A Study of Neotropical Symphyla (Myriapoda): List of Species, Keys to Genera and Description of Two New Amazonian Species
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Number of Living Species in Australia and the World
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World 2nd edition Arthur D. Chapman Australian Biodiversity Information Services australia’s nature Toowoomba, Australia there is more still to be discovered… Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study Canberra, Australia September 2009 CONTENTS Foreword 1 Insecta (insects) 23 Plants 43 Viruses 59 Arachnida Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) 43 Protoctista (mainly Introduction 2 (spiders, scorpions, etc) 26 Gymnosperms (Coniferophyta, Protozoa—others included Executive Summary 6 Pycnogonida (sea spiders) 28 Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta under fungi, algae, Myriapoda and Ginkgophyta) 45 Chromista, etc) 60 Detailed discussion by Group 12 (millipedes, centipedes) 29 Ferns and Allies 46 Chordates 13 Acknowledgements 63 Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, etc) 31 Bryophyta Mammalia (mammals) 13 Onychophora (velvet worms) 32 (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) 47 References 66 Aves (birds) 14 Hexapoda (proturans, springtails) 33 Plant Algae (including green Reptilia (reptiles) 15 Mollusca (molluscs, shellfish) 34 algae, red algae, glaucophytes) 49 Amphibia (frogs, etc) 16 Annelida (segmented worms) 35 Fungi 51 Pisces (fishes including Nematoda Fungi (excluding taxa Chondrichthyes and (nematodes, roundworms) 36 treated under Chromista Osteichthyes) 17 and Protoctista) 51 Acanthocephala Agnatha (hagfish, (thorny-headed worms) 37 Lichen-forming fungi 53 lampreys, slime eels) 18 Platyhelminthes (flat worms) 38 Others 54 Cephalochordata (lancelets) 19 Cnidaria (jellyfish, Prokaryota (Bacteria Tunicata or Urochordata sea anenomes, corals) 39 [Monera] of previous report) 54 (sea squirts, doliolids, salps) 20 Porifera (sponges) 40 Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) 55 Invertebrates 21 Other Invertebrates 41 Chromista (including some Hemichordata (hemichordates) 21 species previously included Echinodermata (starfish, under either algae or fungi) 56 sea cucumbers, etc) 22 FOREWORD In Australia and around the world, biodiversity is under huge Harnessing core science and knowledge bases, like and growing pressure. -
Introduction to Arthropod Groups What Is Entomology?
Entomology 340 Introduction to Arthropod Groups What is Entomology? The study of insects (and their near relatives). Species Diversity PLANTS INSECTS OTHER ANIMALS OTHER ARTHROPODS How many kinds of insects are there in the world? • 1,000,0001,000,000 speciesspecies knownknown Possibly 3,000,000 unidentified species Insects & Relatives 100,000 species in N America 1,000 in a typical backyard Mostly beneficial or harmless Pollination Food for birds and fish Produce honey, wax, shellac, silk Less than 3% are pests Destroy food crops, ornamentals Attack humans and pets Transmit disease Classification of Japanese Beetle Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Family Scarabaeidae Genus Popillia Species japonica Arthropoda (jointed foot) Arachnida -Spiders, Ticks, Mites, Scorpions Xiphosura -Horseshoe crabs Crustacea -Sowbugs, Pillbugs, Crabs, Shrimp Diplopoda - Millipedes Chilopoda - Centipedes Symphyla - Symphylans Insecta - Insects Shared Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda - Segmented bodies are arranged into regions, called tagmata (in insects = head, thorax, abdomen). - Paired appendages (e.g., legs, antennae) are jointed. - Posess chitinous exoskeletion that must be shed during growth. - Have bilateral symmetry. - Nervous system is ventral (belly) and the circulatory system is open and dorsal (back). Arthropod Groups Mouthpart characteristics are divided arthropods into two large groups •Chelicerates (Scissors-like) •Mandibulates (Pliers-like) Arthropod Groups Chelicerate Arachnida -Spiders, -
Phylum Arthropoda*
Zootaxa 3703 (1): 017–026 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Correspondence ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.6 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FBDB78E3-21AB-46E6-BD4F-A4ADBB940DCC Phylum Arthropoda* ZHI-QIANG ZHANG New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand; [email protected] * In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa, 3703, 1–82. Abstract The Arthropoda is here estimated to have 1,302,809 described species, including 45,769 fossil species (the diversity of fossil taxa is here underestimated for many taxa of the Arthropoda). The Insecta (1,070,781 species) is the most successful group, and it alone accounts for over 80% of all arthropods. The most successful insect order, Coleoptera (392,415 species), represents over one-third of all species in 39 insect orders. Another major group in Arthropoda is the class Arachnida (114,275 species), which is dominated by the Acari (55,214 mite and tick species) and Araneae (44,863 spider species). Other diverse arthropod groups include Crustacea (73,141 species), Trilobitomorpha (20,906 species) and Myriapoda (12,010 species). Key words: Classification, diversity, Arthropoda Introduction The Arthropoda, with over 1.5 million described species, is the largest animal phylum, and it alone accounts for about 80% of the total number of species in the animal kingdom (Zhang 2011a). In the last volume on animal higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness, 28 chapters by numerous teams of specialists were published on various taxa of the Arthropoda, but there were many gaps to be filled (Zhang 2011b). -
