Experience and Innovative Solutions for Groundwater Management
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ICRIER – GGGI WATER WORKSHOP GROUNDWATER IN URBAN INDIA The larger picture Foster et al, 2010; GWMATE • More than 1.5 billion urban dwellers rely on groundwater, globally • Dependence on groundwater, especially in “developing cities”, surface water supplies notwithstanding • Modification of groundwater cycle on account of urbanisation • Many problems around groundwater are predictable, few are predicted Tradeoff between Contaminant loading reduction in of sub-surface – infiltration-facilitative improper sanitation, surfaces and leaking sewerage and waste mains and sewers… disposal.. Despite 50% share in Groundwater usage, groundwater remains the blind spot in Urban Water Planning • In over 71 cities and towns, groundwater constitutes 48% of urban water supply (Narain, 2012) • 56 per cent of metropolitan, class-I and class-II cities are dependent on groundwater (NIUA, 2011) • Unaccounted groundwater in urban areas exceeds 50% in 28 Indian cities (CGWB, 2011) Urban groundwater pie Agglomeration Rural New city Peri-urban Natural Core recharge area Natural recharge area The Urban Continuum: A Schema in Four Stages Deconstructing “Urban” India • Two ways of looking at these stages – Spatial distribution of stages based on size and population; hence, nucleus towns, growing towns, expanding cities and urban agglomerations… – Temporal dimension of any single urban settlement that is passing through these stages… • These stages represent unique situations and solutions through varying degrees of dependence on sources of water The Four Stages and their Water Sources • I: Small towns emerge from rural hinterlands, mainly groundwater • II: Core town-surface water, periphery still dependent on groundwater • III: Surface and groundwater grow but groundwater quality, levels both fall • IV: Surface water outstrips groundwater, which can go 3 ways Trends in Surface and Groundwater Use across variously sized Urban Settlements in India Typology Himalayan mountain region Himalayan region A Urban Agglomerations 0 B Million plus cities 0 C Lakh plus cities 8 Total cities(A+B+C) 8 Total cities % 2.5% Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 457 Talukas % 8% Extensive alluvium Alluvial A Urban Agglomerations 5 B Million plus cities 19 C Lakh plus cities 118 Total cities(A+B+C) 142 Total cities % 46% Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 1847 Talukas % 32% Volcanic – largely basalt Volcanics A Urban Agglomerations 2 B Million plus cities 6 C Lakh plus cities 24 Total cities(A+B+C) 32 Total cities % 10.5% Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 391 Talukas % 7% Slice of the pie: Pune city – basalt aquifers Shallow aquifers in western fringes Shallow aquifers in Shallow aquifers in the core city eastern fringes Deeper aquifers used under many parts of the city and its neighbourhood Various sources, from 1970s onwards… Crystalline Crystallines A Urban Agglomerations 4 B Million plus cities 21 C Lakh plus cities 89 Total cities(A+B+C) 114 Total cities % 35.5% Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 1773 Talukas % 31% A hydrogeological section: a part of Bengaluru – data entirely derived from participation by citizens 20 years ago 5-10 years ago 2 years ago Consolidated sedimentary Sedimentary Systems A Urban Agglomerations 0 B Million plus cities 1 C Lakh plus cities 12 Total cities(A+B+C) 13 Total cities % 4.0% Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 172 Talukas % 3.0% Transition Transition A Urban Agglomerations ? B Million plus cities ? C Lakh plus cities ? Total cities(A+B+C) ? Total cities % ? Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 1142 Talukas % 20% A Typology of Urban Aquifers in India Some examples 1. Himalayan Mountain: Aizawl, Darjeeling, Dharamsala, Gangtok, Mussoorie, Nainital, Shillong, Shimla 2. Extensive Alluvial: Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh, Guwahati, Kolkata, Lucknow, Patna, Varanasi 3. Volcanic: Aurangabad, Bidar, Bijapur, Buldana, Dewas, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nasik, Pune, Solapur, Ujjain 4. Crystallines: Bhilwara, Bengaluru, Bolangir, Dindigul, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Mysore, Ranchi, Thrissur 5. Consolidated Sedimentary: Adilabad, Bundi, Chandrapur, Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Kota, Raipur, Rewa 6. Transition Zones: Bagdogra, Bhopal, Indore, Bhuj, Delhi, Gurgaon, Haldwani, Kalka Urban Groundwater Management • Phase 1 – Mapping and Registration of Key Groundwater Sources – Participatory Aquifer Mapping, including a recharge plan – Stakeholder database: users, drillers, tanker-operators • Phase 2 – Groundwater Recharge Programme, using the concept of Managed Aquifer Recharge – Participatory Groundwater Management • Phase 3 – Regulatory framework • Securing Groundwater from impacts of Sanitation and Waste Disposal • Protection of Recharge Zones – Institutions that are organised around Urban Governance structures – mohallas, wards etc. Pilots such as in Indore and Nagpur • A New Plan for Groundwater Management – groundwater recharge and catchment plan – linked to the upstream – aquifer management plan – groundwater discharge zone protection plan – linked to the river improvement and downstream conservation / protection plan • Key activities – Strengthening the Data Baseline – Building a Strong Framework of Participatory Planning – Mapping, Preservation and Revival of Local Water Bodies – Working with Industry to Lower Water Footprint – Training and Building Capacities of relevant stakeholders, especially ULBs Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM) Plot 4, Lenyadri society, Sus road, Pashan, Pune-411021. 020-25871539 Email: [email protected] Website: www.acwadam.org.