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Le Sucre : Menace Ou Défi ? Évaluation De L'incidence Du

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Le Sucre : Menace Ou Défi ? Évaluation De L'incidence Du IDRC-244f Le sucre : menace ou défi ? Évaluation de l'incidence du développement technologique dans les industries des produits sucrochimiques et du sirop de glucose à haute teneur en fructose Clive Y. Thomas Ce travail a été en partie rendu possible grâce à une subvention du Centre de recherches pour le développement international, Ottawa, Canada. Les opinions émises dans ce texte sont celles de l'auteur et ne reflètent pas nécessairement celles du Centre. La mention d'une marque déposée ne constitue pas une sanction du produit ; elle ne sert qu'à informer le lecteur. Résumé L'étude porte sur la «menace» pour le saccharose, principal édulcorant, que posent les innovations technologiques et les «défis» provenant d'innovations semblables en sucrochimie. La plus grande menace provient, en premier lieu, de la commercialisation de sirop de glucose à haute teneur en fructose et, éventuellement, d'autres sources de glucides et, en deuxième lieu, de la mise au point d'une nouvelle génération d'édulcorants sans calorie, en particulier, l'Aspartame. Les «défis» proviennent des tentatives de remplacement du pétrole (ressource «épuisable»), le plus important produit de base en chimie, par le saccharose (ressource «inépuisable»). De ces tentatives est née la «sucrochimie», qui, essentiellement, traite le saccharose non comme un édulcorant, mais comme un produit chimique transformable en d'autres produits chimiques de plus grande valeur. La réorientation de l'industrialisation des produits tropicaux de base, promesse de cette nouvelle science, est réelle et ses conséquences sur les régions en développement, ainsi que sur les Antilles, sont décrites. Abstract This study assesses the "threat" to the traditional role of sucrose as the leading sweetener brought about by several technological innovations and the "challenges" afforded by similar innovations in sucrochemistry. The major threat derives from two sources: the commercialization of high-fructose syrup made from corn, and its possible extension to other carbohydrate sources; and the development of a new generation of noncaloric sweeteners, principally Aspartame. The "challenges" derive from efforts to replace petroleum (a "finite" resource) as the world's principal chemical feedstock with sucrose (a "replenishable" resource). This has led to a new field of science, "sucrochemistry" whose essence is to treat sucrose net as a sweetener but as a chemical product that can be transformed into other chemicals of greater worth. The promise of a radical departure from the traditional sequences of industrialization of tropical staples exists, and its implications for developing areas and the Caribbean are drawn. Resumen En este estudio se analiza tanto la posible disminuciôn de la demanda de aztcar, et edulcorante tradicional mas importante, debido a la introduccibn de nuevos substitutos, fruto de la las innovaciones- tecnolôgicas, como la diversidad de usos que auguran los avances en et compo de la sucro-qufmica. Los substitutos que hacen mayor competencia al azûcar son et jarabe con elevado contenido de fructosa derivado del mafz - y quizas de ocras fuentes de carbohidratos en et future; y la nueva generaciôn de edulcorantes no calôricos, et mas importante de los cuales es et Aspartamo. La diversidad de posibles usos que cabe esperar son resultado de los esfuerzos realizados para hacer de la sucrosa (recurso renovable) la pricipal fuente de alimentos sintéticos a nivel mundial, reemplazando asf al petrôleo (recurso limitado). Esto ha llevado a la constituciôn de una nueva ciencia, la "sucro-qufmica", para la cual la sucrosa no es un edulcorante sino una substancia quimica que puede transformarse en otros productos qufmicos de mayor valor. En este estudio se analizan et cambio radical que esto podrfa representar con respecto a los pasos tradicionales en la industrializacidn de los principales productos tropicales y sus posibles consecuencias en los paises en desarrollo y et Caribe. Table des matières Remerciements 4 Avant-propos 5 Introduction 7 Partie I La menace - l'incidence technologique du sirop de glucose à haute teneur en fructose 11 Chapitre I Particularités de l'industrie mondiale des agents édulcorants 13 Chapitre 2 Innovation dans une industrie bien établie : le cas du SGHTF 31 Chapitre 3 L'organisation de l'industrie du SGHTF 41 Chapitre 4 Les facteurs économiques de la production du SGHTF 63 Chapitre 5 Le SGHTF et l'avenir : évaluation 73 Partie II Le défi - l'incidence technologique des produits sucrochimiques 85 Chapitre 6 Les utilisations industrielles des sous-produits du sucre de canne 87 Chapitre 7 Les possibilités du saccharose comme produit chimique de base 91 Chapitre 8 Analyse historico-fonctionnelle des progrès de la sucrochimie 101 Chapitre 9 Les produits sucrochimiques : quelques questions d'ordre général 107 Chapitre 10 Les produits sucrochimiques et l'entreprise transnationale 117 Chapitre II