Role of Arthropods in Maintaining Soil Fertility
Agriculture 2013, 3, 629-659; doi:10.3390/agriculture3040629 OPEN ACCESS agriculture ISSN 2077-0472 www.mdpi.com/journal/agriculture Review Role of Arthropods in Maintaining Soil Fertility Thomas W. Culliney Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA-APHIS, 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-919-855-7506; Fax: +1-919-855-7595 Received: 6 August 2013; in revised form: 31 August 2013 / Accepted: 3 September 2013 / Published: 25 September 2013 Abstract: In terms of species richness, arthropods may represent as much as 85% of the soil fauna. They comprise a large proportion of the meso- and macrofauna of the soil. Within the litter/soil system, five groups are chiefly represented: Isopoda, Myriapoda, Insecta, Acari, and Collembola, the latter two being by far the most abundant and diverse. Arthropods function on two of the three broad levels of organization of the soil food web: they are plant litter transformers or ecosystem engineers. Litter transformers fragment, or comminute, and humidify ingested plant debris, which is deposited in feces for further decomposition by micro-organisms, and foster the growth and dispersal of microbial populations. Large quantities of annual litter input may be processed (e.g., up to 60% by termites). The comminuted plant matter in feces presents an increased surface area to attack by micro-organisms, which, through the process of mineralization, convert its organic nutrients into simpler, inorganic compounds available to plants. Ecosystem engineers alter soil structure, mineral and organic matter composition, and hydrology. -
Morphological Data, Extant Myriapoda, and the Myriapod Stem-Group
Contributions to Zoology, 73 (3) 207-252 (2004) SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague Morphological data, extant Myriapoda, and the myriapod stem-group Gregory+D. Edgecombe Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia, e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Myriapoda, phylogeny, stem-group, fossils Abstract Tagmosis; long-bodied fossils 222 Fossil candidates for the stem-group? 222 Conclusions 225 The status ofMyriapoda (whether mono-, para- or polyphyletic) Acknowledgments 225 and controversial, position of myriapods in the Arthropoda are References 225 .. fossils that an impediment to evaluating may be members of Appendix 1. Characters used in phylogenetic analysis 233 the myriapod stem-group. Parsimony analysis of319 characters Appendix 2. Characters optimised on cladogram in for extant arthropods provides a basis for defending myriapod Fig. 2 251 monophyly and identifying those morphological characters that are to taxon to The necessary assign a fossil the Myriapoda. the most of the allianceofhexapods and crustaceans need notrelegate myriapods “Perhaps perplexing arthropod taxa 1998: to the arthropod stem-group; the Mandibulatahypothesis accom- are the myriapods” (Budd, 136). modates Myriapoda and Tetraconata as sister taxa. No known pre-Silurianfossils have characters that convincingly place them in the Myriapoda or the myriapod stem-group. Because the Introduction strongest apomorphies ofMyriapoda are details ofthe mandible and tentorial endoskeleton,exceptional fossil preservation seems confound For necessary to recognise a stem-group myriapod. Myriapods palaeontologists. all that Cambrian Lagerstdtten like the Burgess Shale and Chengjiang have contributed to knowledge of basal Contents arthropod inter-relationships, they are notably si- lent on the matter of myriapod origins and affini- Introduction 207 ties. -
Life in the Leaf Litter Layer
CONTENTS Introduction..........................................................1 The City Woodland: Nature Next Door....................1 Life in the Leaf Litter Layer ....................................5 Some of the Animals You Might Find in Your City Woodlands .........................................7 Slugs and Snails ....................................................7 Roundworms ........................................................7 Worms .................................................................7 Water Bears..........................................................9 Animals with Jointed Legs (Arthropoda) .................9 Sowbugs.......................................................10 Spiders, Harvestmen, Pseudoscorpions, Mites .................................10 Acknowledgements: Millipedes, Centipedes, and Symphylans .........12 Thanks to our many helpful reviewers: Regina Alvarez (Central Park Conservancy) Proturans, Double-Tails, and Springtails ..........14 Dennis Burton (Schuylkill Center, Philadelphia) Margaret Carreiro (University of Louisville) Insects..........................................................15 Robert DeCandido (Linnaean Society of New York) ......................................... David Grimaldi (American Museum of Natural History) Conserving Leaf Litter 20 Richard Kruzansky (Central Park Conservancy) Human Impact on Leaf Litter Invertebrates......20 Mariet Morgan (American Museum of Natural History) Richard Pouyat (USDA Forest Service) Park Managers to the Rescue .........................22 -
