each kernel could burn for 2 to 3 minutes, a string of 10 to 12 could provide light for up to a half hour. Thus the name candlenut tree was born. The nut’s light was also used as a decoy during night fishing expeditions and the nut’s flesh was used as fish bait, sometimes mixed with cocoa. Source: The commercial fisheries [of the Hawaiian Islands] Published 1905 by [U. S.] Govt. Print. Off. and Old time Hawaiians and their work by Mary S. Lawrence. Published 1912 by Ginn and Company Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 61 ∙ COFFEE #5 AG Product of Hawaii County # of Farms (estimated) Hawaii 790 Maui 32 Kauai 5 Honolulu 3

Kona coffee cherries image by Dave Townsend Data source: www.nass.usda.gov

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 62 ∙ COFFEE notes

Coffee is made by roasting the beans found in the fruit of Coffea arabica plant. Although most will recognize Kona coffee, named after the region of Hawaii, you may find Hamakua, Ka’u, Kauai, Maui, Molokai or even Oahu coffee. Strict labeling requirements ensure that the agritourist can distinguish a local coffee from a blend.

The USDA provides statistics beginning in 1946 for coffee production and value. Hawaii is the only state which the USDA includes in its statistics for commercial production of coffee in the United States. Based on the data, the price of Hawaii-grown coffee is on the rise.

Source: quickstats.nass.usda.gov & hdoa.Hawaii.gov/qad/files/2013/01/QAD-HI-GROWN-COFFEE-LBLS.pdf Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 63 ∙ Seaweed salad by anokarina

ALGAE #6 AG Product of Hawaii According to Hawaii.edu, “Among Polynesians, Hawaiians are unique in their regular use of limu [edible seaweed]. In the olden times, limu was the third component of a nutritionally balanced diet consisting of fish and poi.” Find out more about edible seaweed at www.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/publications/ ediblelimu/. Find out more about algae for energy at energy. gov/articles/energy-101-algae-fuel.

2011 AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION (1,000 dollars) Algae Other Ornamental Finfish Shellfish Total 25,230 10,320 2,514 1,493 413 39,970 63% 26% 6% 4% 1%

Source: www.nass.usda.gov & source: www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_ State/Hawaii/Publications/Miscellaneous/aqua.pdf

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 64 ∙ Banana #7 AG Product of Hawaii A variety of bananas can be found on each island. A total of about 240 farms produce bananas.

Banana tree image by Kristina D.C. Hoeppner Data source: www.nass.usda.gov

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 65 ∙ Papaya #8 AG Product of Hawaii County # of Farms (estimated) Hawaii 150 Honolulu 57

Papaya fruit, Keanae Hana Hwy, Maui by Forest & Kim Starr Data source: www.nass.usda.gov

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 66 ∙ The USDA reports that milk Hawaii produced over 28.4 million pounds of milk in #9 AG Product of Hawaii county # of Farms 2012. In addition to cow milk (estimated) production, the state also Hawaii 2 produces goat milk products Honolulu 2 such as cheese with about Maui 1 266 sheep and goat farm operations in the state.

Lilikoi ice cream by SaraJane Data source: www.nass.usda.gov Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 67 ∙ Sweet potato #10 AG Product of Hawaii For 2011, 16.7 million pounds of sweet potatoes was produced in Hawaii. Exports to the mainland are increasing.

Sweet potato with fresh tea leaves and a passion flower By Tea Hawaii & Data source: www.nass.usda.gov

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 68 ∙ basil, lettuce & PALM #11, #12 and #13 AG Products of Hawaii

The USDA reports that Hawaii’s number 11, 12 and 13 top AG products are basil [Italian and Asian], lettuce [head and semi-head], and potted Palms, respectively.

sweet basil Leaves at Kula Ace Hardware and Nursery, Maui. prickly lettuce at Habit Omaopio, Maui. Potted plants in nursery Pukalani Plant Company Pulehu, Maui. Images by Forest & Kim Starr. Data source: www.nass.usda.gov

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 69 ∙ Dendrobium, onions & Dracaena #14, #15 and #16 AG Products of Hawaii

The USDA reports that Hawaii’s number 14, 15 and 16 top AG products are dendrobium orchids [potted and cut], onions [dry and green], and dracaena [potted], respectively.

