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State of Animals ~Index Index Page numbers appearing in italics refer to tables or figures A pound seizure issue, 73 A-B-C model of societal attitudes, 57 Standards of Excellence program, 73 Acute Toxic Class Method, 129 training for animal control officers, 72 African Elephant Conservation Act, 156 American Kennel Club Alachua County (FL) Animal Services, 76–77 growth of registration, 78 Alternatives approach proof of spaying/neutering for pet-quality puppies, 83 1960s: dormancy of the movement, 123–124 puppy mills and, 83 1970s: animal protectionists heed the call, 125, 127 registration of dogs and puppies, 75 1980s: government and industry begin to heed the American Meat Institute Guidelines for slaughter, 106 call, 126–129 American Medical Association, animal rights poll, 58 1990s: alternatives begin to be validated and accepted American Pet Products Manufacturers Association for regulatory use, 129–131 (APPMA), survey of pet acquisition, 75 alternatives chronology: 1876–1959, 122 American Psychological Association (APA), animal alternatives chronology: 1960–1969, 123 research polls, 62, 63 alternatives chronology: 1970–1979, 125 American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to alternatives chronology: 1980–1989, 126–127 Animals (ASPCA), 7, 71, 176 alternatives chronology: 1990–1999, 130–131 American Society of Landscape Architects, 170 in the context of the animal research issue, 121–122 American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Draize Test of eye irritancy, 128 early-age sterilization, 83 five principles for animal experimentation, 122 spay/neuter clinics, 74 genetic engineering and, 133 survey of pet acquisition, 75 hostility to, 133 Angell, George Thorndike, 71 launching of the approach, 122–123 Animal abuse origin of the concept, 116, 121 balanced and restorative justice (BARJ) model, 48 Alternatives Research and Development Foundation, 117 conduct disorder and, 42–45 “Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing and corporal punishment and, 43–44, 45–46 Education” report from the U.S. Office of Technology definition of cruelty to animals, 39 Assessment, 129 developmental aspects of, 40–41, 49 American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums domestic violence and, 46, 49–50 (AZA), 142 ecology of, 48–49 American Dog Owners Association, 75 elder abuse and neglect and, 46–47 American Horse Council Foundation, survey of horse future needs and directions, 48–51 ownership, 9 legislative and law enforcement responses, 47–48 American Humane Association (AHA) link to other forms of human violence, 16 focus of, 22 number of state felony cruelty laws, 47 hypoxia euthanization, 79 pet abuse, 2–3 period between World War I and World War II, 21 philosophical statements about, 39–40 prevalence of, 41–42 201 prevention and intervention/treatment, 50 Animal Research Survey, 56 societal concerns and responses to, 47, 50 Animal Rights International, 24 Animal Attitudes Scale, 56 Animal Welfare Act (AWA), 7, 13, 22, 23, 25, 30, 83, 129 Animal control laws, 7 Animal Welfare Institute (AWI), 7, 22, 116, 123 Animal control officer certification, 72 Animal Welfare League of Arlington (VA), 73 Animal Damage Control program, 30 Animals in Research booklet, 124 Animal Industry Foundation (AIF), survey on animal Anti-cruelty laws, 7, 13. See also specific laws agriculture and animal rights, 65–66 Anti-vivisection organizations, 7 Animal Legal Defense Fund, 7 Antibiotics as feed additives for farm animals, 92 Animal Liberation, 24, 97–98, 116 Antisocial personality disorder, animal abuse and, 41 Animal Protection Institute, 7 Article XX of the GATT Animal-related Trauma Inventory, 44 arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised Animal research restriction, 159–160 animal-related hierarchy of concern, 61 burden of proof requirement, 156 animal user categories, 112 conserving exhaustible resources exemptions, 158 approximate number of animals used in research exceptions clause, 151 in Great Britain, 1900–1998, 9, 112 measures necessary to protect human, animal, or changes in oversight, 116–117 plant life or health, 152–153 cosmetics testing, 63 protecting life or health exemption, 157–158 decline in use, 113–114 public morals protection, 158–159 genetically engineered animals, 114, 118 scope of exceptions, 156–160 NIH extramural grants and research animal use Assateague Island wild horses, fertility control measures, in the United States, 113 187, 192 NIH mouse and total animal use, 114 Associated Press, animal rights poll, 57 numbers of cats, dogs, primates, hamsters, guinea Audubon Society, 144 pigs, and rabbits reported used annually, 113 Australia, fertility control measures, 194 opinions of APA members and psychology students Austria, labeling of premium meat products, 96 concerning use of animals for specific research