Millipedes Made Easy
MILLI-PEET, Introduction to Millipedes; Page - 1 - Millipedes Made Easy A. Introduction The class Diplopoda, or the millipedes, contains about 10,000 described species. The animals have a long distinguished history on our planet, spanning over 400 million year. Their ecological importance is immense: the health and survival of every decidu- ous forest depends on them, since they are one of the prime mechanical decomposers of wood and leaf litter, especially in the tropics. Despite their importance they are very poorly known and have long been neglected in all areas of biological research. Even basic identification of specimens is a challenge. We hope to make millipede identification accessible to many. The first challenge may be to distinguish a millipede from other members of the Myriapoda. Section B demonstrates the differences between the four myriapod groups. Section C provides a very short introduction to millipede morphology. Section D lists a number of tips on how to deal with millipede specimens under the dissecting scope. The illustrated identification key to orders can be found in the section: Key to Orders in several languages. The key was constructed with purely practical considerations in mind. We tried to use characters that are easy to recognize and will allow non-millipede specialists to find the right path to the order quickly. Several couplets are not dichotomous, but are organized on the multiple choice principle: discrete, mutually exclusive alternative characters are listed and the user must choose one of them. After you have become familiar with the identifying features, you may often just use the flow chart at the end of the Identification Key to identify a millipede to order. -
Aquatic Stem Group Myriapods Close a Gap Between Molecular Divergence Dates and the Terrestrial Fossil Record
Aquatic stem group myriapods close a gap between molecular divergence dates and the terrestrial fossil record Gregory D. Edgecombea,1, Christine Strullu-Derriena,b, Tomasz Góralc,d, Alexander J. Hetheringtone, Christine Thompsonf, and Markus Kochg,h aDepartment of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; bInstitut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France; cImaging and Analysis Centre, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; dCentre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; eDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom; fDepartment of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, United Kingdom; gSenckenberg Society for Nature Research, Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; and hInstitute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany Edited by Conrad C. Labandeira, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, and accepted by Editorial Board Member David Jablonski February 24, 2020 (received for review November 25, 2019) Identifying marine or freshwater fossils that belong to the stem (2–5). Despite this inferred antiquity, there are no compelling groups of the major terrestrial arthropod radiations is a long- fossil remains of Myriapoda until the mid-Silurian and no hexa- standing challenge. Molecular dating and fossils of their pancrus- pods until the Lower Devonian. In both cases, the oldest fossils tacean sister group predict that myriapods originated in the can be assigned to crown group lineages (Diplopoda in the case of Cambrian, much earlier than their oldest known fossils, but Silurian myriapods and Collembola in the case of Hexapoda) and uncertainty about stem group Myriapoda confounds efforts to the fossils have morphological characters shared by extant species resolve the timing of the group’s terrestrialization. -
Species Diversity
Entomology 340 Introduction to Arthropod Groups What is Entomology? The study of insects (and their near relatives). Species Diversity PLANTS INSECTS OTHER ANIMALS OTHER ARTHROPODS 1 How Many Kinds Insects are there in the world? • 1,000,000 species known z Possibly 3,000,000 unidentified species Insects & Relatives z 100,000 species in N America z 1,000 in a typical backyard z Mostly beneficial or harmless z Pollination z Food for birds and fish z Produce honey, wax, shellac, silk z Less than 3% are pests z Destroy food crops, ornamentals z Attack humans and pets z Transmit disease Classification of Japanese Beetle z Kingdom Animalia z Phylum Arthropoda z Class Insecta z Order Coleoptera z Family Scarabaeidae z Genus Popillia z Species japonica 2 Arthropoda (jointed foot) z Arachnida -Spiders, Ticks, Mites, Scorpions z Xiphosura -Horseshoe crabs z Crustacea -Sowbugs, Pillbugs, Crabs, Shrimp z Diplopoda - Millipedes z Chilopoda - Centipedes z Symphyla - Symphylans z Insecta - Insects Shared Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda - Segmented bodies are arranged into regions, called tagmata (in insects = head, thorax, abdomen). - Paired appendages (e.g., legs, antennae) are jointed. - Posess chitinous exoskeletion that must be shed during growth. - Have bilateral symmetry. - Nervous system is ventral (belly) and the circulatory system is open and dorsal (back). Arthropod Groups Mouthpart characteristics are divided arthropods into two large groups •Chelicerates (Scissors-like) •Mandibulates (Pliers-like) 3 Arthropod Groups Chelicerate z Arachnida -
An Inventory of the Foliar, Soil, and Dung Arthropod Communities in Pastures of the Southeastern United States