La menace et le défi : évaluation 133 Bibliographie 143 3 Remerciements La rédaction de cette étude n'aurait pas été possible sans la collaboration de plusieurs personnes et institutions. En premier lieu, je suis redevable aux institutions qui ont parrainé le projet d'étude sur la politique technologique dans les Antilles (Phase II), à savoir : l'Institute of Social and Economic Research, Université des Indes occidentales ; l'Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Université de Guyane ; le Centre de recherches pour le développement international (CRDI), Ottawa, Canada ; et les membres du Comité de coordination du projet et l'équipe de chercheurs. À toutes les étapes du projet, y compris deux grandes révisions et une mise à jour depuis le premier manuscrit en 1983, j'ai reçu le plein appui des institutions et personnes mentionnées ici. En poursuivant une recherche de cette nature tout en ne disposant que d'une maigre documentation, comme c'était le cas à l'Université de Guyane, j'ai été obligé de compter largement sur des amis et collègues à l'étranger pour obtenir à bref délai les documents dont j'avais besoin. Toutes ces personnes ont répondu bien au-delà de mes attentes mais j'aimerais quand même mentionner M. Bhisnoodath Persaud, Division économique du secrétariat du Commonwealth, qui, chaque fois que j'ai eu besoin de lui, a réussi à obtenir et à m'envoyer les données demandées dans des intervalles très courts. C'est au personnel de mon bureau à l'IDS, Université de Guyane, que sont revenues les tâches fastidieuses de préparation matérielle des multiples ébauches du manuscrit. Son travail a toujours été exceptionnel et je profite de cette occasion pour remercier Mme Norma Hardeo, qui a dactylographié la première ébauche, Mme Carol Marks, qui a dactylographié toutes les autres versions y compris la version finale, ainsi que le reste des employés qui ont collaboré soit à la lecture d'épreuves, à la collation, à la vérification des sources, etc. Je désire aussi remercier les personnes qui ont lu le manuscrit et m'ont fait part de leurs nombreuses observations et suggestions utiles. Pour mener à bien une étude d'une telle ampleur, il m'a fallu, inévitablement, taxer ma famille, mes amis et tous mes proches. Je leur sais gré de leur patience et je suis confiant qu'ils comprendront les impératifs qui font de ce genre de travail une entreprise humaine continue. 4 Avant-propos Le Programme de la politique scientifique et technologique du Centre de recher- ches pour le développement international (CRDI) a appuyé deux grandes études sur les diverses politiques technologiques qui s'offrent aux pays des Antilles. Le premier ensemble d'études a eu lieu entre 1975 et 1979. Elles étaient parmi les premières à examiner les questions du transfert de technologie dans la région ainsi que dans les pays dotés de bases industrielles et économiques restreintes. Au nombre des con- clusions, on a reconnu que la formulation d'une politique technologique nécessitait l'identification d'objectifs socio-économiques, une évaluation des ressources locales, tant humaines que naturelles, et leur déploiement, ainsi qu'une recherche au niveau international pour trouver la technique la plus appropriée, de concert avec un pro- gramme simultané de recherche et de développement dans la localité. Il était évident que les pays des Antilles éprouvaient des problèmes particuliers dans leur tentative pour construire une politique économique, scientifique et technologique appropriée. Un deuxième volet de recherche, découlant directement des conclusions des premières études, a été entrepris avec l'appui du Centre entre 1980 et 1983. L'un des objectifs était d'examiner en détail le potentiel technique de quelques-uns des impor- tants secteurs économiques d'après l'usage qu'ils faisaient actuellement des techni- ques et les options qui s'offraient à eux en la matière. Cette publication présente les résultats de l'une de ces études. La culture de la canne à sucre a façonné l'histoire des Antilles et continue de jouer un rôle important dans l'économie de la région, que ce soit en termes d'investissement, d'emploi, de production ou de commerce. La question cruciale de politique publique à laquelle sont confrontées les Antilles touche l'évolution du marché et des techniques relatives au sucre tiré de la canne, et le besoin d'évaluer l'avenir du secteur en n'oubliant pas les répercussions sociales négatives que son déclin entraînerait. Les prix du sucre qui ont régné sur les marchés internationaux au cours des dernières années semblent mettre hors de portée tous les plans conçus pour faire renaître les économies sucrières dans les Antilles. C'est dans ce contexte que cette étude prend son importance, non seulement pour les pays des Antilles mais aussi pour les nombreux autres pays en développement qui ont une production sucrière. L'étude examine certains aspects du commerce sucrier mondial ainsi que les barrières protectionnistes érigées en Amérique du Nord et en Europe de même que l'énorme impact qu'elles ont sur le revenu des pays producteurs de sucre.
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