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Control of Anticarsia Gemmatalis Hubner with Recommended And

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Control of Anticarsia Gemmatalis Hubner with Recommended And CONTROL OF Anticarsia gemmatalis hubner with recommended AND EXPERIMENTAL CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL PESTICIDES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PREDATORY SPECIES IN SOYBEAN AGROECOSYSTEMS YUSOH BIN SALLEH A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1980 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful to my chairman, Dr. G. E. Allen, and co-chairman. Dr. D. C. Herzog, and committee members, Drs. D. H. Habeck and E. B. Whitty for their assistance and guidance throughout my program. Other faculty members whose council has been invaluable are Drs, R. L. Lipsey, S. H. Kerr, and W. H. Whitcomb. My most sincere thanks are extended to Dr. D. C. Herzog for his invaluable guidance in my field work. Thanks are also due to Mr. Andrew Brown for his help in the field; Mr. Skip Choate for his help in identifications of some of my specimens; and Mr. P. J. d'Almada for his help in statistical analysis. Thanks are also due to MARDI for financial support which made this study possible. A very special gratitude is extended to my family in Malaysia for their encouragement and understanding; and to dear friends Ms. Thelma Carlysle and Ms. Frances Ward for their encour- agement and comforts. Last but not least, my love and appreciation goes to my wife Rohani and my daugthers Sharila and Melissa who always flower me with love, patience, and encouragement. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS , j_i LIST OF TABLES V LIST OF FIGURES "^^^ ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 The Velvetbean Caterpillar (VBC) Antiaarsia germatalis Hubner 5 Predaceous Arthropods in Soybeans 7 Effects of Pesticides on Beneficial species 12 MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 General Experimental Procedures 15 General Experiments 1977 and 1978 15 Toxaphene Experiments 19 Yield Measurement 22 Statistical Analysis 22 General Experiments 1977 and 1978 22 Toxaphene Experiments 24 RESULTS 26 Control of Velvetbean Caterpillar (VBC) Antioarsia germatalis Hubner 26 Effects of Treatments on Predatory Species 47 Effects on Nabids 47 Effects on Geocorids 62 Effects on Spiders 76 Effects on Other Predators 88 Yield Data 97 iii Page DISCUSSION 102 CONCLUSIONS 112 LITERATURE CITED 114 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 129 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Treatments applied to control Antioarsia germatalis Hubner on soybeans at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla. , 1977 and 1978 17 2 Means of logg numbers of large [1/2 inch or longer] Antioarsia germatalis Hubner larvae per 4 row-feet of Centennial variety soybean, sampled by shake-cloth method, following applications of selected chemical and microbial pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977 30 3 Means of logg numbers of small [< 1/2 inch] Antioarsia gemmataUs Hubner larvae per 4 row-feet of Centennial variety soybean , sampled by shaJce-c loth method, follow- ing applications of selected chemical and microbial pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977 35 4 Means of loge numbers of large [1/2 inch or longer] Antioarsia germatalis Hubner larvae per 4 row-feet of Bragg variety soybean, sampled by shake-cloth method, following applications of selected chemical at the ^ University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978 . 40 5 Means of log^ numbers of small [< 1/2 inch] Antioarsia germatalis Hubner larvae per 4 row-feet of Bragg variety soybean, sampled by shake-cloth method, following appli- cations of selected chemical pesticides at the Uni- versity of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978 43 Means of logg numbers of nabids per 4 row-feet of Centennial variety soybean, sampled by shake-cloth method, following applications of selected chemical and microbial pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla. , 1977 ^-^ V Table Page 7 Means of logg niimbers of nabids per 45 row-feet of Centennial variety soybean, sampled by D-Vac method, following applications of selected chemical and micro- bial pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977 56 8 Means of log^ numbers of nabids per 4 row-feet of Bragg variety soybean, sampled by shake-cloth method, following applications of selected chamical pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978 ... 60 9 Means of log^ numbers of geocorids per 4 row-feet of Centennial variety soybean, sampled by shake-cloth method, following applications of selected chemical and microbial pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977 66 10 Means of logg numbers of geocorids per 45 row-feet of Centennial variety soybean sampled by D-Vac method, following applications of selected chemical and microbial pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977 70 11 Means of logg numbers of geocorids per 4 row-feet of Bragg variety soybean, sampled by shake-cloth method following applications of selected chemical pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978 . 