Sculpture of Various Immigrant Sugar Workers – Old Kōloa Sugar Mill – (Mālama Kōloa) Holoholo Kōloa Corridor Management Plan March 2014 ii Photo of Former Senator Inouye and his wife Irene with the Holoholo Kōloa Scenic Byway Local Byway Committee representatives, taken on August 23, 2012. Front row from left: Sara Bowen, Glenda Nogami‐Streufert, Senator Inouye, Irene Inouye, Representative Dee Morikawa, Jeri DiPietro & Ken Posney Back row from left: Haunani Kaʻiminaʻauao, Olie Rivera, Senator Ron Kouchi, Monroe Richman & Ted Blake iii iv v vi (Copyright 2011 Ed. Gross, The Image Group, LLC – Used with Permission) vii viii Local Scenic Byway Committee Members Name Organization Abrams, Louie Mālama Kōloa Blake, Ted Mālama Kōloa Bowen, Sara Kauaʻi Natural Resources Planning DiPierto, Jeri Mālama Māhāʻulepū Kaiminaauao, Haunani Mālama Kōloa Kuala, Marty Kōloa Community Association Richman, Monroe Retired Physician Nogami‐Streufert, Glenda Community/Consultant Posney, Ken Mālama Kōloa Rivera, Olie Kauaʻi ATV Tours Smith, Terry Poʻipū Rotary Walker, David West Kauaʻi Businessmen Advisory Committee Name Organization Blake, Hartwell HK Retired County Attorney (Kōloa) Costa, George Director‐Economic Development‐County of Kauaʻi (Līhuʻe) Kanoho, Sue ‐ Executive Director Kauaʻi Visitors Bureau (Līhuʻe) Shigemoto, Tom ‐ Vice‐President Alexander & Baldwin, Former County Planning Director (Līhue) Swartman, Michelle ‐ Developer ʻOhana Real Estate Investor (Moloaʻa) Wichman, Randy ‐ Historian Kauai Historical Society (Kōloa) Streufert, Siegfried Retired Psychiatrist (Kalāheo) ix Committee Members Scenic Byways Sponsoring Group ‐ Mālama Kōloa Abrams, Louie President – BOD, PBRA Member Owner, Charlee & Associates (Lāwaʻi) Blake, Ted Executive Director, Community Advocate, former Hotel Sales Manager, Transportation Consultant (Kōloa) Posney, Ken Photographer, MK Executive Committee (Kōloa) Public Works‐Roads Division/Local Government Rapozo, Lenny County of Kauaʻi – Director of Parks and Recreation (Līhuʻe) Ken Morikawa County of Kauaʻi – Public Works, Westside Road Superintendent (Waimea) Large Property Owners/ Major Developers Crawford, Lindsey Engineer, Kukuiʻula Development (Kōloa) Kaneshiro, Arryl Grove Farm, LLC (ʻOmaʻo) Baldwin, Peter/ Horwitz, John EA Knudsen Trust (Kālāheo) Business Owners Bowen, Sara Owner, Kauaʻi Natural Resources Consulting (Kōloa) Haviland, Rick Owner, Outfitters Kauaʻi – PBRA Member (ʻOmaʻo) Moore, Chris Owner, Poʻipū Plantation– PBRA Member (Lāwaʻi) Rivera, Olie Owner, Kauaʻi ATV – PBRA Member (Kalāheo) Tourism and Promotional Groups Bahouth, Chip General Manager, Sheraton Kaua’i Resort (Kōloa) Burgess, Stella Grand Hyatt Kauaʻi Resort & Spa, Cultural Manager (Kōloa) Kjeldsen, Jody Executive Director, Poʻipū Beach Resort Assn (PBRA) (Lāwaʻi) Civic and Cultural Organizations Brody, Bev Executive Director, Get Fit Kauaʻi (Kilauea) DeGeus, Heather Retired Planner, County of Kauaʻi (ʻOmaʻo) DiPetro, Jeri Mālama Māhāʻulepū (Lāwaʻi) Hammatt, Hal President, Cultural Surveys Hawaiʻi (Kailua, Oʻahu) Kaʻiminaʻauao, Haunani Kōloa Community Association, Professional Photographer HMOK Executive Committee (Kōloa) Kauka, Sabra Educator Island School, Cultural Practioner (Līhuʻe) Kuala, Marty Kōloa Community Association, Retired Business owner (Kōloa) Lindsey, Debbie Principal, Kōloa Elementary School (Kōloa) Murphy, Maureen Arborist ‐ President, Kauaʻi Outdoor Circle (Kōloa) Noyes, Tommy Kauaʻi Path (Wailua) Rowe, Rupert Executive Director ‐ Mālama Kaneiolouma (Kapaʻa) Smith, Terry Vice‐President, Poʻipū Rotary (Kalāheo) Streufert, Glenda Nogami Retired Dean and Professor (Kalāheo) Walker, David Retired Firefighter (Waimea) x Prepared by: Ho‘okuleana LLC … to take responsibility … 1539 Kanapuʻu Drive Kailua, Hawai‘i 96734 (808) 226‐3567 [email protected] © 2014 ‐ Hoʻokuleana LLC (All Rights Reserved) xi Holoholo Kōloa Scenic Byway ‐ Preface Holoholo Kōloa Scenic Byway is situated on the South Shore of the island of Kauaʻi in the State of Hawaiʻi. Here, there are many scenic, natural and recreational qualities that travelers along the Byway may experience and enjoy. Along the coastal area of Poʻipū there are popular beaches for swimming, surfing, snorkeling, scuba or sunset watching. The focus of interest along the Holoholo Kōloa corridor is the region‘s history and the role this area played in helping to shape Hawaiʻi‘s socio‐economic past, present and future. As noted in the book The Kauaʻi Album, “The history of Kōloa is in many ways Hawai‘i’s history in microcosm.” Travelers on Holoholo Kōloa Scenic Byway will enter the historic Old Kōloa Town (Site #5) and Po‘ipū Beach (Site #16,) Kaua‘i‘s premier resort destination, through a magnificent tree‐formed tunnel (Site #1.) From this starting point, there are