Received: 5 February 2021 | Revised: 30 June 2021 | Accepted: 2 July 2021 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7941 NATURE NOTES An inventory of the foliar, soil, and dung arthropod communities in pastures of the southeastern United States Ryan B. Schmid | Kelton D. Welch | Jonathan G. Lundgren Ecdysis Foundation, Estelline, SD, USA Abstract Correspondence Grassland systems constitute a significant portion of the land area in the United Ryan B. Schmid, Ecdysis Foundation, 46958 188th St., Estelline, SD 57234, USA. States and as a result harbors significant arthropod biodiversity. During this time Email: [email protected] of biodiversity loss around the world, bioinventories of ecologically important habi- Funding information tats serve as important indicators for the effectiveness of conservation efforts. We Carbon Nation Foundation conducted a bioinventory of the foliar, soil, and dung arthropod communities in 10 cattle pastures located in the southeastern United States during the 2018 grazing season. In sum, 126,251 arthropod specimens were collected. From the foliar com- munity, 13 arthropod orders were observed, with the greatest species richness found in Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera. The soil- dwelling arthropod community contained 18 orders. The three orders comprising the highest species richness were Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. Lastly, 12 arthropod orders were collected from cattle dung, with the greatest species richness found in Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. Herbivores were the most abundant functional guild found in the foliar community, and predators were most abundant in the soil and dung commu- nities. Arthropod pests constituted a small portion of the pasture arthropod com- munities, with 1.01%, 0.34%, and 0.46% pests found in the foliar, soil, and dung communities, respectively. -
A Guide to Microinvertebrate Life G in the Leaf Litter
A guide to microinvertebrate life in the leaf litter Photos property of Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies References: http://cbc.amnh.org/center/pubs/pdfs/leaflitter.pdf Roundworms Worms Phylum Nematoda Phylum Annelida; Class Oligochaete Aquatic earthworms are generally collectors or gatherers that burrow through the upper layer of soft, fine sediment grazing on bacteria, protozoa, algae, and dddead organic matter. They can abbbsorb oxygen throughout their entire bodies. Terrestrial earthworms found in the Northeast today are all recent immigrants from Europe and Asia, and are considered invasive in our forests as they reduce the nutrients available for plants and increase decomposition time. They were once native to the United States, but the glaciers from the last ice age pushed them further south. Microscopic, worm‐shaped animals found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Some live in the guts of other animals, while some live inside the roots of plants. Soil nematodes are critical in recycling dead organic material. They feed on bacteria, fungi, small earthworms, and other roundworms. You can find millions of roundworms in a square meter! Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda Order Isopoda Class Arachnida; Order Araneae Spiders are a dominant predatory group found in leaf litter. They have four pairs of legs and a body divided into two parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. All spiders produce silk, but only some use it to catch their prey. Even though spiders have eight eyes, they do not see very clearly. To sense their environment, spiders have specialized hairs on their legs called setae. Spiders feed mostly on insects, so they are very important in controlling insect populations. -
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Millipedes of Ohio Field Guide [Pdf]
MILLIPEDES OF OHIO field guide OHIO DIVISION OF WILDLIFE This booklet is produced by the Ohio Division of Wildlife as a free publication. This booklet is not for resale. Any unauthorized repro- duction is prohibited. All images within this booklet are copyrighted by the Ohio Division of Wildlife and its contributing artists and INTRODUCTION photographers. For additional information, please call 1-800-WILDLIFE (1-800-945-3543). Text by: Dr. Derek Hennen & Jeff Brown Millipedes occupy a category of often seen, rarely identified bugs. Few resources geared towards a general audience exist HOW TO VIEW THIS BOOKLET for these arthropods, belying their beauty and fascinating biol- Description & Overview ogy. There is still much unknown about millipedes and other Order Name myriapods, particularly concerning specific ecological informa- Family Name tion and detailed species ranges. New species await discovery Common Name and description, even here in North America. This situation Scientific Name makes species identification difficult for anyone lucky enough Range Map to stumble upon one of these animals: a problem this booklet indicates distribution and counties intends to solve. Here we include information on millipede life were specimen was collected Size history, identification, and collecting tips for all ~50 species denotes the range of length of Ohio’s millipedes. Millipede species identification often common for the species depends on examining the male genitalia, but to make this Secondary Photo (when applicable) booklet accessible as a