Avanzino, Richard, 79–80 procedures, 62 Avon Products, 128 pain and distress issue, 117–118 personal-care and household product testing, 112 B polls and surveys on, 55, 58–63 Balanced and restorative justice (BARJ) model, 48 postwar demand for laboratory animals, 22 Bald Eagle Protection Act, 7 pound seizure and, 116 BARJ model for animal abuse, 48 primates, 118 Baylor University Center for Community Research and public attitude toward, 9–10, 115–116 Development, poll of public attitudes toward animal public behavior regarding cosmetics testing, 63 research, 10 public opinion on the humane treatment of laboratory Beavers, in urban areas, 172 animals, 62 Beef cattle public opinion on using nonhuman animals in painful factory farms and, 12 and injurious research, 59 housing, 91–92 public opinion on using nonhuman animals in Bem Sex Role Inventory, 56 research, 59 Bergh, Henry, 71, 176 public opinion on using nonhuman animals in Biocentrism concept, 177 research for specific illnesses, 60 Biophilia, 139, 178 public opinion (United Kingdom) on using monkeys Biotic right concept, 177 and mice in specific research, 61 Bishop, Arthur Gary, 43 ratio between commercial, noncommercial, and Breeding moratoriums, 78–79 government laboratories, 112 Bristol-Myers Squibb, 128 reducing animal numbers, 118–119 Burch, Rex, 116, 121, 122–124, 132, 133–134 significant milestones in animal research oversight Bureau of Land Management, wild horse contraception, 192 in the United States, 117 Three Rs alternatives approach, 116, 121–134 three time periods, 111 trends in Great Britain and Europe, 112–113 trends in the United States to 1990, 113–114 trends in the United States since 1990, 114 202 The State of the Animals: 2001 C Companion animals California advances in medical care, 74 animal cruelty laws, 47 behavior assistance programs, 82 pound seizure laws, 73 early-age sterilization, 82–83 Canada euthanasia issues, 79–80 insurance for pig producers, 96 feminization of the veterinary profession and, 78 supply management system for egg production, 96 fertility control measures, 190–191 Canada geese, in urban areas, 173, 177 nonsurgical alternatives to sterilization, 78 Caravan Opinion Research Corporation, animal rights pet overpopulation issues, 75 survey, 66 property status, 80–81 Cargill, 11 relations between humane and veterinary Carson, Rachel, 177 communities and, 74–75 Carter, Mike, 43 sterilization programs and breeding moratoriums, Catholic Society for Animal Welfare, 7, 22 78–79 Cats. See also Companion animals; Dogs ConAgra, 11 acquisition methods, 75 Conduct disorder, animal abuse and, 42–45 clothing and novelties made of dog and cat fur, 3, 7 Conetics Corporation, 128 feral cats, 81 Consumer Price Index, increase in retail costs to increase in number of owned animals, 2 consumers for meat and poultry products, 92 increase in population, 78–79 Continental Grain, 11 licensing of, 73–74, 81 Convention on International Trade in Endangered and pet abuse concerns, 2–3 Threatened Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), rates of sterilization, 2 154, 191 shelter euthanasia of owned animals, 2 Conway, William, 143, 144 status of, 81–82 Corporal punishment, animal abuse and, 43–44, 45–46 Cattle. See also Beef cattle; Dairy cattle Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association, 128 captive bolt stunning, 101 Cosmetics testing, 63, 128, 129–131 changes in the U.S. inventories of livestock, Council for Livestock Protection, 103 1950–1998, 10 Council of Environmental Ministers of the European elimination of face branding, 29 Communities, 127 genetic selection, 96 Council of Europe, Resolution 621 on alternatives to CD. See Conduct disorder animal research, 125 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, salmonella Cruelty to animals. See Animal abuse increase in young children, 84 Charlotte/Mecklenburg County (NC), cat licensing D program, 73–74, 81 Dairy cattle Chickens. See Poultry factory farms and, 12 Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), 42–43 housing, 91 Children, animal abuse and, 40–45 pasture systems, 95 China robotic milking systems, 95 changes in animal agriculture, 93 transport to slaughter problems, 107 demand for pork, 11 Dassmann, Raymond, 178 pork production, 88 Davey, Stuart, role of wildlife in an urban environment, Chorio-Allantoic Membrane (CAM) test, 128 166 Circus animals, 29 Deer Cockfighting, 7, 47 deer-vehicle collisions, 169, 187 Colgate-Palmolive, funding of research into the fertility control, 185, 187, 190, 192–193 Chorio-Allantoic Membrane (CAM) test, 128 in urban areas, 173 College students, as subjects for opinion polls and Delinquent animal abuse, 45 surveys, 56–57 Design with Nature, 169 Colorado Developing countries animal cruelty laws, 47 animal product consumption, 88 regulation of large-scale hog confinement
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