multiple routes to experience the points of interest on the Scenic Byway. On whatever route, stories of the region‘s and Hawaiʻi‘s historic past start to unfold. The native Hawaiian history, archaeology and culture can be seen throughout the area and are the foundation of the historic events that followed. Scattered throughout the Byway are remnants of Pre‐contact ancient Hawaiʻi life in the forms of heiau (Hawaiian temples (Sites #7, #12, #15, #16, 20b and #21)) the Kōloa Field System (agricultural plots ‐ Sites #6 and #13) and culturally‐significant natural geologic features in the forms of peaks, hills, streams, caves, bays and coastal features (Site #2, #6, #8, #10, #14, #17, #18, #19, #20, # 20a, #20b, #20c and #23.) The native Hawaiians along the Kōloa shore were the first to see the white man in Hawaiʻi. It was in 1778, along Kaua‘i’s South Shore, that Captain James Cook first traveled, landed and made "contact", introducing Hawaiʻi to the rest of the world. His arrival was the beginning of mulple changes in Hawai‘i’s socio‐economic framework. Kōloa Landing at Hanakaʻape Bay (Site #10) (the Kingdom's first Royal Port of Entry) became the favored and major port of call on the island ‐ because of the ability to maneuver in and out of the anchorage ‐ whatever the wind direction, and the region had ample water and food crops to provision the ships. This led to a series of economic activities that shaped the history of the islands. One of the first exports from Hawaiʻi was sandalwood trees that grew throughout the islands; exported primarily to China. Sandalwood was a desirable cash crop in Hawai'i because it could be harvested year round and did not have to be irrigated or cultivated. Starting in 1790, trade in Hawaiian sandalwood became an important export item. As trade and shipping brought Hawaiʻi into contact with a wider world, it also enabled the acquisition of Western goods, including arms and ammunition, by the Hawaiian leaders. However, by 1830, the trade in sandalwood had completely collapsed for two reasons. Hawaiian forests were exhausted and sandalwood from other areas drove down the price in China which made the Hawaiian trade unprofitable. On October 23, 1819, the first group of missionaries from the northeastern United States set sail on the Thaddeus for the Sandwich Islands (now known as Hawai‘i.) There were seven couples sent by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to convert the Hawaiians to Christianity. With them were four Hawaiian youths who had been students at the Foreign Mission School, including Prince Humehume (son of Kauaʻi’s King Kaumuali‘i.) In modern times, three churches on Poʻipū Road all trace their roots to the same Christian denomination ‐ Congregational. (Site #5l, #5m and #5n) xii Hawai‘i’s whaling era began in 1819 and replaced the sandalwood trade. At that time, whale oil was used for heating, lamps and in industrial machinery; whale bone was used in corsets, skirt hoops, umbrellas and buggy whips. Whalers, seeking water and food supplies, called at Kōloa Landing (Site #10,) the Island’s foremost port. Kōloa was a center for agriculture and, as such, became the center of activity for Kauaʻi. The whaling industry was the mainstay of the islands’ economy for about 40 years. Sugar gradually replaced sandalwood and whaling in the mid‐19th century and became the principal industry in the islands. The early Polynesian settlers to Hawaiʻi brought sugar cane with them and demonstrated that it could be grown successfully. In 1835, the first commercially‐viable sugar plantation was started in Hawaiʻi at Kōloa. Other plantations soon followed. Sugar was the dominant economic force in Hawaiʻi for over a century. Several sites along the Scenic Byway highlight the historic past of the sugar economy (Sites #4, #5, #22 and #24.) Kōloa Plantation was the birthplace of the Hawaiian sugar industry. By 1883, more than 50 plantations were producing sugar on five islands. However, during this growth, a shortage of laborers to work in the growing sugar plantations became a challenge; the only answer was imported labor. It is not likely anyone then foresaw the impact this would have on the cultural and social structure of the islands. Starting in the 1850s, when the Hawaiian Legislature passed "An Act for the Governance of Masters and Servants," labor shortages were eased by bringing in contract workers from Asia, Europe and North America. There were three big waves of workforce immigration: Chinese (1850,) Japanese (1885) and Filipinos (1905.) Several smaller,t bu substantial, migrations also occurred: Portuguese (1877,) Norwegians (1880,) Germans (1881,) Puerto Ricans (1900,) Koreans (1902) and Spanish ( 1907.) Sugar changed the social fabric of Hawai‘i. Of the nearly 385,000