Dendrobium sp. Orchid Yellow and purple flowers at Resort Management Group Nursery Kihei, Maui. Allium cepa Onion Crop at Kula Ag Park Pulehu, Maui. Dracaena marginata Money tree at Home Depot Nursery Kahului, Maui . Images by Forest & Kim Starr. Data source: www.nass.usda.gov

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 70 ∙ Honey #17 AG Product of Hawaii county # of Farms (estimated) Hawaii 18 Honolulu 9 Kauai 5 Honey Bee by davidd Data source: www.nass.usda.gov Maui 3 Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 71 ∙ Anthurium & cabbage #18 and #19 AG Products of Hawaii

The USDA reports that Hawaii’s number 18 and 19 top AG products are anthuriums [cut] and and cabbage [Chinese, head and mustard], respectively.

Anthuriums in hilo, Hawaii by karen. Brassica oleracea var. capitata Cabbage Crop at Kula, Maui by Forest & Kim Starr. Data source: www.nass. usda.gov

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 72 ∙ Taro (KALO) fields by Gord Webster Data source: www.nass.usda.gov and taro chips by Ariane Middel

Culinary note Taro leaves and roots are Taro used for culinary purposes #20 AG Product of Hawaii and have been for centuries. County # of Farms Although the leaves are (estimated) edible and have found their Kauai 45 way into food and art, it is Hawaii 25 truly the root [corm] that Maui 20 satisfies the appetite of the Honolulu 15 agritourist with taro chips, poi and other delicacies.

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 73 ∙ taro by Forest & Kim Starr

FOLKLORE: taro as the genesis of mankind George Kahumoku, Jr., Kealia Farms, Honaunau source: ctahr.Hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/RES-114-16.pdf

‘Hawaiian genesis of mankind began when Wakea, the god of the sky, vibrated with Papa, the earth goddess. The result of this first union was a keiki ‘alu alu or flabby-fetus-bom-dead. This fetus was buried near the south end of the house where the kalo or taro sprung forth called Haloa-naka or long-stalk trembling by the Gods.’

‘Today, many of the links between taro and man have survived by the Hawaiian language. The word for family, ohana, comes directly from the word “oha”, or young shoots of the taro, and “na”, the Hawaiian word denoting plurality, or many young shoots. The huli or “keiki” refer to the children in the family. The taro that is mature and ready to harvest is called makua, the Hawaiian word for parent. The taro that has long been harvested and eaten is called kupuna, the Hawaiian word for grandparent.’ Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 74 ∙ Pineapple Not ranked

Island # of Farms (estimated) Hawaii 18 Kauai 12 Maui 9 Honolulu 1

Kona Sugarloaf fruit from Laulima Farm, Kipahulu, Maui By Forest & Kim Starr & Data source: www.nass.usda.gov

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 75 ∙ Edibles & Exotics View some of the exotic (tropical) fruit found on the islands of Hawaii.

Farm stand ▪ Maui by Tara Schmidt

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 76 ∙ Mountain apples Surinam cherry Rambutan By Jessica Merz By Forest & Kim Starr By Forest & Kim Starr

DRAGON FRUIT Longan PASSION FRUIT By Jessica Merz By c_chan808 By Tara Schmidt

STAR FRUIT noni fruit jack fruit By Forest & Kim Starr By Scot Nelson By Forest & Kim Starr

soursop by peter soursop by peter guava by Tara Schmidt

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 77 ∙ BLUE GINGER red tower ginger torch ginger By Forest & Kim Starr By Ted By JoshBerglund19

red ginger Kahili ginger beehive ginger By Forest & Kim Starr By Miguel Vieira By SCOT NELSON

Pincushion anthurium Parakeet heliconia By Ray Elliott By karen By Brian Burger

PLUMERIA passion flower rainbow eucalyptus By Rex Gray By Wendy Cutler By Jeff Kubina Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 78 ∙ rare species in Hawaii the endangered lists Hawaii is the home of many endangered species including the Nene or Hawaiian goose. To discover endangered species visit http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/teslist.html. To discover all species in a specific county of Hawaii visit http://ecos.fws.gov/ecos/indexPublic.do.