73 12 Means of logg numbers of spiders per 4 row-feet of Centennial variety soybean, sampled by shake-cloth method, following applications of selected chemical and microbial pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977 80 13 Means of logg numbers of spiders per 45 row-feet of Centennial variety soybean, sampled by D-Vac method, following applications of selected chemical and micro- bial pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977 . 84 14 Means of logg nvunbers of spiders per 4 row-feet of Bragg variety soybean, sampled by shake-cloth method, following applications of selected chemical pesticides at the University of 87 Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978 . 15 Yield of Centennial variety soybean in plots treated with selected chemical and microbial pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977. ?8 VI Yield of Bragg variety soybean in plots treated with selected chemical pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla. , 1978 Yield of Bragg variety soybean following foliar and soil applications of toxaphene each at the rate of 3.0 lb AI/A at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla. , 1978 vii > J - LIST OF FIGURES figure Page 1 Pitfall trap used to sample ground-dwelling arthropod predators in soybean fields at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978 21 2 A, B, C. Fluctuations of large [1/2 inch or ' longer] Antioarsia gerrmatalis Hubner larvae following one application of selected chemical , and microbial pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977 28 3 A, B, C. Fluctuations of small [< 1/2 inch] " Antioarsia gemmatalis Hubner larvae following one application of chemical and microbial pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977 33 4 A, B. Fluctuation of large [1/2 inch or longer Antioarsia gerrmatalis Hubner larvae following one application of selected chemical pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy Fla., 1978 38 5 A, B. Fluctuations of small [< 1/2 inch or longer] Antioarsia gemmatalis Hubner larvae following one application of selected chemical pesticides at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978 42 e Fluctuations of large [1/2 inch or longer] ' <: Antioarsia gemmatalis Hubner larvae following one soil application of toxaphene at 3.0 lb AI/A at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978 45 7, ;. FluctTaations of^large [1/2 inch or longer] Antioarsia gemmatalis Hubner larvae following ^- one foliar application of toxaphene at 3.0 lb ' AI/A at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978 45 viii Figure Page 8 Fluctuations' of small [< 1.2 inch] Antioarsia germatalis Hvibner larvae following one foliar application of toxaphene at 3.0 lb AI/A at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla. , 1978 46 9 A, B, C. Effects of selected pesticides on nabids in soybean at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977. Samples collected by shake- cloth method 49 10 A, B, C. Effects of selected pesticides on nabids in soybean at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977. Samples collected by D-Vac method 54 11 A, B. Effects of selected pesticides on nabids in soybean at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978. Samples collected by shake-cloth method. 59 12 Effects of one foliar application of toxaphene at 3.0 lb AI/A on nabids in soybean at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978. Samples col- lected by shake-cloth method . 61 13 A, B, C. Effects of selected pesticides on geocorids in soybean at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977. Samples collected by shake-cloth method. 64 14 A, B, C. Effects of selected pesticides on geocorids in soybean at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977. Samples collected by D-Vac method 68 15 A, B. Effects of selected pesticides on georocids in soybean at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978. Samples collected by shake-cloth method. , 72 16 Effects of one application of toxaphene at 3.0 lb AI/A on geocorids in soybean at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978. Samples collected by shake-cloth method 74 17 A, B, C. Effects of selected pesticides on spiders in soybean at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1977. Samples collected by shake-cloth method. 78 ix 18 A, B, C. Effects of selected pesticides on spiders in soybean at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla. , 1977. Samples collected by D-Vac method 82 19 A, B. Effects of selected pesticides on spiders in soybean at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978. Samples collected by shake-cloth method 86 20 Effects of one foliar application of toxaphene at 3.0 lb AI/A on foliage inhabiting spiders in soybean at the University of Florida AREC, Quincy, Fla., 1978.
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