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The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe Also by Tomasz Kamusella

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The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe Also by Tomasz Kamusella The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe Also by Tomasz Kamusella THE DYNAMICS OF THE POLICIESOF ETHNICCLEANSING IN SILESIA DURING THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES THE POLISH-ENGLISH-GERMAN GLOSSARY OF THE REGIONAL TERMINOLOGY OF THE OPOLE VOIVODESHIP THE POLISH-ENGLISH-GERMAN REGIONAL GLOSSARY THE SZLONZOKS AND THEIR LANGUAGE: Between Germany,Poland and Szlonzokian Nationalism SILESIA AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN NATIONALISMS: The Emergence of National and Ethnic Groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918 NATIONALISMS ACROSS THE GLOBE: An Overview of Nationalisms in State-endowed and Stateless Nations (Vol 1: Europe)(edited with W. Burszta and S. Wojciechowski) NATIONALISMS ACROSS THE GLOBE: An Overview of Nationalisms in State-endowed and Stateless Nations (Vol 2: The World) (edited with W. Burszta and S. Wojciechowski) The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe Tomasz Kamusella Senior Lecturer, University of Opole, Opole, Poland and Thomas Brown Lecturer, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland © Tomasz Kamusella 2009 Foreword © Peter Burke 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-55070-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-36196-0 ISBN 978-0-230-58347-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230583474 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kamusella, Tomasz. The politics of language and nationalism in modern Central Europe / Tomasz Kamusella ; foreword by Peter Burke. p. cm. Includes index. 1. Europe, Central—Languages—Political aspects—History. 2. Europe, Central—Politics and government—19th century. 3. Europe, Central— Politics and government—20th century. 4. Nationalism—Europe, Central—History. I. Title. P119.32.E848K36 2008 306.44'943—dc22 2008000162 10987654321 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 This book I dedicate to the fond memory of my grandparents, Stefania Borkowska neé Piórkowska (1918– 2005), Franciszek Borkowski (1910–1999), Katharina Kamusella neé Wylezol (1894– 1975), and Paul Kamusella (1898–1964) and to the future of my daughter, Anna Maria Language. Language is savage flesh, which grows in a wound, in the open wound of the mouth, nurtured on deceptive truth, [ ...] language, [ ...] is a beast domesticated withhuman teeth, something inhuman growing in us, and outgrowing us, a redflag, which we spew out withblood [ ...]. Translated from the Polish by Kevin Hannan (1954–2008) Suska (2003: 15) ‘Language is Savage Flesh’ Ryszard Krynicki (1943–) [In Central Europe] [ ...] language is a precious commodity, symbol ofknowledge and status, root ofbloody wars of envy. Nations there destroy nations to possess a quantity of precious linguistic material. ‘Tongues’ Kevin Hannan (2006: 52) Contents Foreword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xxiv 1 Introduction 1 What is politics of language? 7 Where is Central Europe? 11 The states of Central Europe 14 On the similarity between the concepts of nation and language 23 The normative isomorphism of language, nation, and state 29 Languages andpolitics in an historicalperspective 37 Social scientists, nationalism, andlanguages 42 From languages to nations 44 From linguistic nations to linguistic nation-states 51 The normative isomorphism of language, nation, and state, today 56 2 Language in Central Europe: An Overview 62 Beginnings 63 The German language or languages? The first Central European vernacular made a written language 73 Latin: From lingua franca to ‘dead language’ 86 The Czechlanguage 99 ThePolishlanguage 108 TheMagyar language 121 TheSlovaklanguage 131 Official languages in Central Europe 136 Central European literacies 139 3 The Broader Linguistic and Cultural Context of Central Europe 149 From Church Slavonic to Ruthenian 150 The Russian language 158 What is in the name of a language? 