Nene, Hawaiian Goose (endangered) by Matt MacGillivray

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 79 ∙ SPECIAL SECTION The Tea of Hawaii

A Tea Hawaii crop field is pictured above. Tea Hawaii is one of several tea farms in Hawaii. The company sells premium white, green, oolong and black teas, offers tea farm tours and pottery. [teahawaii.com]

Photograph Provided By Stephen Rouelle [big-island-chef.com]

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 80 ∙ The Tea of Hawaii By Bob Jacobson, President, Hawai`i Rainforest Tea and Board Member, Hawai`i Tea Society Republished from the November 2011 edition of Mod Infusion

Enjoying tea in Hawaii opportunity to grind matcha tea in a Japanese mill. One Hawaii has a richness of local tea farm also offers a tea diversity that allows one to wine, very much like honey experience the finest teas in mead, which is produced the world in some of the most from the grapes and tea diverse physical and cultural grown on the property. settings. One can enjoy a formal traditional British high I have enjoyed tea in tea served complete with the College of Tropical multilayered plates of sweets Agricultural Human and goodies in Manoa, or Resources’ (CTAHR) watch a traditional Japanese experimental fields in dance troupe express their Waimea and in Puna and art at a gourmet food and tea at the University of Hawaii tasting overlooking the ocean. Hilo (UHH) Pharmacology Department research facility. Hawaiian tea farms offer One of my favorite spots fresh tea and dried varieties is in a friend’s garage with that include white, green, a tire supporting the piece oolong and black teas. The of plywood that serves as a farms also offer some unique table overlooking a beautiful experiences including the tea plantation.

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 81 ∙ SPECIAL SECTION: The Tea of Hawaii How I became a tea farmer

My own journey into the tea world began as I traveled to parts of tea- growing regions of the world. After moving to Hawai`i, I was convinced that our native rainforests could be preserved if tea could be planted as an Julie And Bob In An Immature understory crop on small Tea Field With The Forest In The Background, Dec 2010. family farms. When I Photograph Provided served as a Hawaii County By Bob Jacobson Councilmember, I became involved with a group whose aim was to form a non-profit organization to help tea growers who sought help to propagate plants. Two Leaves And Bud Of A Tea I began to grow tea after (Camellia Sinensis) Plant. Photograph Provided retiring from my careers By Bob Jacobson

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 82 ∙ SPECIAL SECTION: The Tea of Hawaii

in nursing and politics. My first attempts to grow tea were the results of a gift of a dozen good tea starts from a friend. Those tea starts immediately thrived. This early success increased my interest in growing tea. I bought a few more starts and worked with one of our skilled propagators for a day making cuttings for our propagation program. A couple days later someone called and offered me cuttings.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plant Photograph provided by Bob Jacobson

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 83 ∙ SPECIAL SECTION: The Tea of Hawaii

My wife and a visiting seem to enjoy the climate of agronomist helped perfect the farm. the method of propagation and suddenly I had cuttings White tea is tasty and seems that grew like wildfire. After to offer ample health benefits clearing invasive weed in terms of antioxidants species out of an acre and as well as a quality mix of a half of native rainforest caffeine and theanine. My at my farm, I planted 6,000 farm currently produces starts among the ohia two types of white tea, trees. About two years one that conforms more to later, I began to produce the definition of white tea small amounts of white tea. as it is the youngest most immature buds and leaves When I started to produce and the other corresponds tea, I chose to produce to the definition of the least my favorite type of tea, oxidized tea. The second has white tea. Producing one a higher antioxidant level type of tea seemed to be because it includes the top a manageable task. The five leaves that remain tender tea plants found on my during the flush. farm include six varietals of Camellia sinensis and Recent research done in Camellia assamica. Most Hawai`i has revealed that the

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 84 ∙ SPECIAL SECTION: The Tea of Hawaii

lower leaves have vastly but had other infusions higher concentrations such as mamaki and other of antioxidants. Because herbal and medicinal plants of the high rainfall, associated with Polynesian warm temperatures and culture. forest cover in my native rainforest under-story Recently the CTAHR plantings, I harvest the (University of Hawaii’s College lower leaves because they of Tropical Agriculture and do not have the astringency Human Resources) helped and toughness encountered the Hawai`i Tea Society in older leaves grown (HTS) propagate plants for elsewhere in full sun. farmers. The CTAHR used plants already found in Tea farms can now be Hawaii, originally brought found across Hawaii with into Hawaii by immigrants, established farms on and some other varietals Hawaii, Maui and Kauai. that were introduced from Some of our growers have both China and Japan. Please relied on seeds for their visit hawaiiteasociety.org plantings. Hawaii Tea to discover how the HTS Society is focused solely on supports local tea farmers Camellia sinensis teas. The and explore our member native Hawaiians did not farms and their products. cultivate camellia sinensis Those visiting the HTS

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 85 ∙ SPECIAL SECTION: The Tea of Hawaii

website can also obtain more information about tea in Hawaii.

Teas produced in Hawaii are now well regarded as a specialty tea among internationally recognized tea tasters. The tea industry in Hawaii is in its infancy but it is vital and growing. I’m proud and excited to be part of this very healthy movement.

What makes Hawaii grown tea special?

▪▪Multitude of micro climates and elevations ▪▪Variety of soils and microbes ▪▪Variety of cultivars ▪▪Industry creativity and knowledge ▪▪Hawaii’s agricultural reputation

Mahalo, Bob Jacobson President, Hawai`i Rainforest Tea PO Box 900 Kurtistown, HI 96760 [email protected]

Hawaii Tea Society [www.hawaiiteasociety.org] College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources CTAHR [www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/]

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 86 ∙ The Studio At Tea Hawaii ▪ by Tea Hawaii uses of Hawaii-grown Tea Cultivation of tea in Hawaii can be traced back to 1887. In 1892, The Hawaiian Coffee and Tea Co. established a five-acre plantation in Kona but was not able to make a commercial success of the tea farm. Today’s tea farmers have a crop that could be used as a premium ingredient for a wide variety of products.

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 87 ∙ Uses of Hawaii-grown Tea

The University of Hawaii at Mānoa offers the below list of possible products for the tea industry of Hawaii.

Find out more about the Hawaiian tea industry at: ctahr.hawaii.edu hawaiiteasociety.org Tea farm by Tea Hawaii ▪ Fresh tea leaves for culinary purposes, as an herb or to smoke foods ▪ Tea used for flavoring candies, liquor, ice cream, pastries ▪ Tea for cosmetics, pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes ▪ Tea in spa treatments ▪ Tea extracts used for industrial products (dyes and detergents) ▪ Oil pressed from tea seeds for use in salad dressings and cosmetics ▪ Oil cake from pressed tea seed oil for cattle silage ▪ Tea farms and processing facilities as tourist destinations ▪ Ancillary tea products such as teapots, cups, measuring spoons

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 88 ∙ own -gr t recipe al Dry Hawaii S Tea

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 89 ∙ Tea Salt Recipe By The Big Island Chef, Stephen Rouelle Executive Sous Chef At The Fairmont Orchid big-island-chef.com, www.fairmont.com/orchid

Thinly slice the leaves and stem of a fresh tea sprig. Place the tea and salt into a clean coffee grinder and pulse until the leaves are about the size of ground pepper.

If you don’t have access to fresh tea, use Tea Hawaii’s Ola’a Green tea and follow the same procedure.

Tea salt & tea tempura by Stephen Rouelle

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 90 ∙ maps & other references

route map 1916 ▪ Hawaii; scenes and impressions K.F. Gerould

Hawaii agritourism guide ∙ 91 ∙ Hawaii [Big island] MAP [Highways, Waterways + Rain Fall]