164 Belarusian and Ukrainian 167 vii viii Contents Lithuanian 180 Latvian and Estonian 192 Romanian, Moldovan, and other East Romance languages 201 From Slavic to Croatian and Serbian to Serbo-Croatian to Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian 217 Albanian 240 Macedonian 246 Greek 255 Turkish, Gagauz, Tatar, and Karaim 264 Bulgarian 276 Slovenian 288 Sorbian 301 Hebrew and Aramaic 307 Yiddish 311 Ladino 317 Armenian 320 Romani 327 Esperanto 335 Script variants, alphabets, andpolitics 341 Part I Central European Politics and Languages in the Long 19th Century The advent of nationalism 365 4The Polish Case: From Natio to Nation 367 ThePolishlanguage and nationalism in partitioned Poland-Lithuania 368 Encyclopedias and politics 406 The rise of the Polish nation-state 408 Polish or Lekhitic? 416 Orthographyand politics 418 5 The Hungarian Case: From Natio tothe Ersatz Nation-State 431 Estates politics 431 Language enters politics 434 Magyar: From codification to official language 439 Magyarization and the rise of national minorities 447 The War of Independence 453 Magyar: The state language 456 The mythologization of language in the interest of the nation 472 Contents ix 6The Czech Case: From theBohemian Slavophone Populus to Czech Nationalism and the Czechoslovak Nation 481 Estates politics 482 Language enters politics 489 Landespatriotismus, Czech nationalism, and Pan-Slavism 495 Toward Czechoslovakia 510 Development of nation equates language development 513 Czechoslovakism 518 7TheSlovak Case: From Upper Hungary’sSlavophone Populus to Slovak Nationalism and the Czechoslovak Nation 522 Imagining Slovakia and theSlovaks523 Which Slovak language for which Slovak nation? 531 Slovak nationalism and Magyarization 547 Czechoslovakism 557 The difficult birth of standard Slovak 562 Part II Nationalisms and Language in theShort 20th Century The triumph of the national 569 8ThePolish Nation: From a Multiethnic to an Ethnically Homogenous Nation-State 573 The emergence of Poland and linguistic nationalism 576 Language politics in interwar Poland 587 Polish: From a minority to hegemonic language 598 World War II: Polish is a minority language once again 609 The unprecedented monopoly of Polish in communist Poland 620 The national communist monolith cracks: From the end of communism to Poland’s accession to the European Union 628 9 The Hungarian Nation: From Hungary to Magyarország 645 The Magyar and Polish cases compared 648 The shock of Trianon 652 Interwar Hungary 663 Magyar: From the imperial to nationallanguage 667 Communist Hungary:Magyar is a small languageagain 688 The end of communism: Rediscovering the world and Greater Hungary? 706 x Contents 10 The Czech Nation: BetweenCzechoslovak and Czech Nationalism 714 In search of the Czechoslovak nation 719 Again: The twilight of German-Czech bilingualism 764 Czechoslovakia: A home to two nations? 771 No name: The Czech nation-state 787 11The Slovak Nation: From Czechoslovakia to Slovakia 803 National myths and the Slovak vision of the Slovak past 805 Interwar Czechoslovakia: TheSlovak renaissance and Czechdomination 820 The first Slovak independence: A brief prelude of Slovak monolingualism 851 The return of Slovak-Czech bilingualism 861 Confusing names: Slovakia independent again 883 12 Conclusion 905 The Central European languages and nationalisms in the long 19th century 905 The languages and nation-states of Central Europe in the short 20th century 919 Notes 956 Bibliography 994 Index 1054 Index of Dictionaries 1129 Foreword Students of nationalism – whether historians, sociologists, or political scientists – have long been aware of the importance of the politics of language (witness the classic studies by Ernest Gellner, Benedict Anderson, and Eric Hobsbawm). For their part, linguists have long been aware of the importance of language for the rise of nationalism. All the same, despite their potential importance in both fields, relatively few in-depth studies have been made of the politics of particular languages in particular periods. The problem is that, generally speaking, the linguists do not know enough politicalhistory to takeonthe task,while politicalhistorians are ill-at-ease in the field of linguistics. Tomasz Kamusella is an example of that increasingly
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